Mossul, declared himself independent. In Syria the confusion was immense. Of the two sons of Tutush, the elder, Rhedwan, established himself at Aleppo; the younger, Dukak, took possession of Damascus. The arms of these two brothers were turned against each other, and so blind was their hatred that, when Bagi Sian, the Commander of Antioch, asked the help of the Moslem Emirs against the Franks, Rhedwan refused his aid, because his brother Dukak had joined Bagi Sian.

There were other principalities: Geinauddaulah held under him Emesa; Bagi Sian, Antioch; and Facr'el Molc Ibn, Ammar Tripoli.

A fact which further illustrates the unhappy divisions which prevailed amongst the Moslems may be cited here. Although Togdekin of Damascus and Ammar of Tripoli repeatedly applied to the Sultan of Persia for help, it was only after several fruitless appeals that he at last consented to assist the Moslems of Syria.

A well-disciplined Turkish troop was sent under a certain Givali Scava; but, instead of concentrating the different forces of the Moslem Emirs and directing them against the Franks, the Sultan preferred to attack Gekermish, who had followed Kerboga in the principality of Mossul. At a time when Christian Europe was aiming at the destruction of the Moslems, this was a singular error of policy. Gekermish, indeed, was slain; but the Franks received no check from the Sultan of Persia.

Thus, since the Moslems were divided among themselves, and were seeking each other's fall, we need not wonder at the brilliant success of the first Crusade.

S. KHUDA BUKHSH.

VOL. 156.-No. 1.

G

NAPOLEON'S ENGLISH TRANSLATOR.

"THE English are a nation of shopkeepers" was a favourite remark of the great Napoleon, but this does not prove he was the inventor of it. The words frequently appear in political articles contributed by Antoine Jay to the Parisian Imperialist journals in the early years of the nineteenth century, and it is quite probable that the modern Cæsar first "read it in the papers," like many of his more commonplace subjects. Antoine Jay coached his Imperial master on public opinion in England for some years, and what probably struck the translator was the preponderance of commercial advertisements in the London newspapers over those inserted in the Parisian newspapers. This may have been the origin of the oftenquoted words.

Antoine Jay's knowledge of English was not acquired on this side of the Channel, but in the then newly-formed United States of America. He left his native France in 1795, and remained seven years in the New World. Antoine Jay was only twenty-five years of age when he landed in Canada, and after a short sojourn there proceeded to the western states, Florida and St. Louis. He soon became acquainted with many distinguished American statesmen, and was favoured with the friendship of Jefferson. He was first engaged on a French American journal, and after contributed frequently to the papers published in the English language. Antoine Jay returned to France in 1802, with the intention of becoming an advocate at the French Courts of Justice; and in his leisure hours contributed some articles on his American travels to the Nouveau Journal des Voyages. The articles attracted the attention of an old schoolmaster, who wrote to his pupil offering him the position of tutor to his children. The former schoolmaster was Fouché, who had become Minister of the Police. Antoine Jay accepted the post, and also embarked on a literary career. His first volume was a "Tableau Littéraire du 18e Siècle," which was awarded the first prize offered by the French Academy. Savary, who was afterwards created Duc de Rovigo, in course of time introduced Antoine Jay to Napoleon, and recommended him as a suitable person to translate extracts from the English newspapers. Napoleon was anxious to read the comments and criticisms of the London journalists on himself, and the post of translator was a remunerative one. Antoine

Jay received a packet of London papers every evening, and his duty was to translate all the paragraphs and articles on Napoleon and his foreign policy. The translations were laid on the Imperial breakfast-table every morning. The Emperor was so satisfied with the work that he confided to the translator the charge of editing the official Journal de Paris. The leading articles were either inspired by Napoleon or submitted to him for "correction" before publication. In fact, Antoine Jay occupied a similar position on the paper as the editor of the late Prince Bismarck's journal, the Hamburger Nachricten. The favoured translator was also appointed about the same period Professor of History at the Athénee of Paris, and became a member of the Chambre des Représentants shortly before the overthrow of Napoleon. After the restoration of the Bourbons, Antoine Jay was advised by his former protector, Fouché, to abanden Napoleonic principles. The protégée declined, and Fouché and Jay were ever afterwards decided enemies. The English translator of Napoleon made no secret of his sympathies, and was often threatened with prosecution. He was, however, humane enough to afford his protection to the persecuted Royalists after the return of Napoleon from the island of Elba and the "Hundred Days" Government. This is the reason why he was seldom molested during the short reign of Louis XVIII., and only suffered one month's imprisonment. Soon after the passing away of the great Emperor in the miserable island of St. Helena, Antoine Jay undertook what he considered the sacred duty of his life. He corresponded with Napoleon's few faithful generals and friends, and invited them to write their reminiscences and recollections of the modern Cæsar. Several sent valuable contributions. They were published in a series of volumes, and Antoine Jay contributed a "Vie de Napoléon." The motto on every title-page was Napoleon's own significant words: "Je légue l'opprobre de ma mort à la maison régnante d'Angleterre." Antoine Jay, like many old Bonapartists, heartily welcomed the Revolution of 1830, and was for some years a firm literary champion of the government of Louis Philippe. His enthusiasm, however, gradually declined after the transportation of the remains of the great Napoleon from St. Helena to Paris. He was also suspected by the supporters of the Orleans family, and subsequent events proved that he secretly corresponded with the future Emperor Napoleon III. Antoine Jay lived to witness the revival of the French Empire, and died in his eighty-fourth year at Chambreville, on April 9, 1854. This was during the Crimean crisis, and the old man never could understand the rising enthusiasm in France in favour of the English, and the political alliance arranged by the Governments of the nephew of Napoleon I. and the niece of George IV. Antoine Jay was a prolific writer on many subjects, and was elected a member of the French Academy in 1832. He was the

author of a valuable Histoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, and translated Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar. He wrote also some charming essays under the signature of "Nicolas Freeman," a pen name he used in early life in the United States. He was one of the few French literary men of his time who were able to read the works of Shakespeare, Spencer, Byron, and Shelley in the original language; but by a curious stroke of irony, he was also one of the earliest opponents of the revival of the romantic movement in France. He considered Victor Hugo and the elder Alexandre Dumas dangerous innovators. He learnt the English language across the Atlantic, and the children of his early American friends were always certain of a hearty welcome at Chambreville. He was also always polite and oonsiderate to visitors from this side of the Channel, but he never had any love for England and English institutions. He never could forget the Napoleonic words: "Je légue l'opprobre de ma mort à la maison régnante d'Angleterre." Singularly enough, Napoleon and his faithful translator borrowed from each other their favourite exclamations against England. We may search history in vain for a parallel coincidence.

ANDREW DE TERNANT.

CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE.

SCIENCE.

Nor many years ago experimental psychology could hardly be said to exist; those experiments which were made were crude and inconclusive, and the results obtained from them scarcely sufficed even for the foundation of a science. Now, however, we have not only delicate instruments of great precision, but also elaborate treatises upon their use, with the aid of which important scientific results are being obtained. What will undoubtedly be the standard work on the subject is now being published by the Macmillan Co., the second part of the first volume having just appeared.1 In this part of his work Mr. E. B. Titchener describes the qualitative tests made in connection with the various sensations, together with the instruments used in each case. The descriptions and illustrations are clear and concise, and with their aid teachers of psychology should be able to obtain some very valuable data.

Under the title of Origin and Dissolution of the World as a Cosmic Continuous Process,2 Herr J. G. Vogt has published a work which, although nominally a second edition of a smaller book with a different title, is in reality a new collection of essays on various subjects. Many of these have but little connection with the title; for instance, we can hardly find why the chapter on ethics, with its extremely crude socialism, should have found a place in a work of this kind. The author calls a workman a "wage-slave," and is under the impression that all armies exist for the purpose of shooting down these "wage-slaves," and not for the defence of their respective countries. The only country in which slavery is unknown is China, and by adopting the Chinese system of competitive examinations the "wage-slaves" would be able to arm themselves and put an end to the supposed tyranny of an armed minority. Recent events in China hardly support this view. Herr Vogt's ideas on economic matters are equally primitive and show a very scanty knowledge of the subject. The old fiction of an opium war by England against China is repeated, and we are seriously told that Great Britain has been obliged to plant tea in India and Ceylon because our trade

Vol. I. Part ii. "Instructor's

1 Experimental Psychology. By E. B. Titchener. Manual." London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 1901. 2 Entstehen und Vergehen der Welt alskosmischer Kreisprozess. Zweite Auflage. Von J. G. Vogt. Leipzig: E. Wiest. London: Williams & Norgate. 1901.