O'CONNELL.-After the close of the proceedings | excitement" occurred at Galaway. A foolish in the Dublin Court of Queen's Bench, on sexton, to curry favor with a gentleman who Thursday last week, Mr. O'Connell and the other had arrived over night at his residence in the traversers remained for about an hour in the neighborhood, rang the bells of St. Nicholas's Judges' chambers, awaiting certain formalities in church; on which a mob collected, and would order to their commitment. At a quarter after have lynched the sexton, but that some priests five o'clock, they were driven off in three carri- and gentlemen interposed and promised that he ages, accompanied by the High Sheriff, and es- should be punished. He was summarily discorted by a strong body of mounted Police, to missed.-Spectator. Richmond Bridewell, in the South Circular Road. As they passed forth, there was a general cry of "Silence!" among the crowd; which was in a state of great" excitement," and several persons shed tears. Numbers followed the carriages; and a large crowd was collected at the entrance of the prison. Inside the prison-gate stood a numerous party of gentlemen, in two files, personal friends of Mr. O'Connell: they uncovered as he entered; and he shook hands with them. O'Connell and his companions were conducted to the Governor's house. Mr. Purdon, the Governor, being absent, Mr. Cooper, the Deputy-Governor, received the prisoners from High Sheriff Ball; and Mr. O'Connell was conveyed to rooms which he had engaged before the passing of the sentence. They are spacious and airy. Mrs. Fitzsimon and Mrs. French, O'Connell's daughters, were in waiting to receive him in his new lodging; and after a short interval, he walked with them in the large gardens belonging to the prison, to which his party have access. The Liberator seems to pass his time as pleasantly as a prison allows he has an almost daily levee, admitting visitors for a few hours each day except Mondays and Wed-it was found that the statue had disappeared, and nesdays. The Dublin papers publish a letter by his chaplain, the Rev. Dr. Miley, dated" the second day of the Captivity," describing O'Connell BYRON'S STATUE BY THORWALDSEN.-A case of an extraordinary nature is about to be brought before the London tribunals. Thorwaldsen, as is well known, had executed a colossal statue of Lord Byron, which he presented to the Chapter of Westminster, on condition of its being placed in that cathedral beside the monuments of other poets. The Chapter first accepted the offer, but it is equally well known that some scruples were raised afterwards against placing the author of Don Juan in this national mausoleum; and the case containing the precious marble was never claimed by the Chapter. The testamentary executors of Thorwaldsen being informed of this state of things, made some inquiries, and the masterpiece of Thorwaldsen was found lying on the floor of a cellar in a state of extreme deterioration, amongst the fragments of the case, which the humidity of the place had reduced to a state of perfect rottenness. Consequently, a person duly authorized by the executor addressed a formal reclamation to the authorities, but when the Custom-house officers went with him to the cellar, nothing but fragments of the case remained behind The executors then addressed to the Customhouse a demand for indemnity. This, however, was refused, under the plea that it cannot be an"Never have I beheld the Liberator in a sub-swerable for goods refused by the parties to limer attitude than this morning, as he knelt, I whom they are addressed. The executors have may say in fetters, before the altar he himself had resolved on bringing an action for damages against freed. It was a spectacle of much grander import the Custom-house of London. The sum claimed than even of a 'just man contending with adver- is 30,0001. (750,000f.) at which the statue was sity'; and if those who have been laboring so valued by the artists of Rome on its being shiplong, per fas aut nefas, to afflict his spirit, to em-ped to London.—Morning Chronicle. bitter and disgrace his declining years, could have beheld the serenity of his countenance in POPULATION OF GERMAN STATES.-The Table receiving the divine communion, I would not say of Population, on which the appropriation of the they would have been sorely disappointed, but, duties received on account of the German Cusfor the honor of human nature, I shall persuade toms-Union is founded, affords us the following myself that it would have repented them of their data respecting the number of inhabitants in each intent in seeking to fix the brand of a felonious State of the Union in the year 1843; viz. Prussia, conspirator on such a man. No; O'Connell is 14,934,340; Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, 175,not sick-he is not sad; let no one believe it. I 223; Bavaria, 4,370,977; Kingdom of Saxony, was beside him in the court; I accompanied him 1,706,267; Wurtemberg, 1,646,871; the to the prison; it is scarce an hour since this hand Principalities of Hohenzollern, 59,387; Baden, that writes was grasped in his and I aver, upon 1,290,146; Electoral Hesse (or Hesse Cassel), this knowledge, that he is in rude health, un-692,835; Grand Duchy of Hesse, 811,503; Landshaken in his purpose, and undismayed as when he denounced the Union on Tara or Mullaghmast, serene in the spirit of his mind, and full of buoyant vigor. He is proud of his present position, and looks back upon the past with triumph; and never were his hopes of the future brighter than at this moment, or more akin to certainty." at mass. The Repeal papers present a "tremendous excitement" as obtaining in the provinces; but the examples cited are not very striking. In one place the people shut up their shops in token of mourning; in others they got up early to hear the news; and on Sunday prayers were said for O'Connell's health and strength to bear up under the "unjust sentence." The most "alarming two graviate of Hesse, 18,444;, Brunswick, 265,835; Nassau, 398,095; and Frankfort on the Main, 66,338. The total population of States forming the Union, inclusive of certain isolated districts, Thuringia, &c., amounted last year to 27,623,815. -U. Serv. Mag. THE FRENCH IN ALGIERS.-In a speech in the Chamber of Deputies, Marshal Soult admitted the holy war declared by Morocco against the French in Algiers. The papers also announce an untoward event in the province of Constantina. The garrison of Biscara, composed of natives in French pay, had revolted, murdered two French officers, and betrayed the post to the enemy.-Spect. SCIENCE AND ART. high; a beautiful little Terminus, 1 1-2 foot high, with three heads of the Diana Triformis, and one of Hermes; a sepulchral relief, 5 feet by 4, of a youth, dog and boy; another, of the same size, of female, nurse, child, and friend-both these pieces, ANTIQUITIES OF ATHENS.-Among the many | Bacchus on his shoulder, 3 feet; a Pan, 3 feet inscriptions of the Acropolis which have been published in the Ephmeris of the Archæological Society, are three or four of peculiar historic interest-the inscription on the base of the votive statue to Minerva of health, mentioned in the Life of Pericles, by Plutarch and by Pliny, the cata-in very prominent alto relievo, are admirable logue of the contributions of different towns to the treasury in the Parthenon, and the description, price and distribution of the work done in erecting the Long Walls. The following statues and relievos are of sufficient value to merit casts, were the means afforded from the museums of Europe:-10 pieces of the frieze of the Parthenon, of the 14 still in the Acropolis; 1 metope-the Winged Victory taking off her sandal, and another called the Bull of Marathon, relievos from the exterior of the Victory Apteros, with part of a third, a beautiful little statue of a fawn, about 2 feet high; Ceres, or Diana, ascending a car, in a style resembling that of the Zanthian Marbles; about eight of the small sepulchral and other relievi preserved in the Pinacotheca; several beautiful fragments of small statues, three of those preserved in the Stoa of Adrian; a torso of a Cupid; a bold sepulchral relief of an old man and a youth, 5 feet high; a finely draped statue, of the best era, 6 feet high, found at Andros, head wanting, having been replaced by a Roman bust, as the cutting at the neck shows; small relief, with inscription Athena, &c.; the colossal statue of Erechthonius, still in situ, below the temple of Theseus, 8 feet high, head wanting; colossal statue of Minerva Victrix, remarkable for its exquisite drapery, head wanting, near the Theseium. In the Theseium-the very curious relievo, 6 feet high, of a Warrior with spear, with great remains of colors-a work of Aristeion, of the ancient school of Sycion; a beautiful figure, of the very best era, perfect all but the legs below the knee and the arms, 5 feet high, called the Apollo, from having a serpent on the base; a statue supposed to be Apollo Lycius, 6 feet; a beautiful little Silenus, with the infant specimens of the common sepulchral style subsequent to the best period of Athenian sculpture. Several other relievos, of small size and minor importance. No excavations have been made lately out of the Acropolis, neither is there any probability of any being made, for the Greek Government have no funds for the purpose, and the law prevents any individual from removing any antiquities from Greece. It is much to be lamented, that great part of the town is built over ancient remains, and little hope can any longer be entertained of any discoveries in Athens, except in the Acropolis. Indeed, many reasons combine to point out other places as affording better hopes of success in archæological research. Athenæum. MR. DRAYTON'S INVENTION FOR SILVERING MIRRORS.-By this gentleman's process, the mirror is, for the first time, literally speaking, silvered, inasmuch as silver is precipitated on it from its nitrate (lunar caustic) in the form of a brilliant lamina. The process is this: on a plate of glass, surrounded with an edge of putty, is poured a solution of nitrate of silver in water and spirit, mixed with ammonia and the oils of cassia and of cloves. These oils precipitate the metal in somewhat the same manner as vegetable fibre does in the case of marking ink-the quantity of oil influencing the rapidity of the precipitation. Mr. Faraday here referred to Dr. Wollaston's method of precipitating the phosphate of ammonia and magnesia on the surface of a vessel containing its solution, in order to make intelligible how the deposit of silver was determined on the surface of clean glass, not (as in Dr. W.'s experiment) by mechanical causes, but by a sort of electric affinity. Graduation of Power. Expiration. This part of Mr. Faraday's discourse was illus- | dial plate, graduated with inches and tenths, and trated by three highly striking adaptations of Mr. is divided equally by a perpendicular line. The Drayton's process. He first silvered a glass plate, left side is graduated for measuring inspiration, the surface of which was cut in a ray-like pattern. the right half for expiration: certain words are 2d. A bottle was filled with Mr. Drayton's trans-engraved in each division expressive of different parent solution, which afterwards exhibited a degrees of strength, thuscylindrical reflecting surface. And, 3d. A large cell, made of two glass plates, was placed erect on the table, and filled with the same clear solution. This, though perfectly translucent in the first instance, gradually became opaque and reflecting; so that, before Mr. Faraday concluded, those of his auditors who were placed within view of it, saw their own faces, or that of their near neighbors, gradually substituted for the faces of those who were seated opposite to them.-Ath. Inspiration. 2. 2.00 inches. 66 Ordinary, 2.50 66 2.5 66 Strong, 3.50 66 3.5 66 Very Strong, 4.50 Very Remarkable, 66 แ 7. Very Extraordinary, 10-00 table of heights, by which it appears that the capacity of a man's lungs increases in arithmetical progression of 8 cubic inches for every inch of his actual height.-Ath. PNEUMATIC APPARATUS FOR VALUING THE RE- These expressions of power are obtained from SPIRATORY POWERS, ILLUSTRATED BY DIAGRAMS results of nearly 1,200 observations. The merAND TABLES.—It consists of two instruments, the cury is contained in a bent tube, one end of which one called the "Breathing machine" for measur- is surmounted by a flexible tube, which is tering "Volume," and the other called the "Inspira-minated by an Indian rubber nose-piece, through tor," for measuring "Power"-by which the three which the person under trial draws in or blows principal observations for arriving at correct reout to the extent of his power. Several persons, sults are taken, viz., the number of cubic inches including fire-brigade men, wrestlers, gentlemen, of air thrown out of the chest-and the power by and particularly Robinson, the well-made dwarf, which that air can be drawn in and given out. thirty-six years of age, standing 3 feet 9 inches The "Breathing machine" consists of two vertical high, were subjected to the trial of Mr. Hutchincylinders, one within the other, the outer one son's apparatus-and it was observed how accucontains water, while the inner one, being in-rately these cases agreed with Mr. Hutchinson's verted, is intended to receive the breath, and hence is called the receiver; this receiver is raised in proportion to the quantity of air given out of the lungs of the person under examination. The receiver is counterbalanced by two leaden weights working in two vertical hollow brass perpendicular tubes. To each of the weights is attached a cord, which, working over a pulley at top, passes down another brass tube or column and connected with the cross-head of the receiver, which crosshead with the receiver works up and down by means of slots formed in the inside column. In order to determine how much air is given out, a scale is connected with the receiver, which ascends and descends with it; on this scale the figures represent cubic inches-calculated according to the contents of the receiver, which contains 388 cubic inches of air. The level of the water is the datum or standard line from which the number of cubic inches is to be determined. A bent glass tube is connected with the water in the reservoir, so that the level of the water in the reservoir is readily ascertained by an inspection of the tube: the divisions on the scale on the same level as the surface of the water, indicate the number of cubic inches contained in the receiver, at any elevation. The breath enters the receiver by a tube passing up through the reservoir of water, and when the experiment is concluded and the receiver is to be drawn down again, the air is discharged by a valve cock at bottom. Three taps are fixed in front of this machine, the one for drawing off the water when necessary; the second for discharging the breath through; and the middle one, called the drain tap, for draining off water that sometimes by accident is forced into the vertical tubes. The "Inspirator" is constructed on the principle of elevating by the power of the muscles of inspiration and expiration, a column of mercury, and according to the elevation of the mercury to determine the relative power exerted by these muscles. It consists of a LAND DRAINING.-Land is rendered cold and late by the great capacity of water for heat, as compared with clay or sand; the same quantity of heat which is sufficient to raise the temperature of earth or mould four degrees of Fahrenheit, and of common air five degrees, being only sufficient to raise that of water one degree; the residue being absorbed by the water and rendered latent. Consequently, when the land is saturated by water, the sun's rays, instead of being expended in heating the soil, are absorbed and rendered latent by the water which it contains, and the soil derives but one-fourth of the warmth which it would do were it filled with common air instead of water. Other injurious effects are, that it sours the land, and gives rise to the formation of substances hurtful to vegetation. These are caused by the exclusion of common air and the oxygen which it contains from the pores of the soil. Vegetable and animal manures thus remain imperfectly decayed, or decay is converted into putrefaction, and acetic, malic, tannic, gallic, and other acids substituted for carbonic acid and ammonia, the products of simple decay, and which, with the elements of water, are now recognized as the chief agents in the nourishment of plants. Superabundant moisture, likewise, renders the climate of a country insalubrious; but its injurious effects are more immediately recognized in supplying the roots of growing plants with a greater quantity of moisture than they are able to digest, and thus rendering them weak and dropsical.—Ibid. THE KING OF SWEDEN.-March 8.-At Stockholm, His Majesty Charles John XIV. King of Sweden and Norway, and Sovereign of the Order of the Seraphim. Of all that brilliant race of warriors and of statesmen called into sudden life by the terrible forces of the French revolutionary war to scour and sack the plains and cities of Europe, few were gifted with the more dignified and enduring energy which survived the crisis of their youth-one alone retained by his own deserts the kingly prize which had been flung to him. Of all the phantasmagoria of the French revolution, and the King-vassals of Imperial France, Bernadotte alone preserved to our day the position to which he had been raised; but he preserved it because, in a country jealous of its ancient liberties and of its national independence, he learned faithfully to observe the conditions of a constitutional government, and to maintain, even at the sacrifices of his personal sympathies, the honor and freedom of the land which had adopted him. John Baptiste Julius Bernadotte was born at Pau, the capital of Bearne, Jan. 26, 1764. His parents were humble, but not of the very humblest condition, as appears from the superior education they were enabled to give him. Some accounts say that he was designed for the bar; but, in his 16th year, he suddenly relinquished his studies, and enlisted as a private soldier into the Royal Marines. Notwithstanding his superior acquirements and his good conduct, the year 1789 found Bernadotte only a sergeant; but after the revolutionary torrent swept away the artificial distinctions of society, and cleared the military stage for the exhibition and success of plebeian merit, his rise was most rapid. In 1792 he was Colonel in the army of General Custines. The year following he served under Kleber with so much ability and zeal, that he was promoted to the rank of General of Brigade, and almost immediately afterwards to that of General of Division. In the ensuing campaigns, the new General served both on the Rhine and in Italy, and on every occasion with distinguished reputation; but he kept aloof from the conqueror of Italy-having even thus early taken up an ominous foreboding of his designs. The weakness of the existing government, the talents, popularity, and character of the hero, and, above all, the contempt which he exhibited for the orders of the Directory, when opposed to his own views, might well create distrust in a mind so sagacious as Bernadotte's. He was so little disposed to become the instrument of Bonaparte's ambition, that, after the peace of Campo-Formio, he flatly refused to serve in the army of England. With some difficulty he was persuaded to accept an embassy to Austria, from which he shortly reI turned. On the establishment of the Consulate, he received the staff of a Marshal of France, and in 1806 the title of Prince of Ponte Corvo was added to his other honors. In the German campaigns, as well as in the command which he held for a short time against the Chouans in the west of France, he was distinguished from all his military comrades by his consideration and generosity towards the conquered enemy. From 1806 to 1809 he commanded the first corps d'armée in the north of Germany; and it is recorded that his personal kindness to a body of 1500 Swedes, who had fallen as prisoners into his hands, first awakened among the younger officers of that nation those feelings of gratitude which led to his nomination as a candidate for the reversion of the crown of Sweden. Of all the Imperial generals (for the sterner Republican spirits of the army had long been removed from the scene) Bernadotte was the least inclined to yield to Napoleon that servile deference which he so strictly exacted. The blemishes of the Imperial regime, the abuse of military power, and the jealousies which had sprung up between the grandees of that transitory court, had alarmed his caution, and, perhaps, offended his sense of justice. Suddenly, and by a personal impulse rather than by any subtle combination of policy or intrigue, his name was mentioned at the Diet of Orebro, where the deputies of Sweden were assembled to choose a successor to Charles XIII. The consent of the Prince de Ponte Corvo had already been privately implied; that of the Emperor Napoleon was, not without misgivings, extorted from him. Bernadotte said, with characteristic acuteness, "Will your Majesty make me greater than yourself, by compelling me to have refused a crown?" Napoleon replied, "You may go; our destinies must be accomplished." From that hour Bernadotte, or, as he was thenceforward styled, Charles John, Crown Prince of Sweden, turned with no divided affection to his adopted country. The first acts of his government were to refuse to recruit the French fleet at Brest with Swedish sailors, and to struggle against the oppressive exigencies of the continental system. In 1812 a secret alliance was formed between Sweden and Russia; and in the following year the Crown Prince assumed the command of the combined forces of Northern Germany against the French Empire. The reward of these services which he had rendered to the cause of European freedom, and to the armies of Sweden, was his undisputed succession to that crown, which he owed neither to the sword nor to the arbitrary policy of his former master, but to the deliberate choice of the Swedish people. He showed himself worthy of the confidence of Europe by his undeviating adherence to those principles of order, justice, and forbearance, by which the maintenance of the general peace has been happily secured; and, by his frank and judicious compliance with the obligations imposed upon a sovereign by the free constitutions both of Sweden and of Norway, he earned the unbounded veneration of those nations. If we look back upon the annals of Sweden in the preceding half century, we are confounded by the perpetual revolutions which agitated the state and menaced the existence of its Kings. But since the accession of Charles John to the throne of Sweden, although the whole of Europe has at various times been shaken by important changes in the internal constitutions of its states, Sweden has continued to enjoy uninterrupted tranquillity and prosperity. he did not intend, on that account, to forego his own claim, as well as that of his family, to the throne of Sweden."-Gent's Mag. The long-expected death of the Duke of Angoulême took place at Goritz on the 3d instant, after months of suffering. The Duchess and Duke of Bordeaux were with the expiring exile. It is stated that the French Court have gone into mourning. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. Annuaire des Voyages et de la Geographie pour l'année 1844, par une réunion de géographes et de voyageurs, sous la direction de M. Frederic Lacroix. Paris. 1844. THIS is the first of a promised series of little It was on his birthday in the year 1840, after a works to be published annually, and which are reign of nearly 30 years, that Charles John XIV. to comprise a popular survey of whatever, worthy took occasion, in a speech from the throne, to of note, shall have been done in each year towards survey with parental satisfaction the condition of extending and enriching the field of geographical his dominions. The population of the kingdom knowledge. The design is excellent, and the was so much increased, that the inhabitants of execution of this first part is, on the whole, very Sweden alone are now equal in number to those creditable. As a specimen of cheap literature it of Sweden and Finland before the latter province is a marvel, even as considered with reference to was torn from the former. The commerce and the average rate of price for French publications. the manufactures of the country have been The body of the work opens with a 'Resumé des doubled, agriculture improved, instruction dif- Voyages de l'Année,' occupying fifty pages. Next fused, the finances raised from a state of great we have fourteen articles (170 pages), either oriembarrassment to complete prosperity, the na-ginal essays, or extracts from books of travels not tional debt almost paid off, a civil and a penal code proposed for promulgation, the great canals which unite the ocean with the Baltic have been completed, and lastly, the secular hostility of the Swedish and Norwegian nations has given way to mutual confidence, cemented by kindred institutions, and the enlightened government of the same sceptre. Such are the claims of the late sovereign to the respectful and grateful recollections of his people. Of all the princes of his time, he sought most steadily and effectually to concentrate the whole energy of his government on the internal duties which it had to perform. He found Sweden exhausted by centuries of foreign war, which were followed by endless reverses abroad and convulsions at home; he has left her at the head of the secondary powers of Europe, and well prepared to uphold her interests and her dignity in those important questions which the course of events may, at no distant period, open for discussion on the shores of the Baltic. yet published, some of which are highly interesting. The rest of the volume is taken up with reviews of recent works, of which twenty-seven are noticed, and with useful tabular matter, lists of books, &c. The following statement, put forth on the authority of M. Hommaire de Hell, is startlingly at variance with opinions hitherto received. That traveller spent five years in exploring the countries between the Black Sea and the Caspian. His work has recently begun to be published in parts; we purpose giving our readers some account of it when it shall have reached a more advanced stage of publication. "M. Hommaire has ascertained that the difference of level between the Sea of Azov and the He Caspian, is 18.304 millimètres (7.3 English inches) |