131. Molirique, nervoque aptare, i. e. alii moliuntur, alii aptant.Comp. note, 1. 3. Moliri.-To fling. Ignem.-Probably a spear similar to that described by Livy as quoted by Wagner, XXI. 8.; the extremity of it was covered with tow smeared with pitch. The terror, which this weapon generally caused, when fixed in the shield of an enemy, generally caused him to fling down his arms, and thus expose his person.

132. Veneris justissima cura, "most deservedly beloved by Venus." En. I. 678. mea maxima cura.

133. Detectus caput.-Without a helmet, for he had been compelled to retire from the fight, IX. 661. Honestum, "beautiful." Ter. And. I. 1. 96. quia erat formá præter cæteras honestá ac liberali. Comp. Geor. II. 392.

134. 137. Qualis gemma, &c.—This comparison of the gold with ivory inlaid in box-wood or ebony is taken from Homer. Odys. VI. 231–236. See note, Æn. I. 597.

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134. Micat, appears conspicuous in his beauty above the rest." Fulvum quæ dividit aurum, "enchased in ruddy gold."

135. Collo decus.-As forming part of a necklace; I. 654. colloque monile baccatum. Aut capiti.-When placed in a diadem. Per artem, skilfully."

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136. Buxo aut.—The last syllable of buxo is not elided. Oricum.—A city of Epirus, lying on the sea-coast to the south-east of Acroceraunia. Terebinthus, the terebinth or turpentine-tree, the wood of which was black.

138. Molli circulus auro.-A slender circlet of gold surrounded his head and confined his flowing locks. Molli.-Thin and pliant. Wagn. 139. Magnanimæ gentes.-Hom. μeɣálvμoι 'Axaloí "your renowned nation, O Ismarus, beheld you also directing your weapons." Gentesthe plural is used for the singular as in Æn. VIII. 328. Sicanæ gentes.

140. Vulnera, "weapons;" thus Lucan. VIII. 384. sed longe tendere nervos, et quo ferre velint, permittere vulnera ventis. Calamos armare veneno.-Comp. Æn. IX. 772. Hor. Carm. I. 22. 3.

141. Mæonia generose domo.-Born of a noble family in Lydia. The last syllable of domo is not elided. Pinguia culta, πιova eрya. See Geor. IV. 372.

142. Exercent, "till; Hor. Epod. II. 3. Paterna rura bobus exercet suis. See Geor. I. 99. Pactolus, also called Chrysorrhoas, now the Sarabat, a river in Lydia famed for its golden sands. Comp. Hor. Epod. XV. 20. Juvenal, XIV. 299.

143. Mnestheus.-See note, Æn. V. 114.

146. While they are thus contending, Æneas is returning from Cære. Certamina conferre, for manus conferre in certamine, a concise form of expression by which two ideas are united in one, as ferire fœdus. Thiel. 147. Freta secabat, réμveiv daλaσσáv.

158-154. This passage has been punctuated and interpreted in two ways. Heyne and Wagner consider that an entire proposition is contained in vv. 148–153. Namque.... immiscetque preces, and that the words ut ab Evandro castris ingressus (est) Etruscis form the prodosis, and the remaining verses 149-153 the apodosis of the sentence. Jahn adopts this punctuation, although he thinks, that quidve petat quidve ferat, which must in this case be applied to Æneas, is scholastic, and that quidque petat quidque ferat would be required. On the other hand, Thiel and Forbiger make the prodosis to be contained in vv. 148–153. namque ...immiscetque preces, and the apodosis to commence at haud fit mora ; Tarchon. In this case the sentence would run much in this manner: for when (having entered the Etruscan camp after leaving Evander) he

comes to the king, and declares his name and race; informs him of the warlike preparations of Mezentius and of the violence of Turnus; admonishes him how little confidence should be placed in human affairs, and mingles entreaties with his advice: then, without delay, Tarchon joins his forces to those of Æneas, and forms a treaty with him.

149. Regem, sc. Tarchon.

150. Arma, "forces."

151. Violenta pectora, id. qu. violentiam; as Æn. I. 303. ferocia corda. 152. Humanis quæ sit fiducia rebus.—Thiel adduces a passage of Vell. Paterculus, which is very apposite here, II. 75.: Quis fortunæ mutationes, quis dubios rerum humanarum casus, satis mirari queat? quis non diversa præsentibus contrariaque exspectatis aut speret aut timeat.

154. Fædus ferire, instead of ferire porcum ad sanciendum fœdus, like the Greek ρkia miσtà taμóvtes, II. III. 73. The formula used in making the treaty is preserved by Livy, I. 24. Libera fati.-Hor. Art. Poet. 112. liberque laborum, "freed from the necessity imposed on them by fate, of not fighting unless commanded by a foreign general." See Æn. VIII. 495. A person was said to be bound, obligari, by the prophecies of the gods, when they imposed any condition on him; when this condition was fulfilled, he was said to be freed, liberari.

156. Æneia puppis.-Critics and grammarians from Servius to Heyne, have censured our poet for a gross oversight here. For if, say they, this galley belonged to the Etruscans, how could they in so short a time have equipped and ornamented it in this manner merely to gratify the national feelings of the Trojans; or, if it belonged to Æneas, and was one of the two in which he sailed up the Tiber to Evander, it is unpardonable in the poet to have omitted mentioning how it got to Cære, whether it was carried overland or brought thither by sea. Ruhkopf seems to have been the only critic who perceived that it was a poet, not a historian, whose production he was considering. Puppis denotes the ship itself. See note on 1. 80.

157. Prima tenet.-Comp. Æn. V. 338. Rostro Phrygios subjuncta leones; imminet Ida super.-Mount Ida, emblematically represented by a human figure, formed the parasemon or figure-head of the galley, which is placed at the prow, just above the beak. Two lions were joined together beneath the beak, and in a manner supported it.

159. Hic, in the stern of the vessel. See 1. 218. Subjuncta, i, e. subjunctos habens. Comp. Æn. I. 320., III. 428.

161. Quærit sidera, sc. ab Enea de sideribus quærit. Serv. Sidera opaca noctis iter, i. e. dônyétaι àσтépes, “the stars which point out their course during the darkness of the night." Thus, Ecl. II. 3. inter densas, umbrosa cacumina, fagos; En. IX. 2. Wagn. Quæst. Virg. XXXIII. 3. a. 163. Pandite, &c.-See note on Æn. VII. 641. Cantus movete is simply canite.

166. Four of the principal states in Italy send forth their forces in thirty ships; Massicus commands the forces of Clusium and Cosæ, which form the first detachment. Ilva and Populonia send out the second, led by Abas. Asylas commands the third, belonging to Pisa. Aster, the fourth, which comes from Cære. To these are added some from Liguria and Mantua. Heyne. Erata tigri.-Forming the figure-head of the vessel.

167. Clusium, formerly called Camers, now Chiusi, a city in the eastern part of Etruria; it is famed as being the capital of Porsena.

168. Cosa, now Stella, lay at the foot of Mount Argentarus. yapuros, from yáw, capio, "a bow-case."

Corytus,

171. Aurato Apolline.-The Romans always placed figures of the tute

lary deities of the vessel in the stern. Thus Pers. VI. 29. jacet ipse et una ingentes de puppi dei. Also, Hor. Carm. I. 14. 10.

172. Populonium.-The great naval arsenal of Etruria, which was destroyed by Sulla. Mater, i. e. patria.

173. Expertos belli, “well skilled in war.” eð eldoras μáxns. Ilva, Allάan, now Elba.

174. Inexhaustis, "not to be exhausted," "inexhaustible." The perfect passive participles frequently have the signification of adjectives ending in bilis, and answer to the Greek verbal adjectives in-ros. Comp. En. III. 275. formidatus, IV. 534. irrisus. Chalybum.-See VIII. 421., Geo. I. 58. Generosa, "productive of."

175. Hominumque divûmque interpres, "who revealed the will of the gods to men."

176. Cui pecudum fibræ parent.-This branch of augury is called extispicium. Fibræ, "the entrails." Parent, i. e. are subservient to his purposes in discovering the knowledge of futurity. Cœli cui sidera parent. As being skilled in astrology. Comp. Æn. III. 360.

177. Et linguæ volucrum.-This denotes auspicium. Præsagi fulminis ignes, i.e. futura denuntiantes, ut Ecl. I. 17. de cælo tactas memini prædicere quercus. Serv.

178. Rapit, "leads along rapidly." See Æn. VII. 725. Densos acie.— Heavy-armed men who fight in close order. Horrentibus hastis.-Comp. Æn. XII. 663.

179. Alpheæ ab origine Pisa.-There was a city called Pisa, near the river Alpheus, in Elis. From the similitude of the names the opinion rose that the Etruscan Pisa was a colony from the city in Elis.

180. Solo, "in site an Etrurian city." Ab origine and solo are opposed to one another, just as Alphee Pise and urbs Etrusca.

181. Equo fidens. Like the Homeric ἵππῳ πεποιθὼς, ἠνορέῃ πίσυνος καὶ κάρτεϊ χειρῶν. Thiel. Versicoloribus armis, "formed of different metals.” Thus, Il. V. 504. ἐπεὶ κατέδυ κλυτὰ τεύχεα ποικίλα χαλχῷ. Η.

182. Tercentum adjiciunt, i. e. tercentum viros adjiciunt ii qui sunt Cærete domo. The reason why so opulent a town as Cære sent forth so few warriors was, that Mezentius drew a thousand men out of it when expelled. See Æn. VII. 652.

183. Qui Cærete domo, "those who are of the city of Care." Thus, 1. 141. Mæonia generose domo. See note on Æn. IV. 36. Minio, now Mignone, a rivulet to the west of Cære.

184. Pyrgi.-A fortress near Cære, plundered by Dionysius of Syracuse, A. U. c. 368. Intempesta.-Unwholesome on account of its being situated in a low and marshy region. Graviscæ ideo dicta sunt quod gravem aërem sustinet. Serv.

185-188.-Cycnus, a king of the Ligurians, was changed into a swan on account of his inconsolable grief for the untimely death of Phaëton. The son of Cycnus, Cupavo, who wore a plume of swan's feathers as his crest, in commemoration of his father's fate, accompanied Æneas to the

wars.

186. Cinyra, the vocative. Et for nec, "I shall not pass over you, Cinyras, nor you, O Cupavo."

187-188. Cujus refers to Cupavo. Formæque insigne paternæ is epexegetically annexed to olorinæ pennæ, while crimen amor vestrum is inserted parenthetically. Wagner.

188. Crimen here, as well as in Æn. XII. 600., signifies the cause of evil; hence amor crimen est vestrum is the same as amor est causa vestra, i, e. "love is the guilty cause of your wearing that crest, O Cupavo, and of

your transformation, O Cycnus. Jahn, Wagn., Forb. J. F. Wagner makes vestrum refer to Cinyras and Cupavo, and considers crimen to signify “a mark of distinction;" thus interpreting the clause, " your mutual affection is the mark by which you are distinguished from the rest." Thiel prefers the explanation of Asper: "causa mutationis vestræ, O Phaëtontiada sorores et Cycne, amor est." Servius takes crimen in its usual sense, and paraphrases the words thus: "Crimen vestrum est O Phaeton et Cycne, quod sic amastis." Brunck, Schrader, Ruhnkopf, and Thiel adopt the punctuation and explanation proposed by Springel: crimen, Amor, vestrum formæque, &c., i. e. quæ pennæ vobis (tibi et matri), Amor crimini sunt et insigne formæ paternæ. Heyne wishes to expunge this line. Wagner proposes fortunæ for formæque, Jahn conjectures crimen amore datum; Wakefield, carmen instead of crimen; but, as Heyne observes, the loves of Phaëton and Cupavo would not be an appropriate subject of a war song. Formæque, "and these, indeed, the emblem of your father's form." On the epexegetical insertion of que. See note on Æn. II. 722. 189. Namque dŋλadǹ, nimirum.

190. Sororum.-The Heliades. See note on Ecl. VI. 62.

191. Musa, i. e. cantu.-Comp. Ecl. I. 2. mæstum solatur amorem, "Consoles himself for his sad attachments." See note on Æn. I. 238.

192. Canentem molli, &c.—Duxisse is governed by ferunt, 1. 189, and the order is namque ferunt Cycnum duxisse, induxisse sibi, nactum esse, senectam canentem molli pluma, "they say that Cycnus in his old age became covered with a white downy plumage." Heyne.

193. Linquentem et sequentem, for et liquisse et secutum esse. See note on En. IX. 488. Sidera voce sequentum, "and winged his flight aloft to chaunt in air." Dryden.

194. Equales, of the same nation as he was himself, i. e. Ligurians. Wagner.

195. Centaurum.-Cupavo sails in a galley whose figure-head or parasemon is a Centaur, holding aloft with both hands a rock which he appears about to hurl. Promovet ille.-This is opposed to a canon of Bentley, that the Latins, whenever they used the cæsura after the fifth foot, made the sixth to consist of two monosyllables, and never of a dissyllable, unless the sense of that word, or the word itself, was repeated, as in Ecl. VII. 35. nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus; at tu. Hermann considers that the reason of this is that the last foot, consisting of a double arsis, is dwelt on longer in the pronunciation, and thus compensates for the inequality of the numbers.

197. Arduus is an erect and threatening posture. See Æn. VIII. 299. 198. Ille Ocnus.-See note on En. V. 609. Ocnus was the same as Bianor, whose sepulchre is mentioned in Ecl. IX. 60.

199. Mantûs, genitive of Manto, erroneously considered to be the daughter of Tiresias. Tusci amnis, "the Tiber.

cens.

201. Mantua.-On the iteration of this word, compare Ecl. VI. 20., VII. 2. Dives avis, "having an illustrious and powerful ancestry." Thus, Æn. VII. 56. Stat. Theb. I. 392. Dives avis et utroque Jovem de sanguine duOmnibus.-Mantuanis, et iis quorum cap. erat Mantua. Wagner. 202, 203. Gens illi triplex, &c.-The inhabitants of Mantua and its surrounding territory appear to have consisted of three tribes, one a Grecian, another an Etrurian, and the third a Ligurian or Umbrian. Besides this division, according to descent, there was another arising from locality; for each tribe was divided into four populi or dμo, so that the Mantuan territory consisted of twelve duo, of which Mantua was the chief, while the principal strength of the nation lay in the Etrurian tribe.

Tusco de sanguine vires.-See Niebuhr Rom. Hist. I. note 757., Müller, Etrusker, I. p. 137.

204. In se Mezentius armat.-His cruelty caused them to take up arms against him.

205. Quo patre, &c.—The Mantuan vessel was distinguished by a representation of the river-god Mincius. Benacus, now Lago di Garda, a lake in the Veronese territory. The river Mincius, now Menzo, flowed through it; whence it is called the father of this river. Velatus arundine glauca, "crowned with reeds," in the manner that river gods are usually represented. See Æn. VIII. 34., Geor. III. 15.

206. Pinu, as in Greek λaτǹ, a vessel made of pine-wood; hence put in general for any description of ship. See Ecl. IV. 38., Hor. Carm. I.

14. 11. Epode XVI. 59. Infestâ.-From being a war-ship.

207. Gravis," mighty." He is thus called on account of his enormous vessel. Heyne. Centená arbore.-The galley had a hundred oars; it was a vaûs KaтóvŠvyos. Il. XX. 247. The poet elegantly uses the distributive number with a singular noun, instead of the cardinal with the plural, centum arboribus.—See Æn. V. 120. terno consurgunt ordine remi.

208. Assurgens.-See note on Æn. III. 207. Marmore, id. qu. æquore. See note on Æn. VI. 729., Geor. I. 254. Verso, "swept with the oar,"

participle, from verro. See note on Æn. III. 668.

209. The parasemon of this vessel is a Triton blowing a conch shell. 210. Cui laterum, &c.-The upper part of his body was of a human shape, the lower that of a fish. Laterum tenus.-Geor. III. 53. crurum tenus. Hispida, "rough with hair."

211. In pristin desinit alvus.-Repeated from Æn. III. 427.

212. Spumea, &c.-This verse is derived from Apoll. Rhod. I. 542. 543. Αφρῷ δ ̓ ἐνθὰ καὶ ἐνθὰ κελαινὴ ἐκήκιεν ἅλμη, Δεινὸν μορμύρουσα ἐρισθενέων μένει ἄνδρων.

214. Troja.-The camp of Æneas. Campos salis, “the sea.' ." Æn. VI. 724. cælum et terram camposque liquentes. Eurip. Phoen. 217. vπèp ȧкαρπíσтwν Tediwv. Ere, "the beak." See note on Æn. I. 35.

215. Dies. The third day after Æneas had left his camp, and the day on which the Rutuli made their attack. Curru noctivago, äρμaтi VVKTIπÓρQ. Cælo concesserat.-It must not be imagined that a day has intervened since the time described in 1. 147. The poet only takes up the thread of the narrative, which he had laid aside in order to describe the Etruscan followers of Æneas.

216. Pulsabant.-A word properly said of horses striking the ground with their hoofs. Thus Ovid, Met. VI. 486. Jam labor exiguus Phœbo restabat, equique pulsabant pedibus spatium declivis Olympi.

218. Ipse.-Emphatic, not leaving the duty to any one else. Clavum regit.-Poetically for ratem clave regit, Æn. V. 868. ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis. Velis ministrat, "hands the sails." See note on Æn. VI. 302.

a troop."

219. Medio in spatio, sc. itineris. Thiel. Chorus, “ 220. Suarum comitum.-The ships which had accompanied him from Phrygia. Cybebe.-Thus must this word be written when the penult is lengthened.

221. Numen habere maris, i. e. numina maris esse. Cf. Æn. IX. 101. sqq. Forb. Nymphas è navibus esse.-That those should become seanymphs, who before were ships. Thus, Ter. And. I. 1. 10. feci ex servo ut esses libertus mihi. Manil. IV. 46. ex exsule consul.

224. Lustrant choreis, "disport in the sea around the ship of Æneas,