recovering from desolation, and again Tydides, leaving his city, Arpi, rushes upon the Trojans. Exercitus alter imminet is the same as iterum exercitus imminet. Comp. Ecl. IV. 34. 36. Æn. VII. 721. Wagn.

29. 30. Equidem credo, &c.-Wagner thus paraphrases this passage: "It remains, I suppose, indeed, that I myself must be wounded; and I delay the war, which cannot be terminated until I, thy daughter, have experienced the force of human arms." Credo, used ironically, like olμai in Greek. This word is commonly printed in a parenthesis, but Wagner connects it with equidem, on the grounds that equidem can be joined with the first person alone; but that this opinion is erroneous can be proved from many passages of good authors quoted by Crombie; e. g. Sall. Vanum equidem hoc consilium est. Vid. Dawes. Misc. Crit. p. 125. note. Mea vulnera restant, "it remains that I am to be wounded." Wagn. 30. Demoror, " expecto." Serv.

31. Pace tua, "your favour," see Æn. III. 370. IV. 56. Invito numine, 'against your will.”

33. Juveris for juves. Responsa, "oracles."

34. Superi.-Apollo in the island of Delos. Æn. III. 94. Manes.Hector. Æn. II. 294. Creusa, II. 780. Anchises. V. 729. Quisquam, with apparent uncertainty often points out a certain person; thus Cato says, in allusion to Cæsar, Sall. Cat. 52. Hic mihi quisquam mansuetudinem es misericordiam nominat.

35. Condere instituere, "to appoint."

36. 41. She enumerates the machinations of Juno against the Trojans, viz., the burning of the ships in Sicily, Æn. V. 606. her visit to Æolus, I. 50. the mission of Iris to Turnus, IX. 1.: her sending Allecto to incite the Italians to war, VII. 323. On the neglect of the chronological arrangement in this violent vituperation, compare note on Ecl. VI. 41. 38. Nubibus, "per nubes."

39. Juno herself says, Æn. VII. 301. Absumptæ in Teucros vires cælique marisque; 1.312. Flectere si nequeo superos Acheronta movebo. Manes, "the infernal deities."

40. Sors rerum, "portion of the universe;" movet, "excites;" thus Manil. I. 98. Sollicitare umbras unumque Acheronta movere. Thiel. Immittere "generally signifies to send with an evil intent, or to suborn;" thus Sall. Cat. 48. alii Tarquinium à Cicerone immissum aiebant.

41. Bacchata, "has raged through;" perfurit, et bene bacchata, quia per simulationem Liberi patris matres egerat in furorem. Serv.

42. Imperio. The empire of Italy promised to Eneas by Jupiter. Speravimus ista, "we expected this from you." Iste is invariably, by Virgil, applied to the second person; Venus, therefore, here covertly accuses her father of perfidy. See Quæst. Virg. XIX. 2.

45. Eversæ fumantia Troje excidia.-Comp. En. III. 1. 3.

66

47. Liceat superesse nepotem, "grant me this that my grandson shall survive" some editions read nepoti, which would mean, grant my grandson this, that he shall survive." Wagn.

48. Sanè, "for me," " as far as I am concerned."

50. Hunc, sc. Ascanium. Subducere: ὑπάγειν.

51. Amathus, Paphos, Idalia.-Cities in the island of Cyprus sacred to Venus. Cythera.-See note on Æn. I. 680. Paphos is termed celsa as being situated on a mountain.

52. Domus, "the habitation." The Gods are said to love and inhabit those places in which they have temples consecrated to them. Heyne. Idalia is the genitive singular after the nominative domus. Wagner observes that Virgil has used the nominative plural of domus but once, viz.,

Geor. I. 182. and then, he supposes, in order to add a particular force and gravity to the verse. Positis, id. qu. depositis. En. VIII. 639. XI. 89. 53. Magna dicione premat, govern with supreme rule." Comp. En.

I. 236.

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54. Inde, "from Ascanius and his posterity;" in like manner hinc is used. Æn. I. 234-5. Urbibus Tyriis, Carthage.

55. Pestem oλepor, the destruction of war.

=

56. Medium fugisse, sc. Æneas.

57. Exhausta. Surmounted. See note, Æn. IV. 14.

58. Recidiva: =renascentia.

Thiel.

See Æn. IV. 344. Pergama for Troja.

59. 61. How much better it would have been for the Trojans to have remained in the Troad, in their ruined cities, even though they would have had to fear a second incursion of the Greeks.

60. Quo Troja fuit.-Comp. Æn. III. 11.

61. Revolvere, "to go over again."

64. Obductum, "concealed."

66. Bella sequi, "to go to war;" thus, Ter. Adelph. II. 2. 40. potiùs quàm lites sequar.

67. Esto. See note on Æn. IV. 35. Granting that in coming to Italy he only followed the orders of the gods, or, to speak more properly, that he only obeyed the ravings of Cassandra. Catrou. At first she seems to grant that he was impelled to go to Italy by fate, but she immediately retracts by adding, "no, not by fate, only by the ravings of Cassandra." Cerda.

69. Vitam committere ventis.-In allusion to Eneas' voyage up the Tiber.

70. Summam belli.-The chief command in the war; thus Vell. Pat.

II. 11. Hic effecit ut.... belli pæne patrati à Metello .. summa committeretur sibi. Credere, "to entrust." Liv. II. 7. quibus meliùs quàm P. Valerio creditur libertas.

71. Tyrrhenamque... quietas, "to solicit the alliance of the Tuscans or to excite to war peaceful nations." Agitare, by Zeugma, is referred to fidem, though, strictly speaking, it can only be connected with gentes quietas.

66

72. Fraudem, "loss and danger," &τŋv. Ter. And. V. 4. 8. imperitos rerum, eductos libere, in fraudem illicis. Dura.-In reference to conjux dura, 1. 45. Potentia and potestas thus differ; the former means, that which we have power to do," the latter, "that which we have authority to do." Crombie.

73. Ubi hic, i. e. what part had Juno in this error of Æneas?

74. 80. If it is wrong of Turnus, who is descended from the domestic deities of Latium, to attack the Trojans, and to try to retain his position in his native land; what must we call the conduct of the Trojans, who, coming with offers of peace, plunder the land and carry off betrothed brides ?

76. Pilumnus, the son of Faunus and father of Amata and Venilia, the latter of whom was the mother of Turnus, by Daunus.

77. Face vim ferre.-Juno, in order to prejudice the minds of the assembled gods, does not keep to the bare matter of fact, for there has been no mention of the Trojans attacking the Latins with fire, no more than there has been of their driving away a prey from the land.

78. Arva aliena jugo premere, "to plough the lands of others as if they were their own.' Wagn. Avertere prædas.-See note on Æn. I. 472. 79. Soceros, "parents-in-law;" see note on En. II. 457. Legere — “eli

=

Heyne. Gremiis, sc. socerorum.
Lavinia is here meant.

gere, sumere." to others."

Pactas, "betrothed

80. Pacem...arma, "to come with offers of peace, while they are prepared for war." This is similar to the Greek proverbial expression quoted by Taubman from Pausanias: θατέρᾳ μὲν κηρύκειον, θατέρᾳ δὲ δόρυ. Pacem orare manu.-To ask for peace by holding in their hands the olive branches covered with fillets. Comp. Æn. VII. 327. Præfigere puppibus arma.-Wagner takes this as an allusion to the more modern custom of fixing a shield on the mast or prow of a vessel as a signal for action: thus vss. 258. 262. Principio sociis edicit, signa sequantur pugnæque parent, &c. .... stans celsa in puppi: clipeum cum deinde sinistra extulit. In this case puppibus must signify the ships themselves; comp. 1. 156.; Heyne, however, thinks that these words merely denote the custom of soldiers hanging their shields along the sides of the vessel when going on a naval expedition. Whichever of these explanations are taken, the sense of the line will not be altered.

81. Tu opposed to nos, 1. 84. Ænean subducere.-Alluding to her saving her son when wounded by Diomedes. II. V. 315.

82. Proque viro nebulam.-She imputes to Venus the preservation of Eneas from Achilles, which really belongs to Neptune. Il. XX. 321. Ventos inanes, népa.

83. In totidem, sc. quot naves sunt.

84. Aliquid Rutulos juvisse.—A Greek construction, as, ¿peλeîv Tivá TI. Contra, " on the other hand."

85. Ignarus. Of the siege and danger of the Trojans. Æneas ignarus abest." Ea, quæ solvere non possumus, irridemus, ut hoc loco." Serv. Men are apt to sneer at what they cannot disprove.

86.87. You say that you have many cities sacred to you; why not bring your favourites to them instead of embroiling them with a warlike people.

87. Gravidam bellis, "productive of wars,' "frequent with wars,' "warlike." See note on Æn. IV. 229. Gravidam; see note on Geor. III. 317. Hor. Carm. I. 22. 3.

88. 95. She throws back on Venus the accusation of being the cause of the sufferings of the Trojans.

88. Fluxas, i. e. "jam per se fluxas," "the affairs of Phrygia of themselves unstable and uncertain." Sall. Cat. III. fluxâ fide. Vertere fundo, for evertere funditus.

89. An miseros qui.-Horace, Carm. III. 3. 18-21. makes Juno thus declare the cause of the ruin of Troy: Ilion, Ilion, fatalis incestusque judex et mulier peregrina vertit in pulverem.

90. Causa consurgere for causa consurgendi.-Comp. Æn. I. 704. IX. 739. Consurgere in arma.—In with an accusative after an intransitive verb denotes an object, purpose, or consequence; see Æn. VII. 445. Thiel.

91. Fædera. The peaceful relations of the two countries; thus Hor. Epist. I. 3. 35. vivitis indigni fraternum rumpere fœdus. Solvere furto, "who was the cause of the peaceful relations between the two countries being broken by the rape of Helen." Heyne. Thiel makes furtum to signify "an adulterous intercourse." Comp. En. VI. 24.

92. Spartam expugnavit.—This was commonly explained as a forcible expression of the incensed goddess instead of vim Spartæ intulit Helená raptú. But Wagner was the first to give the true meaning of the passage by showing that there is in it an allusion to the common phrase pudicitiam fœminæ expugnare, as an instance of which he quotes Epit. II.

258. sq. At non dubitabas hospitis olim expugnare toros. Thiel quotes Liv. I. 58. (quum) profectus inde Turquinius ferox expugnato decore muliebri esset. The Greeks used ẻкπоλιоρкеîv in a similar sense. The only word in English which seems to answer here is, "to violate." 93. Fovere bella, "to protract the wars."

94. Tum decuit.-Comp. Æn. IV. 596. 597.

95. Querelis assurgis = surgis ad querelas jactandas. Heinrich. Irrita jurgia, "idle complaints."

96. The gods are divided in their opinions, some favouring Venus, others Juno, vario assensu: and a murmur rises among them like what rises in a wood on the first approach of a storm. Milton has given the following imitation of this passage. P. L. II. 84. 90.

He scarce had finisht, when such murmurs fill'd
The assembly, as when hollow rocks retain
The sound of blustering winds, which all night long
Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
Sea-faring men o'erwatched, whose bark by chance,
Or pinnace, anchors in a craggy bay

After the tempest.

Comp. Ecl. V. 88. Geor. I. 356.

98. Deprensa silvis, "intercepted by the wood." Markland proposes depressa, which, however, is implied by caca murmura, and as Hand remarks, flamina prima fremunt, quum arboribus concipiuntur.

99. Murmura.—Vioúpioμa. Theocritus I. 1. Sibilus arboris. Catul. IV. 11. Heinrich. Venturos nautis prodentia ventos, “betraying to the sailors the approach of a storm."

100. Rerum cui prima potestas.—Il. II. 118. оû кpátos ẻσtì μéyioTOV. Prima, i. e. which Jove had before the other gods. Thiel. Heyne reads summa, which is included in omnipotens.

101. 103. Eo dicente, &c.—Macrobius has preserved the following fragment of Ennius, which Virgil probably had in view in this passage :— Mundus cæli vastus constitit silentio, et Neptunus sævus undis asperis pausam dedit, sol equis iter repressit ungulis volantibus; constitere amnes perennes, arbores vento vacant.

102. Tremefacta solo, "trembled from its foundations;" solo terræ is opposed to arduus æther. Thiel.

103. Zephyri venti posuere.-See note on Æn. VII. 27. Premit placida æquora pontus, a prolepsis for premit æquora, ut placida FIANT. Comp. Æn. III. 237. Premit, "calms."

104. See note, Æn. III. 250. where this line is read. Servius says that the whole of this passage is taken from the first book of Lucilius, where he represents the gods as sitting in council, and at first deliberating on the death of Lupus, afterwards giving their opinions.

105. Since, says he, your discord cannot be brought to an end, I yield up the Trojans and Rutulians to the fates. They will give the victory to whom they wish, and in the way that they have determined. Then it will be proved who contends with better pretensions. With me all will be equal, and the event will show who contends in obedience to the will of fate, and who in compliance with his own temerity. Donat.

107. Quam quisque secat spem, "whatever hope every man forms for himself by his actions;" spem secare, a novel expression for sperare, is metaphorically taken from navigation; thus the Greeks say, de éxπídos léval. Wagn. Scaliger and Voss translate this expression in almost the same manner. Heyne thinks this last hemistich is directly opposed to

the first, and that the line means, "whatever good fortune either party now enjoys, or whatever hope either may destroy;" and in illustration of this explanation of secare spem he quotes the Horatian phrase, ludum incidere. But antitheses such as these are contrary to the practice of Virgil, who very frequently repeats and amplifies a thought occurring immediately before. Servius explains secat by sequitur, tenet, habet, and quotes Æn. VI. 500. ille viam secat ad naves. This explanation has been followed by some who endeavour to make out an ancient verb seco secere, whence came sequor.

108. Fuat for sit, from the ancient verb fuo; Greek, púw, pûμɩ, which the most ancient writers used for sum. Comp. Ter. Hec. IV. 3. 4. Nullo discrimine habebo. Æn. I. 574. Tros Tyriusve mihi nullo discrimine agetur. 109. Fatis, "by the destinies of the Trojans." Italúm, &c.-The order of the words is castra tenentur obsidione Italûm.

110. Errore malo Troja.-By the unfortunate error of the Trojans in misinterpreting the oracles. Troja for Trojanorum. Monitis sinistris, false oracles (furiis Cassandra). Heyne.

111. Nec Rutulos solvo, "neither do I release the Rutulians more than the Trojans from their obligations to fate." Wagn. Exorsa, i. q. incepta facta, "that which has been undertaken by each." Laborem fortunamque, id. qu. vel cladem vel victoriam.-On this disjunctive force of the copula, comp. Geor. II. 351. En. VI. 392. XXXIV. 1.

Wagn. Quas. Virg.

112. Fata viam invenient.-Comp. En. III. 395. Thiel cites Stat. Silv. V. 1. 145. Invenere viam liventia fata piumque intravit vis sæva larem. Viam, scil. sibi.

113. 115. Stygii, &c.-The whole of this passage is found in Æn. IX. 104. 106.

116. Hic finis.-See note, Æn. V. 384. Aureo.—a dissyllable. Comp. Æn. I. 697.

117. Surgit.-Wagner remarks that Virgil rarely admits the cæsura after the first foot, unless to give some peculiar force to that word. In this verse, says he, this rhythm is admirably adapted to the gravity of the matter. Quæs. Virg. XIII. 2. d. Medium ad limina ducunt.-The poet represents the gods as acting in conformity with the custom of the Roman senate of accompanying (deducendi) the consul home. Thiel.

118. Circum, i. e. circum (=circa) fusi; circum is used adverbially here as in Ecl. V. 76. Instant sternere.-Instare is more generally connected with the dative of the thing which any one urges on. Comp. Æn. I. 423.

119. Moenia cingere flammis, id. qu. undique muris ignes inferre. Thiel. 122. Rará muros cinxere corona, "manned the walls with a scanty circuit of defenders." Corona.-a circle of men who surrounded anything on all sides. Vid. Ernesti, Clav. Cic. I. V.

123. Hicetaonius the son of Hicetaon, who was the son of Laomedon. 125. Prima acies, i. e in primá acie. Stant is repeated from 1. 121. after all the foregoing names.

126. Alta, "renowned, noble." See Æn. IX. 697.

128. Haud partem exiguam montis.-This appeared to Mæcenas a less timid expression than Homer's, Odyss. IX. 481. in saying that Polyphemus hurled at the ships of Ulysses, κορυφὴν ὄρεος μεγαλοῖο vid. Sen. Suas. I. p. 9. But it does not seem to have occurred to Mæcenas that Homer was speaking of a monstrous giant, while Virgil was describing the effort of a mere man. Wagn.

129. Menestheo.-Comp. note on 1. 116.