kinds of water are most likely to become impregnated with lead in such cases. 8. How are sugar, starch, and gum related to one another? Describe any means by which starch may be converted into sugar. 9. State the conditions which are requisite for the alcoholic fermentation to proceed, and the chemical changes which occur during the process. Explain how to determine the quantity of alcohol in a mixed liquid such as beer. 10. Describe the chief characters of albumen, fibrin and gelatine, stating what parts of animals are composed (more or less) of these substances. 11. Explain why meat which has been par-boiled, or smoked, is not so liable to putrify as meat which has not been so treated. NATURAL SCIENCES. HENRY W. BRISTOW, F.R.S. MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. 1. State some of the advantages to be derived from the study of Geology. 2. What are the most essential properties of a stone as a building material? How may the quality of a building-stone be judged of, in general, from its external appearance? 3. Whence are derived the substances present in spring-water, and upon what does their quantity depend? 4. What is the chemical constitution of an alum? Describe the sources from which most of the alum of NATURAL SCIENCES. 15 commerce is obtained, and explain the formation of alum from shale and clay. 5. Name the minerals from which most of the sulphur of commerce is obtained. Give their chemical composition, and name the countries from which they are chiefly procured. 6. What native earthy mineral is used, in some countries, for culinary vessels? Give its chemical composition and physical characters, and name the countries where it is most abundant and used. 7. Enumerate the kinds of coal most valuable for making gas and paraffine, and name the principal localities where they are found. S. Name and describe a natural substitute for oil for illumination, and name the countries where it is met with most abundantly. 9. What is the chemical composition of common salt? Whence are derived the chief supplies of this substance? 10. Explain the difference between ordinary and hydraulic limestone. 11. In what way may limestone be distinguished from sandstone ? 12. What is the nature of the change which limestone undergoes when burnt in a kiln. 13. Give the Geological range of the genera, Trigonia, Belemnite, Producta, Spirifer, and Trilobite; and name the classes in the animal kingdom to which they respectively belong. |