78. Tu concilias mihi quodcumque regni, hoc (est), tu (concilias) sceptra, &c.-" You obtain for me whatever power I have, you obtain (for me) my sceptre and the favour of Jove." As a matter both of duty and gratitude, Eolus was bound to execute her commands.

81. Ubi hæc (sunt) dicta, (Æolus) impulit cavum montem cuspide conversa in (ejus) latus-" When these words were uttered, (Eolus) struck the hollow mountain's side with inverted spear." Cavum refers to the cave or prison of winds.

82. Velut agmine facto-" As in a marshalled troop."

84. Incubuere mari-"They came down violently upon the sea." Incumbere means literally "to lean upon;" here, to rush down with violence.

85. Ruunt, =

eruunt, is here transitive, and signifies "to harrow up from its deepest beds." Eurus is from the east; Notus from the south, called also Auster; Africus from Africa, between the west and south.

90. Poli, i.e., cœlum-The whole heavens. The plural is used to denote the heavens on all sides.

=

92. Extemplo, extempulo, from extempore -"Without the least intervening period," "immediately;" or from ex-templo, for no sooner had the priest uttered these words-Nihil amplius vos moramur, than there was a rush to the street. Solvuntur frigore-" Are unnerved by terror." Duplices, in the sense of ambas.

96. Oppetere (mortem). This word is often used without mortem, and means to face death bravely, and not as obire mortem, which signifies simply "to die."

=

99. Sævus Hector. Sævus is here taken in a good sense, and is fortis, and not = crudelis. It is not to be supposed that Æneas could apply it in the latter sense to his intimate friend Hector. Eacidæ, Achilles, from his grandfather Eacus, King of Ægina.

102. Jactanti,

=

= clamanti. In jactare is implied a degree of earnestness, and may be translated "while thus earnestly exclaiming." Procella, a squall."

103. Ferit velum adversa-" Strikes full against the sail," because the north wind (aquilo) blowing from the north is right ahead of those sailing from Sicily to Italy.

105. Mons aquæ præruptus cumulo (fluctuum)-"A rugged mountain of water follows (bursts upon them) in a heap."

106. Hi," these;" his, "unto those," referring to the crews of different vessels, and not merely to the ship of Eneas, as will be seen from the lines 108

113.

108. Latentia saxa-" Hidden rocks," called Aræ, supposed to be the Ægates, three islands near the western promontory of Sicily, where the Romans and Carthaginians made a treaty at the close of the first Punic war.

111. In brevia et syrtis-" Upon shoals and quicksands." The Syrtes, major and minor, are not referred to here, being too far away from the Aræ and Carthage.

Vorat, "engulphs."

114. Ante oculos (Enea) ipsius-"Before the eyes of Æneas himself." Ingens pontus a vertice-"A mighty billow from above." A vertice, = desuper. Magister, i.e., gubernator, “the pilot," Leucaspis. 117. Circum agens fluctus-"The whirling water." 118. Rari apparent nantes in vasto gurgite-" The swimmers are a few here and there, when seen on the vast abyss." Gurges is a part of the sea or of a very deep river absorbing the waters with a mighty noise; hence from this etymologists hold that this word has always reference to the roar of waters.

119. Gaza, "treasures." Of Persian origin, and has the meaning of (ærarium) a money chest.

122. Hiems, procella, or vis tempestatis. Compagibus," the seams."

124. Interěā Neptunus sensit pontum misceri magno murmure, hiememque emissam (esse), et stagna refusa (esse)-" Neptune perceived that the sea was in great confusion, that a storm had been sent forth, and that the depths of the sea had been upturned from their lowest channels."

126. Stagna, the bottom or deep part of the sea.

127. Placidum caput-" His serene head." In reference to the usual representations of Neptune, who is always represented with a grave and somewhat melancholy cast of countenance.

129. Ruina cæli probably means the storm, lightnings, and thunderings which are rushing down (as it were) from the heavens-the crash of elements. 132. Tantane fiducia vestri generis?" Has so great a reliance on your race possessed you?" The winds were the offspring of Aurora and Astræus, one of the Titans.

133. Sine meo numine-“Without my authority."

136. Post mihi non simili-"A chastisement of a different sort from me awaits your next offence." Non simili, graviore.

=

138. Sævumque tridentem. Sævum, "powerful." Tridens, the sceptre of Neptune, so called, either from the tripartition of the universe between the sons of Saturn, or from the three sorts of water (maria, flumina, and paludes), or rather because fishermen used a weapon of this sort in fishing, which they named fuseina.

140. Vestras-More winds than Eurus are here addressed, but one is selected, and named as the representative of the rest. :

144. Cymothoë, a sea nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. Triton, a powerful sea deity, son of Neptune and Amphitrite, whose body represented half a man and half a fish. Adnixus (navibus) refers to Cymothoë and Triton, but follows the gender of Triton, being nearest to it.

148. Ac veluti quum, ut solet fieri quum-This is a striking simile, in which the stormy waves of the sea are likened to the angry passions of an excited throng.

151. Gravem pietate ac meritis-"A man revered for piety and worth." Gravem, "a man of weight or influence." Pietate, because of his veneration for the worship of the gods, and the upright integrity of his life. Meritis, because of his philanthropic acts of benevolence towards those of his native land.

152. Adrectis auribus-" With ears erect." Taken from the idea that some animals prick up their ears when any sound excites their emotion. 156. Secundo curru-" His smoothly running chariot." Curru, the old dative for currui.

159. Insula efficit portum. The description of this beautiful scene should be carefully studied and well understood by the youthful student. There is a place in Tunis (under the promontory of Mercury), now called Cape Bon, a few miles east of Carthage, that exactly answers the description of this grotto. This hollow goes in twenty or thirty fathoms under the hills, and those who took out the stone from it-for it seems to have been a quarry-left a sort of pillars at proper distances, to support the weight at top from falling in. The arches which these pillars help to form lie open to the sea; there are little streams constantly dropping from the rocks; and seats of stone formed within, probably for the convenience of those who worked in that quarry. There is a cliff on each side; and the brow of the mountain is overshadowed with trees.

170. Septem-Originally twenty. Of these three were raised from the rocks

by Triton, three were relieved by Neptune from the sands, one carried Æneas, and the twelve that were dispersed over the deep returned safe. The only one finally missing was one of the Lycians, the ship of Orontes.

173. Artus tabentis sale, &c.—“Their brine drenched limbs upon the beach." 176. Rapuit flammam in fomite-"He quickly fanned a flame among the fuel; " i.e., moving here and there the (fomes) dry materials into which the spark from the flint stone had been received.

177. Cerealia arma may be rendered "baking utensils." Arma is not limited to weapons of war alone, but applied to the implements of any art.

178. Fessi rerum-Translate shortly, "tired," or more fully "spent by their sufferings;" i.e., toil and hunger. Fruges receptas," the grain saved" (from shipwreck).

179. Torrere flammis-“To dry," to dry over the fire, so that it might be ground. Frangere saxo," to grind," which was done between two stones, the one fixed, the other revolving. Eastern nations of the present day adopt the same primitive custom.

182. Biremis-Ships constructed with a double row of oars, but the word (biremis) is often used for ships in general.

183. Arma Caici. The arms of the commander were commonly placed on the stern of the vessel, that it might be easily distinguished.

184. Cervos. Aristotle and Pliny deny that stags were to be found in Africa, but modern travellers have clearly proved this to be in the affirmative.

189. Ferentis alta capita arboreis cornibus—" Having their heads high with branching antlers." Ferentes, habentes.

194. Partitur in omnis-" He divides them among all his companions." Seven large deer had been killed, so that there was one for the men of each ship. 195. Construe, Deinde dividit vina, quæ (imposita) cadis bonus Acestes, onerarat Trinacrio littore, herosque dederat (iis) abeuntibus.

198. Ante malorum-" Of former evils:"

malorum quæ ante fuerunt.

200. Penitus-"Far within." Rabies generally means "canine madness," and therefore well applied to Scylla (iii. 424).

202. Experti (estis)-"You have had a trial of."

203. Hæc refers to their present difficulties and unhappy condition.

204. Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum tendimus in Latium"Through various mischances, through so many perilous adventures, we are struggling (steering) towards Latium."

As the

208. Eger ingentibus curis-"Oppressed with heavy cares." 210. Accingunt se-" Gird themselves;" i.e., "prepare themselves." Romans wore long flowing robes, it was necessary to gird them up when about to engage in any active employment.

"others." Pars refers to Illi (verse 210),

which gives plurality to pars, with which secant agrees.

213. Aëna (vasa) - "Brazen cauldrons." These cauldrons were used for heating the water for the ablutions before partaking of the banquet, and not for boiling flesh-a practice seldom adopted by the ancients.

216. Mensæ remote-"The viands removed." As they had no tables, but were stretched on the ground (fusi per herbam), the mense were probably the fragments or remains of the feast.

219. Pati extrema means "to die a violent death," whether by accident or cruelty. Nec jam exaudire vocatos-"And no longer hear when called." There is a distinct allusion here to the last part of the Roman funeral service (conclamatio), when the relatives and friends of the deceased used to call upon him thrice by name, and thrice repeat the word vale, "farewell."

224. Velivolum-" Navigable." The poets often compare the sails of a ship

to the wings of a bird, and, vice versa, birds are said to swim through the air. Of Dædalus (vi. 16). Gelidas enavit ad Arctos. Velivolum is here an epithet of the sea, and means "sail-floating" or "flying."

228. Suffusa nitentis oculos lacrimis -"Suffused as to her shining eyes with tears." The poet introduces Venus suffused with tears, and manifesting anxiety of no ordinary strain, for the purpose of making a deep impression.

233. Ob Italiam-" On account of Italy;" i.e., lest they should settle there, and in process of time wax strong, and overthrow Carthage, Juno's favourite city.

234. Hinc, i.e., ab his Trojanis-"Hence from these Trojans."

236. Omni ditione "With universal sway."

239. Rependens contraria fata fatis-"With fates balancing contrary fates." By fatis we are to understand that their city had been destroyed, and a train of misfortunes had befallen them. By fata contraria we are to understand prosperity, or a state of things different from their former one.

244. Superare fontem Timavi-"To pass beyond the fountain of Timavus." The Timavus rises not far from the sea, and was said to burst out all at once from the bottom of a mountain, and to divide itself into nine different streams before it ran into the Hadriatic. It is at the present day a small and inconsiderable stream falling into the sea near Istria.

248. Fixit arma-" And set up the Trojan arms" (in the temple). Thereby showing that his campaigns were at an end, as the Roman soldiers freed from military service used to affix their arms on the walls of some temple.

250. Arcem cœli-"The court or palace of heaven."

251. Infandum,

=

indignum. Unius, i.e., Junonis, ably introduced and expressed with bitter irony. The passage may be thus paraphrased-(Oh! woe unutterable) having lost our ships, we were betrayed, driven hither and thither far from the Italian shores, to gratify the malice of one.

253. Hic honos pietatis-"Is this the reward of pious devotedness?"

255. Serenat cælum tempestatesque-" Makes the sky serene, and calms the tempest." There is a zeugma in serenat.

Metu

257. Parce metu, Cytherea-"Abstain from fear, goddess of Cythera." is the old form for metui. Cytherea, a surname of Venus, from Cythera (Cerigo), an island on the south coast of Laconia, which was sacred to her, and near which it is fabled that she arose from the foam of the sea. Fata tuorum manent immota-"The destinies of thy people remain immovable to thee" -a direct answer to quae sententia vertit te.

259. Feresque magnanimum Enean sublimem-" And thou shalt raise on high the magnanimous Æneas to the stars of heaven;" in other words, Venus herself is promised to be the instrument in accomplishing the (apotheosis) deification of her son after death. Eneas was afterwards worshipped as Jupiter Indiges.

262. Movebo (tibi) arcana fatorum volvens (ea) longius-"I will bring forth to light the secrets of fate, tracing them farther down" (i.e., unfolding). Movebo, declarabo.

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261. Ponetque mores et monia viris-" And shall establish laws and build a city to his people." A zeugma occurs in ponet. Mores, leges.

265. Dum tertia astas, &c.-Eneas was to reign three years in Latium, after subduing Turnus, King of the Rutuli; Ascanius, thirty; the Alban kings, three hundred; but no definite limit is given to the Roman Empire.

267. At puer Ascanius. At introduces a new subject. Ascanius was the son of Æneas and Creusa, and succeeded his father on the throne of Lavinium. He built the city of Alba Longa, and made it the seat of his government. He was never called Iülus, but by the Roman poets, who, out of compliment to the

Cæsars, traced a Trojan origin for the Julian line through the names Iülus and Ilus. The descendants of Ascanius, thirteen in number, reigned 300 years, down to the time of Romulus.

271. Et muniet Albam longam multa vi—“And shall found and fortify Alba Longa with great strength." There is a zeugma in muniet.

273. Sub Hectorea gente-" Under a Trojan dynasty." This is said out of compliment to Hector, the son of Priam, the great hero on the side of the Trojans.

276. Excipiet gentem, et condet Mavortia mania-"Shall receive the rule of the nation, and shall found the walls sacred to Mars." Rome was sacred to Mars, the reputed father of Romulus-hence Mavortia moenia.

278. Metas rerum, = terminos imperii-" The limits of empire."

279. Dedi imperium sine fine "I have given dominion without end." This accounts for Rome being called the eternal city. Eterna urbs often appears on her ancient coins and medals.

282. Togatam gentem-"The nation of the gown." No one was allowed to wear the toga but a Roman. The badge of the Greeks was the pallium, and the bracce that of the Gauls.

283. Lustris. A lustrum comprised a period of five years, and was so called because at the end of that time the farmers of the public revenue paid up all the taxes. It also signified a purifying or expiatory sacrifice offered by the Censors for the whole people every five years when they retired from office. Here the word is put poetically for annis, as taking a wider range of time for the future. Lustrare came to mean "to purify;" "to review an army" (lustrare exercitum), because purifying sacrifices were offered up on that occasion; also, "to go round," as the priest did for the purpose of purifying; "to survey or observe."

284. Domus Assaraci-" The line of Assaracus," i.e., the Romans. From Ilus and Assaracus, the two sons of Tros, a king of Troy, the royal house was divided; from Ilus, the kings of Troy were descended; from Assaracus Capys was sprung; from Capys, Anchises; from Anchises, Æneas; and from Æneas, the Romans.

286. Cæsar nascetur, Trojanus pulchra origine—“Cæsar shall be born a Trojan of illustrious race." This refers to Augustus, and not to Julius Cæsar. Augustus was styled Trojanus, from being received by adoption into the Julian family. 290. Secura-"Freed from further opposition." Juno's wrath being now appeased.

291. Aspera sæcula is descriptive of the peace which prevailed all over the world in the 27th year of the reign of Augustus.

294. Porta Belli. The gates or doors of the temple of Janus were open in time of war, and closed in time of peace. They were shut for the third time since the foundation of the city in the reign of Augustus, so constantly were the Romans engaged in war.

296. Nodis, catenis. Fremet horridus cruento ore-"In hideous rage shall growl with bloody jaws."

301. Remigio alarum-" By the oar-like steerage of his wings." Beautifully expressing the movement of his wings up and down, like the motion of oars in propelling a boat.

302. Poni "The Carthaginians." They were also called Phoeni, from Phoenicia, the country from which they originally came.

306. Ut primum alma lux est data, constituit exire-" As soon as the cheering light of day was afforded, he resolved to go forth." Data est, =orta est.

309. Referreque (omnia) exacta sociis-" And to bring back all the particulars of his discovery to his companions."