These "errors," even when detected, Tyrus, and between whom there existed the

hardly justify the parade with which they are ushered to our notice, or the exultation which our author displays whenever he has succeeded in discovering one. In his description of the principal temple at Copan Mr. Stephens makes this remark:"Though gigantic and extraordinary for a ruined structure of the aborigines, that the reader's imagination may not mislead him, I consider it necessary to [it] is not so large as the great (Egyptian) pyramid of

strictest union and friendship, and which may justly be supposed to have practised the manners and customs of the parent country. The Tyrians also would follow the customs of the Sidonians and the Canaanites, their original ancestors; gathering, therefore, evidences of religious ceremonies from Canaan, Sidon, Tyrus and Carthage-for they were all of the Phoenician family-we shall include those nations under one general term, viz. Tyrian, for the same convenience as the term Mexican is

used." - Page 139.

Ghizeh." Upon this Mr. Jones compares Both nations were idolatrous, and both various measurements of the two edifices, sacrificed human beings on the dedication and discovers with infinite glee that they of their temples and on defeat in war. The coincide within eighteen feet, which "can- Tyrians offered up children to the god Sanot be accidental." On another occasion, turn (Moloch), who was represented by a in describing the pyramid at Cholula, he large statue; the figure bent slightly forfinds out, with equal satisfaction, that a dif- ward, and was so placed that the weight of ference of only eight feet would make the the smallest child was sufficient to alter its pyramid at that place twice as large as that position, and to cast the infant into a fiery of Egypt. We have not time or inclination furnace below the idol. This custom apto pursue him, as he has pursued Mr. Stephens, through all his descriptions of the

pears to be portrayed on the sculpture in the ruins, of which Mr. Jones's description ruins, but we must say one word upon his is both ingenious and spirited, but too long remarks on that traveller's conclusions. "I to be extracted. But though they worset out," says Mr. Stephens, "with the shipped Saturn, the tutelary deity of the proposition that they are not Cyclopean, Tyrians according to Dr. Prideaux was and do not resemble the works of Greek or Malcarthus, compounded of the two PhœRoman;" upon which Mr. Jones observes, nician words Melec and Kartha, and signi"We admit the negative to the first and

last proposition, but not to the second; for

fying "king of the city." This god pos

sessed many of the attributes of the Grecian

the sculpture at Uxmal is not only as fine, Hercules-Apollo, and as such is compared but distinctly of a Grecian character;" and by our author to the chief deity of the Mexagain, the whole façades have to the eye an appearance, in regard to the character

of the ornaments, which compel the lookeron to exclaim, 'Grecian knowledge has been there."

With this we do not agree. Under all climates, and in every age, men have al

ways been pleased with a rhythmic repetition of the same forms, which repetition is the greatest characteristic of what are call

ed grecques, meanders, and arabesques.

Neither is any great degree of civilization

requisite to produce these ornaments, for

Mr. Krusenstern describes arabesques of

ton Island.

great elegance tattooed upon the skins of the most ferocious inhabitants of WashingThe chapters upon the analogies between the Tyrians and the Mexican aborigines are by far the best part of the work. Mr. Jones says:

"The religious ceremonies of the Tyrians would have been lost but for their being preserved by the Carthaginians, a colony from

icans. Astarte (the moon) was also worshipped by both nations, and her emblem, the cross, is found sculptured in many parts of the ruined temples.

Other analogies are to be traced in their national and political peculiarities. The swan was the symbolical emblem of the

Canaanites, and the antiquary Jacob Bryant

remarks, that
ants (i. e. Tyrians) may have settled, there
will be a story found about a swan." Ac
cordingly the Spanish historian Sahagun

where they or their descend

relates that about two centuries before their

conquest by the Spaniards, the Aztecs (Mexicans proper) were compelled to surrender to a neighboring kingdom that oppressed them, their emblematical bird the

swan.

in commemoration of the discovery of the | Jones, considering the paucity of his macelebrated dye. We must however refer terials, has shown much ingenuity,-we the reader to the work itself for the investi- wish we could add equal accuracy; but of gation of each particular analogy, and avail ourselves of the author's summary, which is as follows:

"Religious idolatry: -the worship of, and sacrifice of human lives to, the god of war; the worship of Saturn, and consequent infanticide to propitiate the remorseless deity; the long cross (and others) of the goddess Astarte, in the sculpture; the sacrifice to Hygeia by optional circumcision; the chief worship to Apollo, or the Sun; the gorgeous temples erected

this hereafter.

The Tyrians, a colony from Sidon, were directly included in the malediction uttered against Canaan, the common founder of their race, and the innocent suffered by Ham's impiety. This curse, however, for many ages hung innocuously over their heads, and Tyre long continued first among the cities of the world, a supremacy she owed to the benefits of commerce and navigation, a strict monopoly of which she suc

to his glory; human sacrifice on the dedica- ceeded in establishing and maintaining. tion of the temples; and the sacred fire, guard- Such indeed was her jealousy on this point, ed by the Virgins of the Sun. The compara- and so stern her refusal to allow any one to tive mummies of the Tyrian isles and Peru; the traditional story concerning swans; the share in these advantages, that, although tortoise and serpent in sculpture; the dye- she granted her assistance to other nations shell or purple murex; navigation with its at- in exploring and maritime expeditions, she

insisted that they should be accomplished with ships she had built, sailors she had reared, and pilots she alone had instructed.

For some centuries after her foundation Tyre was governed by Cadmi, the Cadmus

tendant maps and charts; the aborigines coming from the East' and by navigation; their landing or 'touching at Florida,' and 'before the Christian æra; then the discovery of the wreck of a Tyrian galley. The knowledge of painting, and the general application of colors; on of colors: and gem-engraving. As the sculpture con- being a supreme judge, aided by a senatotains only hieroglyphics, and not one cipher rial council; but soon after the Israelites or letter, consequently the spoken language of had obtained a king, they became dissatisPhœnicia is not found, nor is there any other fied with their previous government, and, language discovered; and for a proof of its

antiquity, the Tyrian temple-sculpture should fixing on a monarchy, chose for their first be only hieroglyphical. The political charac- sovereign Abibal, the Huram of Scripture, ter in the formation of monarchies and repub- and the father of the friend and ally of

Solomon, Hiram the Great. This latter monarch, who appears to have been singularly liberal and beneficent in his policy, furnished, as is well known, both materials and artists for Solomon's temple. For these

lics, as shown at Tyrus and Carthage, Mexico and Toltecas:- Toltecas:-military character and knowledge of defensive locality, with analogous architecture in the sea and river walls of Tyrus and Copan. The last event in the history of Tyrus, sculptured upon the chief altar of the most ancient ruin (Copan); and from the character of that event, it would naturally be- monarch certain cities, which, failing to come the first subject of record in the country satisfy his expectations, he named the "land to which they had emigrated; every detail of of Cabul" (displeasing).

and other services he received from that

that altar is essentially Tyrian. Painted Pygmalion, whose cruel treatment of his sculpture and the stuccoing of the walls of sister Dido and her husband Sichæus (or Tyrus and Palenque. The architecture, as to of Elizabeth and Acerbas, as Mr. Jones its square-columned style, identified as Tyrian delights to call the unfortunate couple) was

and proved to be analogous from the temples of Jerusalem and Palenque, and from the square pillars of Copan; while the pyramidal base produced the compound term EgyptoTyrian." Page 202.

the immediate cause of the founding of Carthage, reigned at a later period in Tyre. During the reign of Ithobal I., according to the authority of Herodotus, the circumnavigation of Africa was accomplished, under

We now come to the second book of the the auspices indeed of Pharaoh Necho, volume, in which the fact of the identity of king of Egypt, but under the superintendthe Mexicans with the Tyrians being pre-ence and with the naval assistance of sumed to be established, the author pro- Tyre. Mr. Jones announces with great ceeds, Ly a history of Tyre from her origin mystery, as a conclusive proof that the exto her overthrow by Alexander, to instruct pedition was really accomplished, the cirus as to the events which led to the coloni- cumstance that Herodotus in his account zation of America, and the means employed has mentioned the phænomenon of the to effect it. In this portion of his task, Mr. sailors observing, upon passing the line, [AUGUST, that their shadows turned from the left to Damascus, springing with their gold-imbuing the right. But this would merely establish feet from cloud to cloud until they reached the their progress as far as Melinda, a point zenith, when the Sun-god himself appeared, and approached from the mighty portals of which they would reach, comparatively the East, arrayed in the gorgeous mantle of speaking, at the commencement of their

voyage.

his eternal throne! There was a moment of calm, breathless intensity, as before the hurricane; then arose the loud hosannahs from his Tyrian subjects, now prostrate with adoration: at they were answered by the terrific and appalling shouts of the ambushed Macedonians! Sudden as the storm-flash, a breathless panic

but

seized the kneeling worshippers; they were transfixed with fear, surprise, and wonder; they felt that their ever-faithful deity had delivered them, bound in his own fetters, to the unsparing foe. They called aloud for his protection, but the brow of their god was suddenly shadowed by the clouds of an approaching tempest, indicating the war of elements as of man; the voice of supplication was now changed to the wild language of despair; all was horror and confusion among the temples, palaces, courts, and streets of the metropolis; the screams and shrieks of women and children, trodden under foot by the frantic and flying citizens, were unheard amid the demoniac yells of the invaders, which even deadened

It was shortly after this expedition, if any such really took place, that Tyre experienced the fulfilment of the first prophecy which had been made concerning her by Jeremiah and Ezekiel, that she should be taken by the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar. This fact, according to Bishop Newton, is established by heathen writers, it being expressly mentioned by Josephus on the authority of Menander, and by Philostratus in his 'Indian and Phoenician Histories.' The effects of this siege, which lasted thirteen years, compelled the inhabitants to desert that part of the city which stood upon the main-land and to shut themselves up in the island, which subsequently became the Tyre so celebrated in history. Some authors have supposed that the island, Tyre, was first inhabited as a city after this siege the sound of the distant and murmuring thunby the Chaldeans; but Vitringa, in his dis- der; and they now in their shouts of approachsertation upon Isaiah, has satisfactorily ing triumph applied the battering-engines with proved that New and Old Tyre were one every energy and success, for the ramparts city.

The next important event in the history of Tyre is the deposition of the reigning family and substitution of that of Strato, a dynasty which continued until the termination of the monarchy; this event took place in the reign of Azelmic, the eighth king of that family, when "the ancient city," after a gallant defence, was taken, sacked, and destroyed by Alexander the Great. This siege is fixed by Mr. Jones as the commencement of the annals of ancient America, and he takes the opportunity to try his powers of graphic and stirring narration. We cannot think the experiment successful, or that the fifty pages containing an account of this event were particularly needed, or have much to do with the elucidation of his theory. An historical account, indeed, it cannot be called: it is a species of dramatic story, built upon the details which Arrian and Plutarch have handed down, and is throughout in the style of the following quotation, which purports to record the storming of the city, and the anecdote of the superstitious citizens chaining the statue of their Hercules-Apollo to the principal altar.

"At length the advancing heralds of Apollo were seen bounding above the mountains of

were unmanned, and their desperate assault unchecked.

"The boldest of the Tyrians recovering from surprise now rallied, and snatching up weapons merely of attack (for their persons were defenceless, from their festival attire) flew towards the wall, against which the impious attack was so furiously rendered. It was too late; an upper breach had been made, and the soft stone wall was fast falling beneath the repeated and ponderous blows of the batter

ing-engines; and catapulte were
now unmanned and overthrown as being use-
less, while the giant towers were wheeled and
levered towards the breach which now momen-
tarily increased in width; the several drop-
bridges of the towers were instantly lowered
upon the battered walls, when the concealed
soldiery, after their first discharge of arrows
and javelins, rushed like wolves from their
dens upon the devoted sheepfolds! As the
towers, galleries, and hive-cells were emptied,
they were instantly replaced (refilled?) by
swarms of warriors from the camp, the whole
of which was now in motion. The hitherto
inactive and impatient cavalry were drawn
out and marshalled, ready to plunge like fierce
dragons within the city when the crumbling
walls should be partially levelled.
bravest of the hardy Tyrians met the first
storming party (the forlorn hope even of an-
cient days) with dauntless courage, and kept in
check, even by their dead bodies, the instant
advance of the foe; the wall was disputed inch
by inch, and with increasing fury by both par-
ties, each being resolved to conquer or to die!

The

While the conflict was raging on the walls, led the basis of these speculations, but have where the loud sounds and flashing weapons been finally overrun and extirpated by the seened but the similitude of the overhanging Tartaric hordes, which, according to our thunder and the vivid lightning, Azelmic, his priests and body-guards, prepared to protect supposition, would be continually moving their god and temple to the last; in their de- downwards from the northern regions. If

Mr. Jones expresses violent but just indignation at the conduct of Alexander in crucifying two thousand of the citizens after the siege, but it should be observed blushing vanity with a confiding naiveté that Arrian does not mention this circum- that is very amusing. We will begin with stance; it rests solely upon the authority of the following, from the introduction to the

The following specimen of the author's many ages. All this is strikingly original, various dissertations upon the fine arts will and may be satisfactory to ingenious minds! be sufficient, even for the warmest admirer Having thus followed our author as brief- of the Maturin school :

[AUGUST, ing powers may be viewed as the Regan_and Curtius, Abdolonymus. This however is the Goneril, while Architecture is the Lear of less consequence than the way in which and Sculpture the Cordelia of the arts."- Mr. Jones has missed the "philosophical

Page 34.

point" of the reply, which in reality was We confess ourselves baffled and out of to this effect:- "May the gods grant me breath. In what sense Time, Desolation, to bear the crown with as tranquil a mind! and Sculpture can be the daughters of For these hands have supplied all my Architecture, more particularly as in the wants, and having nothing I have wanted first part of the paragraph the last of the nothing." three is personified as his bride, is totally Mr. Jones is an American, and we would incomprehensible. There is much more of wish to treat him and his works with that

"Palmyra! my third joy! although the wild Arab sleeps within thy roofless dwelling, with the whirling sands for his mighty mantle, yet, while thy porticoes, arches, and colonnades

courtesy and urbanity which foreign, and
particularly American authors are wont to
receive from the British press; neither
would we arrogantly exalt our own idioms
over the transatlantic vernacular; yet in
spite of all these considerations we must
warn him for the future against such ex-
pressions as "acknowledges to know,"
"this distinction is nearly defined from
the fact," "this last sentence cannot be
entertained," etc. against such sentences
as,
"these pictorial efforts of art are on
a cloth of unusual thickness, in order to
secure stability, for the Mexicans had no
other written records but, which may now
ture:"-and against such paragraphs as
the following:-

shall be seen, the city of the desert will live in be added from the late discoveries, sculp

memory; for the spirits of Longinus and Zenobia will be there!

"Rome! my warrior son! thy ancient glory," etc. etc.-Page 35.

The occasion of these passionate apostrophes is that they are supposed to be the bitter outpourings of Architecture and Sculpture, the parents of these ruined cities.

Mr. Jones's inaccuracy is sometimes surprising. In his account of the submission of Sidon to Alexander, he says

"In compliment to his favorite Hephæstion, the Conqueror allo allowed him to appoint whom he pleased for king of Sidon. Hephæstion thereupon selected a poor man of the capital by the name of Strato, and instantly raised

"The hieroglyphics on the altar and idol of Copan (vide last section) in a similar manner demonstrate these sculptures to be of a religious character, but that fact does not preclude the association of historical events-they were so introduced and incorporated by the Egyptians and the ancients in order to deify those events: and by thus rendering a sacristy of character to the hero or the glory, to give them both (in their belief) an earthly, or rather celestial immortality."

As a parting word of advice we would bid him remember that

him to the dignity of Sidonian sovereign. The and that in treating such recondite and, at mendicant was a remote branch of the royal best, uncertain subjects as those he has house, but had been unjustly degraded by the

reigning monarch. When the new-raised chosen, modest indecision and the most king had his first interview with Alexander, careful deliberation can scarcely be too aphis grateful remark was 'I pray that Apollo parent, while their opposites are certain to

will enable you, Alexander, to bear prosperity be condemned.

with the same fortitude with which I have

struggled with adversity!' The Macedonian highly applauded the philosophical point of the remark, and secured him in his new possession." Pages 342, 343.

It happens unfortunately that Strato was the name of the then king of Sidon, whom Alexander deposed, while the name of the hero of the legend was, according to Quintus

THE DEBTS OF THE LATE DUKE OF SAXE COBURG GOTHA. - The Times states, in the most distinct and emphatic terms, that the reports which are in circulation relative to the Duke of Saxe Gotha dying in debt are false, and without the slightest foundation. Instead of being in debt, the Duke left his eldest son money to the amount of £300,000, after the payment of his debts.