thet Indum, but Jacobs defends it by the commón usage of all the Latin poets.

68. Rubent, "blush" by the reflexion of the rosy hue beside them. 70. Vultus, "pro oculis." Heyne.

72. Omine tanto, "with omen so unpropitious" as tears on his proceeding to the combat. Comp. Hom. II. XXIV. 218.

73. Euntem

ing."

=

= iturum, ire volentem. Heyne, "on the point of proceed

74. Mora mortis, &c.-If death is predestined for me, it is not lawful for me to interpose delay to its arrival. Heyne proposes to understand mortis as - pugnæ, and the meaning to be, "it is no longer in my power to delay the combat."

75. Haud placitura.-He considers Eneas as a dastard. Comp. semiviri Phrygis, 1.99. Rotis, put for the whole chariot, as in Geor. III. 170. Rubebit.-Heyne reads rubescit, but the former is the reading of all MSS.

78. Non Teucros, &c.-Non Teucros agat in Rutilos, is opposed to

nostro dirimamus sanguine bellum. Teucrum arma.- -Rutuli is paren

thetic.

79. Rutili. This is the reading of the best MSS. Some editions have Rutilúm; but it is plain that arma Teucrúm is equivalent to armati Teucri.

81. Rapidusque. The apodosis begins from these words, not from poscit equos. The copula, to indicate celerity, is shifted from its natural position, as in XI. 908., where see note.

82. Gaudet tuens frementes, "quia ex equorum mæstitiâ vel alacritate eventum dimicaturi solent colligere." Serv. Ante ora, "before his eyes." Heyne strangely interprets by "antea frementes quoad ora!” See Æn. V. 553.

83. Pilumno, &c.-As a poet, he expatiates on the excellence of their breed; and as a poet, he must be pardoned for the improbability here mentioned. How could Orythyia, brought by Boreas into_Thrace, possibly have given these steeds to Pilumnus, an Italian? For Ory. thyia, see Geor. IV. 463. Ipsa, i. e. "she who could give the best;" such is the force of the pronoun. "IPSE interdum de eo dicitur, qui habeat alicujus rei potestatem, qui aliquid vel noverit, vel faciat optime." Wagn. Q. V. XVIII. 3. Decus-yépas, ǎyarμa.

85. Auriga,

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grooms," agasones.

=

87. Auro squalentem, i. e. splendentem. H. See En. X. 514. Orichalco. Some suppose this to be derived from aurum, and xáλкos but then the first syllable would be wrong. Others, from opɩ: ὀρεία Xαλкоs, "brass of the mountain," which had the hardness of brass and the brilliancy of gold. Albo refers to its intense brightness. Comp. ὀρειχάλκοιο φαεινοῦ. Hes. S. Η. 122.

88. Habendo:

=

ad habendum," and fits it commodiously." 89. Rubræ cornua crista.-Heyne thinks that the poet intended a helmet of two or three cones, so that the plumes, nodding in different directions, appeared as cornua, which term, he thinks, appears to have been borrowed from the Képa ayλaè of Homer; but see note on II. XI. 385.

91. Stygiá unda.-The water of Styx was supposed to render invulnerable every thing bathed in it. Heyne remarks, that it is rather incongruous to represent Vulcan as dipping the armour in the Styx, which the dii superi could not have access to.

93. Adnixa columna.-Some MSS. read adnixa columna, which

Wagner supposes preferable, comparing Arusian. p. 215. adnixus hac re. Virg. XII. ingenti adnixa columna.

94. Actoris spolium, i. e. the spoils taken from Actor.

The Aurunci are enumerated among the forces of Turnus, in VII. 795.; hence it appears that there had existed war between them previously. This view is quoted by Juvenal, Sat. II. 100.

99. Semiviri Phrygis.-See note on Æn. IX. 614.

100. Calido ferro.-Virgil has attributed to the heroic times this custom of his own. Myrrha madentes. Thus Ovid. Met. III. 555. madidus myrrhâ crinis.

102. Absistunt, "flash," "emit themselves." Some few MSS. have absiliunt.

103. Mugitus, &c. These verses are read also in Geor. III. 232. 104. Irasci in cornua, "to collect his rage into his horns," i. e. to enter into the combat with his horns. Wagner. Heyne compares Eurip. Bacch. 742. Ovμoûσdai eis képas, from which Donaldson explains the present passage to mean, "to collect his rage by looking askance at his horns." Perhaps, as a tree is said surgere in ramos, for ramis, "to rise by reason of its branches;" a stag, surgere in cornua = cornibus; so here irasci in cornua, may simply mean, "to vent his rage by

means of his horns."

106. Proludit. Some MSS. read præludit. The metaphor is borrowed from the præludium of gladiators. Wagner considers this simile to be wholly unsuited to the dignity of the passage.

107. Acuit Martem, "whets his courage." Mars here is put for virtus bellica. See VII. 406.

109. Fædere, i. e. by single combat, according to the league.

111. Fata docens, " Virgil has not hesitated to withdraw something from the character of Æneas for courage. He who had fate and destiny on his side, might well encounter danger secure." Heyne. Wagner remarks, certè non ut alienum hoc ab instituto Virgilii, qui Æneam fatis diisque ducibus ad omnia intrepidum esse voluit.

112. Viros, either Idmon and his companions, see 1. 75., or other envoys now sent to Latinus by Æneas.

113. Postera vix dies.-The poet enlarges this description of the rising day, since it was destined to be the most important to the affairs of Eneas. The connexion is vix postera dies orta... · spargebat,— Rutili Teucrique parabant.

115. Lucem, "flame," "light." Пup πvéew, is the usual attribute of the horses of the sun. See Geor. III. 85.

116. Dimensi, i. e. per certa spatia divisi. H. sc. by levelling the trees and brushwood.

Campum parabant,

118. Aras, Heyne considers the same as the foci. Rather ara is the altar itself; focus, the place where the fire and victim were deposited. Dii communes, i. e. "the gods to be invoked by each.'

120. Limo cincti.-The common reading is lino cincti, in reference to the feciales; but the order of priests had not yet been instituted, nor could lino refer to the fillet which was of wool, not flax. He restores, therefore, the reading of the best MSS., limo. The limus was a striped apron, subligar, reaching from the navel to the feet, and worn by the sacrificing official or popa. Wagner, from Aul. Gell. XII. 3., proves that limus is not a substantive, but an adjective; and that the full expression would be limus cinctus. Comp. Hygin. (R. R. 151. Edit. Gesn.): limum cinctum ideo dixére, quod purpuram transversam habebat.

121. Pilata agmina, "troops armed with the pilum," a weapon pecu

liar to the Ausones, or Opici. The adjective is formed on the same analogy as hastatus, clypeatus, galeatus, armatus, &c.

124. Ferro. Others read bello ad bellum, which is unfit here. Martis pugna.-See above, 1. 75.

Recli

126. Decori.-Wagner reads superbi; but this word is used by Virgil to denote the sudden pride arising from victory, not from ornament. 130. Telluri, exquisitius quàm tellure.-See Geor. II. 290. nant, “ place on the earth,” κατατίθενται, ἀνακλίνουσι πρὸς τῇ γῇ. 131. Studio, sc. visendi prælium. Inermum.-See X. 425. 133. Adstant, "stand full of expectation." Cic. Cat. IV. 2. 3. ille, qui exspectans hujus diei exitum ADSTAT in conspectu.

135. Neque nomen.— Alba had not yet been founded. Neque honos.In allusion to the feria Latina, afterwards celebrated there.

138. Turni sororem, i. e. Juturna, a native Latin nymph of a stream not far from the Numicius. See Ovid. Fast. I. 160.

139. Diva deam. Thus puer pueri indue vultus. I, 684., see, also, V. 569., X. 600., XI. 632. Remark that the Nympho are also called dea. Fluminibus sonoris, "the roaring rivers." Sonorus denotes a loud terrific sound, as of thunder, tempests, and rivers.

141. Sacravit = donavit.

142. Decus fluviorum.—Thus, above, IX. 405. Luna astrorum decus. Gratissima.-Some read carissima; but Virgil had in view Hom. II. V. 243. ἐμῷ κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ.

144. Magnanimi, &c.—This verse is devoid of the legitimate cœsura. Bothe transposes thus: ingratum Jovis. Wagner considers there is a species of casura, if you divide the verse thus: ingratum ad | scen | dere cubile. Such is often used by Lucretius. See I. 54. Ingratum cubile, "the couch of Jove, hateful to me." De Junone malam gratiam Jovis pellicibus referente.

146. Ne me, &c., "accuse me not hereafter, as the source of your anguish.'

147. Qua visa est... sinebantque.-Wagner considers this to be equivalent to qua visa est et QUOAD sinebant.

148. Res cedere Latio, i. e. procedere, "to be prosperous for Latium.” 151. Aspicere oculis.-Servius remarks that the deities, as often as their favourites are near death, recede.

152. Audes, i. e. audere vis.-See X. 801., IV. 113.

ordo fatorum might be changed. Serv.

153. Decet, sc. te, tanquam sororem. Serv.

Forsan.-The

155. Honestum, "beautiful." See Geor. II. 392., Æn. X. 133. Terque quaterque, frequently." See Æn. I. 94.

158. Excute fœdus, "confound," "break up." Comp. VII. 339. disjice pacem, conceptum fœdus. See above, 1. 13.

160. Incertam, "whether she should act so." Heyne, rather, "doubtful as to the issue," for, l. 153. forsan miseros meliora sequentur. Vulnere mentis. See En. I. 36.

161. Interea reges.-Servius thus joins interea reges procedunt castris, and the rest parenthetic; but interea reges is the nominative of the whole, the parts of which follow. In Greek this is called oxîμа

Αττικόν.

163. Sex radii, indicative of his origin from the sun. Specimen, δεῖγμα, "the emblem." The twelve rays are indicative of the twelve months of the year, or the twelve signs of the zodiac. Heyne thinks there may be a tacit reference to the apotheosis of J. Cæsar, whose head, on coins, is represented as crowned with rays.

167. Sidereo clypeo, "his starry shield," i. e. glittering brightly as a star. Cœlestibus armis, "shield wrought by a celestial hand;" alluding to the armour received from his mother Venus.

168. Magna spes altera Roma.-Donatus relates that this is an expression uttered by Cicero, upon the representation of Virgil's Silenus by Cytheris. The other hope of Rome, is understood to be either Cicero himself, or, more charitably, Lucretius, who died upon the day on which Virgil assumed the toga virilis.

169. Pura in veste, "in spotless robe," i e. qualis esse debet sacrificantium. Heyne, Forb. Donatus interprets it " white," with no streak of purple.

170. Fetum suis.-In sacrifice the Latins offered a porker, the Greeks and Trojans a lamb. The turning to the east, the casting of the mola salsa, the clipping of the hair, all refer to the consecration of the victim, and are included in the Greek expression, κaтάρXEσ0αι.

174. Altaria libant, for libando rigant, tingunt.

175. Stricto ense, tanquam perjurium ulturus. Heyne. See 1. 206. 176. Vocanti.-Some editions have precanti, but precatur occurs in the preceding line; besides, vocanti is peculiarly appropriate, where the gods are invoked as witnesses. See 1. 181.

179. Jam melior, "now more propitious." Æneas regards the warning of Helenus. Æn. III. 435.

180. Torques, "rulest," "orderest," flectis, ut currum. Heyne. Quæque ætheris alti religio, "the celestial power of Æther," i. e. Ætherem invoco. Heyne. See Smith.

184, Convenitσvykeitαι, "it is decided."

=

""

187. Nostrum annuerit nobis victoria Martem, "if victory shall render Mars propitious to us.' Favourable gods are usually called nostri. See Æn. II. 396.

189. Non ego nec... nec.-See note on Ecl. V. 25.

190. Paribus se legibus.-The poet had prepared us for this by the oracles declared in En. VII. 256.

192. Sacra deosque, i. e. the worship of Vesta and the Penates. See Æn. II. 293. 320. Socer arma, &c., i. e. the military command shall be placed in the hands of Latinus. Niebuhr considers that the union of the Tyrrheni and Casci is alluded to here.

193. Solemne, "legitimate,” “ratified by auspices.” Heyne. as he had before," "undiminished." Wagn.

"Such

197. Terram juro, for juro per terram.- -See VI. 324. The custom of swearing by the earth, sea, and stars, is a trace of Pelasgic and elementary religion.

198. Latona... Janum.-These gods belong to the Pelasgic divinities. Duplex genus, "the twin offspring." The first syllable in duplex is here long, which is not usual; see, however, Hor. Sat. II. 2. 121., Ovid Met. XII. 503. Janus, the symbolical representation of the year. The root is the same as that of Zv. See Varron.

199. Infernam vim deorum, "the power of the infernal deities." See Ecl. IX. 46., Geor. I. 52. 211., Æn. I. 169. Duri.-Some MSS. have diri, but Wagner remarks, “Exsecramur DIRA; quare hoc epitheton in ejusmodi præcatione ferri non potest." Sacraria," the shrines," sedes sacrata. Heyne.

"

200. Genitor, "the parent of all." Fulmine.-Thunder on the left was a favourable omen; "nisi malis de Jove perjurii ultore cogitare.' Heyne.

201. Medios ignes.-The fires placed in the midst, i. e. between

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the Trojans and Latins. Heyne, Wagn. Heinsius translates by mediating," tanquam sequestres et mediatores.

203. Cadunt. A metaphor from the throw of dice, Teσovσt. See Eurip. Med. 212. Volentem, ekovтa. The league might be violated

without his consent.

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204. Diluvio, "in its sweeping tide." In undas," to ocean's waters." Calum in Tartara solvi, and heaven, decomposed, should sink in Tartarus," cœlum resolutum cum Tartaro misceri. Heyne. Æneas prays with unsheathed sword; Latinus, with extended sceptre. 206. Ut, "so severely as.' Sic, which usually precedes, is here

omitted.

208. Imo de stirpe recisum, èπeidǹ πρŵтa (quum semel) Toμhv (stirpem) ἐν ὄρεσσι λέλοιπεν.

209. Matrem, "its native soil." Heyne; rather "its parent-tree." Wagn. Posuit: deposuit. Comas, "its foliage." Brachia, "its lesser shoots." See Geor. II. 368.

210. Ere inclusit, "adorned with rings of brass."

211. Dedit gestare.—Thus, Æn. IX. 362. dedit habere. Homer. δώκε φέρειν.

214. Jugulant in flammam.-Jugulo here has the construction usual to a verb of motion; tr. "slay over the pyre."

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215. Cumulant oneratis lancibus aras, heap the altars from laden chargers." "Exta in flammam immitti solebant lancibus aræ admotis.” Heyne.

217. Jamdudum, "previously,” i. e. before they saw the champions ready to engage.

218. Ut propius cernunt non viribus æquis.-Various interpretations have been given for this line; Forbiger takes cernunt decernunt, i. e. "when closer they contend, and that with unequal strength." Wagner supplies after cernunt, eos, sc. Æneas and Turnus, i. e. when the Rutili, from their proximity, perceive their strength to be unequal. Heyne considers non viribus æquis to be added by another hand. Bothë conjectures, haud viribus æquos. Ruhk. puts a comma after aquis, which he connects with tum magis adjuvat.

220. Adjuvat, "increases this feeling, sc. of apprehension for his safety. Progressus Turnus, for progressio Turni. Wagner remarks that Virgil here departs from his usual character of Turnus; elsewhere he is depicted as violent, fierce, unyielding; here, of a broken and downcast spirit.

222. Quem simul, &c. Thus in Hom. II. IV. 86. Pandarus, by the persuasion of Minerva, breaks the league.

227. Haud nescia rerum.-Merely put in to fill up the verse. Wagn. 229. Non pudet.—See Ecl. III. 17. Æn. II. 595. Pro cunctis talibus, "for all here, and these so powerful." Some read cunctis pro talibus, "for such, as all here are.'

232. Fatalisque manus, infensa Etruria Turno.-Wagner considers this line to be unnecessary, its meaning is already, he thinks, included in Troës, as the Etruscans were their allies; but Juturna, wishing to shew the weakness of the foe, surely would not have omitted to mention the chief body of their auxiliaries, Fatalis is differently explained, e. g. "destructive." Jahn, "fated to destruction." Ruhk. "rendered hostile to Turnus by Fate," through revenge, for the shelter afforded to Mezentius. Bothë. Forbiger comparing En. VIII. 502. Nulli fas Italo tantam subjungere gentem, explains thus: "Mihi potiùs FATALIS ironicè intellegendum videtur, i. e. hi sunt omnes Troës et Arcades,