26. Describe the structure of the stem of Equisetum. 27. Give the distinctive characters of the chief divisions of the Coniferæ. 28. Enumerate the most striking cases of irritability amongst flowering plants. Briefly explain what is known as to its cause. Honours Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. Read the General Instructions at the head of the Elementary paper. The value attached to each question is the same. 41. Give an account of the life-history and affinities of the Myxomycetes. 42. Discuss the affinities and morphology of Azolla. 43. Give an account of recent investigations into the part played by the nucleus in cell division. 44. Describe the general characters of the Cycadea and give a brief account of the occurrence of their remains in the fossil state, and of their present geographical distribution. 45. Discuss recent investigations into the development of the embryo sac in Phanerogams. 46. Discuss the homologies of the suspensor in the higher cryptogams and in flowering plants. SUBJECT XVIII. PRINCIPLES OF MINING. EXAMINERS, W. W. SMYTH, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., AND GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. If the rules are not attended to, the paper will be cancelled. You may take the Elementary, or the Advanced, or the Honours paper, but you must confine yourself to one of them. Put the number of the question before your answer. You are to confine your answers strictly to the questions proposed. Your name is not given to the Examiner, and you are forbidden to write to him about your answers. The examination in this subject lasts for three hours. First Stage or Elementary Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. You are only permitted to attempt eight questions. You must attempt the last question on the paper. The remaining seven you may select from any part of the paper. The value attached to each question is the same. 1. How is the ore-bearing character of lodes affected by variations in the nature of the rocks forming the walls? Give some example. 2. What are contact deposits, and in what directions are they usually most continuous? Give an example. 3. How would you prepare and set an ordinary door-frame set of timbers in a level upon a small lode, with moderately firm walls, round timber being given? 4. Give a sketch of the operations followed in sinking a pit 9 feet in diameter, lined with brickwork, in ordinary coal measure ground, where sinking pumps are not required. 5. Describe, with sketches, two kinds of borers or drills-one suitable for hand boring in soft ground, and the other for machine boring in hard ground. 6. What are the advantages of dynamite over powder? What special methods are required to develop these advantages, and what are the special dangers to be guarded against in its use? 7. Describe two simple methods, not involving the use of complicated or expensive machinery, for conveying air into the fore breast of a level. 8. Describe, with sketches, the construction of an ordinary horse whim or gyn. 9. Describe the method of overhand stoping. 10. Describe the pillar and stall methods of working coal followed in Northumberland and South Wales. Second Stage or Advanced Examination. Read the General Instructions at the head of the Elementary paper. You must attempt the last two questions on the paper. The remaining six you may select from any part of the paper. The value attached to each question is the same. 21. What is the general rule for finding the direction in which a lode is heaved by a cross course? 22. What are flats or flat breaks in the North of England lead mines; and what relation do they bear to the lodes? 23. What methods have been proposed for getting coal without the use of powder? 24. What is the principle of the safety lamp? Describe the construc tion of Stephenson's, Clanny's, and Museler's. 25. Give sketches with dimensions of a skip of 20 cwt. capacity suited for a shaft of varying inclination. 26. Describe, with sketches, a double-decked cage, with two tubs on each deck suited for wire rope guides. 27 What methods may be adopted for counterbalancing the weight of the rope in deep mines? 28. Describe the long wall method of working coal in at least two modifications. 29. Why is steel of a moderate tensile strength to be preferred to that of a higher tenacity for pit ropes? What should you consider to be a proper breaking strain? 30. Give an outline of the various processes followed in dressing tin ore when the stuff contains wolfram and arsenic. Honours Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. Read the General Instructions at the head of the Elementary paper. You are only permitted to attempt seven questions. You must attempt the last question on the paper. The remaining six you may select from any part of the paper. The value attached to each question is the same. 41. From what materials are dynamite and guncotton prepared? What is the effect of water upon them, and what means are used for detonating them by electricity? 42. Explain the construction and method of working some form of power drill or boring machine, and describe the methods of mounting it for sinking and driving respectively. 43. Give an account of Kind and Chaudron's method of sinking and tubbing shafts. 44. Describe, with sketches, the construction of an iron pit-frame suitable for a large colliery, and give the dimensions you would select for the more important parts. 45. Describe the principles on which the methods of separating blende and lead ore are based, and give an account of a plant suited for the purpose. 46. What rules should be observed in the management of the lamp department in a large colliery where no naked lights are used underground? 47 Give a sketch plan of a long wall, coal working, shewing the methods of distributing the air along the working faces, and the roads necessary for drawing coal to the pit's bottom. 48. Describe four methods of pumping water from deep mines by steam power, and state what you consider to be the advantages and disadvantages of each. SUBJECT XIX. METALLURGY. EXAMINER, PROFESSOR PERCY, M.D., F.R.S. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. If the rules are not attended to, the paper will be cancelled. You may take the Elementary, or the Advanced, or the Honours paper, but you must confine yourself to one of them. Put the number of the question before your answer. You are to confine your answers strictly to the questions proposed; any part of an answer extending beyond the scope of the question is disregarded by the Examiner. Your name is not given to the Examiner, and you are forbidden to write to him about your answers. The examination in this subject lasts for three hours. First Stage or Elementary Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. You are not to attempt more than eight questions in this paper. I. What is meant by the term " reducing agent?" 2. What is the action of lime on fire-clay at a very high temperature? 3. What takes place when a mixture of silica and black oxide of copper (cupric oxide) is exposed to a high temperature, either with or without the presence of atmospheric air? 4. What occurs when a mixture of 2 equivalents of oxide and 1 equivalent of sulphide of zinc is very strongly heated? 5. What is the cause of the boiling which takes place in the usual process of puddling pig-iron? 6. When atmospheric air is blown through molten pig-iron containing silicon, what becomes of the latter? 7. What is the composition of red-lead, and how is it made? 8. What takes place when sulphide of silver is exposed to the action of molten lead? 9. Is there any alloy of gold in common use that contains zinc? 10. What are the constituents of the common blue pigment named "smalts?" 11. How is the structure of "grain-tin" produced? 12. What occurs when a mixture of iron filings and cinnabar (mercuric sulphide) is heated to redness? Second Stage or Advanced Examination. Read the General Instructions at the head of the Elementary paper. 21. Suppose you were asked to give an opinion as to the quality of a fire-clay from its percentage composition, by what considerations would you be guided? 22. What is the action when steam is passed over coke kept heated to redness? 23. Describe the usual process of making "tough-cake copper" from blister-copper," as conducted in a reverberatory furnace. 24. Describe the Belgian process of extracting zinc. 25. Describe the process of refining pig-iron, and state the object of it. 26. Describe any one process now in use of making steel, but not more than one. 27. Describe the Pattinson process of desilverizing lead. 28. How may silver be extracted from ores in which it exists as chloride or bromide? 29. Express, by an equation, what takes place when a mixture of lime and mercuric sulphide (cinnabar) is heated to redness. 30. What takes place when a slag, consisting of ferrous silicate, and containing some cobalt in combination, is melted and rabbled with a compound of iron and arsenic ? 31. State approximately the percentage composition of alloys in common use into which tin largely enters. 32. Describe the process of making common "white arsenic." Honours Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. Read the General Instructions at the head of the Elementary paper. You are not to attempt more than eight questions in this paper. The value attached to each question is the same. 41. State the principles of the methods which have been tried with a view of separating sulphur from coke. 42. Describe any one process of smelting pyritic copper ores, without the use of the reverberatory furnace, and give the chief chemical reactions which occur. 43. Under what furnace conditions is pig-iron rich in silicon produced? 44. What is meant by the expression "mild steel?" How is such steel made, and to what purposes is it applied? 45. In smelting titaniferous iron ores, what becomes of the titanium? 46. Describe the construction of the "ore-hearth" for smelting galera, the mode of working, the chemical reactions by which the lead is separated, and the nature of the slag produced. 47. Describe Patera's process of treating silver ores, and give the chemical reactions which occur. 48. Describe the ancient method of separating silver from gold by cementation, and give the chemical reactions accompanying it. 49. Describe the construction of Hahn's furnace for extracting mercury from ores containing cinnabar, and the mode of working. 50. Can you suggest any method of economically extracting tin from the "hard-head" produced in tin smelting? 51. How are nickel and cobalt extracted on the large scale from an arsenical ore containing those metals? 52. How would you analyze type-metal containing tin? |