ut what he really aims at is the substitu- ried woman is easy; but to betray a comrade, on of social interdependence for individual to be disloyal to a host, to break the covenant lf-sufficiency. He wants organization and of salt and bread, is impossible."

rotherly coöperation above everything else, eeming "any orthodoxy better than laisserire." And though a Socialist, he has no use or "the modern notion that democracy means overning a country according to the ignoance of its majorities." On the contrary, he elieves that "we need aristocracy in the ense of government by the best."

HIS PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE

His individual and social morals are the direct outgrowth of his philosophical ideas, which he has not taken ready-made from others, as has been hinted more than once. Those ideas have come to him just as they He has never wasted any time on the build- came to Ibsen and Nietzsche: out of the spirng of Utopias, but what his mind's eye reads itual atmosphere in which both he and they ut of the future for which he is hoping may were born. To-day his ideas are being sciene concluded from his recent reference to the tifically formulated by men like Wilhelm resent time as "the famine years of the soul, Ostwald and Henri Bergson. They imply a hen the great vital dogmas of honor, lib- new philosophy that may be called "psychorty, courage, the kinship of all life, faith that sociological" in distinction from the older he unknown is greater than the known and is theological and mechanical philosophies. As only the As Yet Unknown, and resolution to Shaw sees life, it is never purposeless, never ind a manly highway to it, have been forgot- a matter of chance, never capable of turning en in a paroxysm of littleness and terror." back upon its already covered trail. Its way What strikes one at once about this passage leads ever onward, and the direction is des its spiritual, not to say mystical, tone. He termined from within by a universal force, the expects material orderliness and efficiency Life Force-the same as Bergson's élan vital rom the state that is to come, but with these which employs whatever has being for the lone he will not be satisfied. Above them he accomplishment of its own unformulated aims. laces the development of the individual to It is this all-compelling force which Shaw point where virtue shall come as naturally has in mind when he makes Blanco Posnet, is breathing. And his conception of virtue the horse-thief, cry, with the noose barely off s decidedly austere. He has written "Plays his neck: "You bet He didn't make me for or Puritans"-he is a Puritan. But his nothing; and He wouldn't have made us at all norality is, first of all, cleanliness-not only if He could have done His work without us." of word and act, but of thought. It is more: "This little play is really a religious tract the actual fastidiousness of a soul whose tastes, in dramatic form," says Shaw of "The Shewaccording to one of his biographers, "is by ing-Up of Blanco Posnet," and he speaks the nature peculiarly free from what is gross." truth. For he is a very religious man, indeed, Here we have a reason why this arch-so much so that his life and his art, his conoclast declares marriage "practically in- morals and his philosophy, are mere adjuncts evitable" and wants nothing but to render to his religion: the great religion of the Life it "reasonable" by making divorce easily obtainable and women economically independent of men. Here as elsewhere, he has no use for mere freedom, and his ideas of honor are as rigid as those of any "bourgeois." His attitude is well symbolized by the manner in which Hotchkiss draws back from Mrs. George in the final scene of "Getting Married," while announcing that, "To disbelieve in marriage is easy; to love a mar

Force that demands of us at once so much and so little. What it does demand according to Shaw is merely that we learn to see and act upon the truth that flashed its illumination into Blanco Posnet's heart as he cried: "There's no good and bad; but, by Jiminy, gents, there's a rotten game, and there's a great game. I played the rotten game; but the great game was played on me; and now I'm for the great game every time. Amen."

Fort Sumter

Charleston

Fort Moultrie THE CONFEDERATE ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER IN APRIL. 1861- FORT MOULTRIE IN THE FOREGROUND

BY RANDOLPH H. McKIM

(Late First Lieutenant, and A. D. C. Third Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia)

[The two articles which are published this month in the Civil War anniversary series will be read with special interest, we believe, south of Mason and Dixon's line. Dr. Randolph H. McKim, who is he well-known rector of the Church of the Epiphany, at Washington, D. C., has prepared for the Photographic History of the Civil War" an introductory chapter from the viewpoint of the individua! soldier in the Confederate army, bringing out the conditions under which the war was waged by that army, and showing the differences between those conditions and the life and activity of the Union army. From that chapter we have selected the following paragraphs for presentation in the magazine series. Something should be said of the accompanying illustrations, all of which are from actual photographs taken within the Confederate lines by Southern photographers within a few months after the outbreak of hostilities. These photographs have never before been published.-THE EDITOR.]

A GLANCE at the personnel of the Con- field. He still lives, wearing the laurel of federate army in the years 1861-65 will distinction as the greatest Grecian in the perhaps be instructive. In its ranks are English-speaking world. At the siege of serving, side by side, the sons of the plain farmer and the sons of the great landowners-the Southern aristocrat. Not a few of the men who are carrying muskets, or serving as troopers, are classical scholars, the flower of the Southern universities. In an interval of the suspension of hostilities at the battle of Cold Harbor, a private soldier lies on the ground poring over an Arabic grammar-it is Crawford H. Toy, who is destined Point. to become the famous professor of Oriental It is a striking fact that when Virginia languages at Harvard University. In one threw in her lot with her Southern sisters in of the battles in the Valley of Virginia a vol- April, 1861, practically the whole body of unteer aid of General John B. Gordon is students at her State University, 515 out of severely wounded-it is Basil L. Gilder- 530 who were registered from the Southern sleeve, who has left his professor's chair at States, enlisted in the Confederate army. the University of Virginia to serve in the That army thus represented the whole

Fort Donelson in 1862 one of the heroic Captains who yields up his life in the trenches is the Reverend Dabney C. Harrison, who raised a company in his own Virginia parish, and entered the army at its head. In the Southwest a lieutenant general falls in battle-it is Gen. Leonidas Polk, who laid aside his Bishop's robes to become a soldier in the field, having been educated to arms at West

Southern people. It was a self-levy en masse difficult-in fact, an insoluble problem. of the male population in all save certain How could such a motive explain the sol mountain regions in Virginia, North Caro- idarity of the diverse elements that made up lina, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia. those armies? The Southern planter might One gets a possibly new and surprising fight for his slaves; but why the poor white conception of the character of the rank and man who had none? How could slavery file of the Southern army in such incidents generate such devotion, such patient enas the following: Here are mock trials going durance, such splendid heroism, such unon in the moot court of a certain artillery conquerable tenacity through four long company and the discussions are pronounced years of painfully unequal struggle? The by a competent authority "brilliant and world acknowledges the superb valor of the powerful." Here is a group of privates in a men who fought under the Southern Cross, Maryland infantry regiment in winter-quar- and the no less superb devotion of the whole ter huts near Fairfax, Va.; and among the people to the cause of the Confederacy. Mr. subjects discussed are these, Vattel and Roosevelt has written, "The world has never Philmore on international law; Humboldt's seen better soldiers than those who followed works and travels; the African explorations Lee." General Hooker has testified that of Barth; the influence of climate on the "for steadiness and efficiency" Lee's army human features; the culture of cotton; the was unsurpassed in ancient or modern times. laws relating to property. Here are some "We have not been able to rival it," Gen. Virginia privates in a howitzer company Charles A. Whittier, of Massachusetts, has solemnly officiating at the burial of a tame said. "The Army of Northern Virginia will crow; and the exercises include an English deservedly rank as the best army which has speech, a Latin oration, and a Greek ode! existed on the continent, suffering priva These Confederate armies must present tions unknown to its opponent. The North to the historian who accepts the common sent no such army to the field." view that the South was fighting for the Now, is it credible that such valor and such perpetuation of the institution of slavery a devotion were inspired by the desire to hold

A GROUP OF SOUTH CAROLINA ARTILLERYMEN IN THE SPRING OF 1861

Number 2 of this

(These men, who had belonged to the State militia just previous to the war, entered the Confederate service still wearing the blue uniforms of their companies. of Confederate Volunteera No. 4 in W. K. Bachman, later captain of the German Volunteers (Bachman's Battery).