61. Nocte super mediâ, "beyond midnight."

62. Ira. This is to be connected with savit, not with improbus. 63. Absentes, i. e. which are out of his power, which he cannot reach. Collecta ex longo, sc. tempore, i. e. contracta ex longá mora.

66. Dolor ossibus ardet. Thus, Æn. V. 171. tum verò exarsit juveni dolor ossibus ingens. Ardet is used intransitively.

67. Quá tentet ratione.-Supply some such words as meditantis, cogitantis, after ossibus ardet. Thiel. Quæ via excutiat, i. e. quâ ratione excutiat. Wagner. Thiel adopts Heyne's explanation, viz. "what access or approach would afford the means of forcing the Trojans from their entrenchments."

68. Effundat in æquum, sc. campum.-The level open plain, as opposed to the close entrenchments of the Trojans. So, l. 56. non æquo dare se campo. Jahn, Thiel; but Wagner takes this to signify "to force them to fight on equal terms." "Id consequi vult Turnus ut æquetur pugna, quæ adversùs vallo et munimentis clausos iniqua erat; hoc autem est IN EQUUM EFFUNDERE.

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71. Incendia, lighted torches." lucent Rutulis incendia castris. Thiel. victory.

So Tibul. II. V. 47. ecce mihi
Ovantes, as, already, certain of

73. Tum veró.-The following fable of the transformation of the ships into sea-nymphs has been blamed by some as beneath the epic dignity. To the ancients, however, the fable was less likely to be unpleasing, since it was handed down to them by an old tradition, and Virgil could well have respected it, when he had once taken on himself to interweave into his poem the ancient tales connected with the arrival of Æneas. This myth appears to have thus originated :—whatever lasted long, and remained unworn by the effects of time, was by the ancients called ålávaros, immortalis. Incumbunt.-See note on Æn. IV. 397.

74. Accingitur, "arm themselves." Comp. Æn. VI. 570.

75. Focos. The fires in or before the Rutulian camps. Thiel. The fires which the Rutulians kindled at the moment. Heyne. The hearths of the adjacent houses of the peasants. Burmann. Servius sensibly remarks:quæritur quid ibi faciant foci? Sed in carminibus quædam, nec ad subtilitatem, nec ad veritatem, exigenda sunt. Piceum, id. qu. atrum. Comp. Æn. VII. 456. atro lumine fumantes tadas. Wagner.

77. Quis, &c.-This fabled transformation of the ships of Æneas has its full counterpart in Hom. Od. VIII. 557. sqq. Comp. also Ov. Met XIV. 527. sqq.

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79. Fides, &c., "the belief in the fact is (it is true) of ancient date; but the tradition has never died." Rem narrat poëta ab antiquitate traditam, sed constante famâ ad seriores ætates propagatam ; ita facti fama perennis est." Heyne.

80. Formabat ædificabat.—Concerning the actual building of this fleet, compare Æn. III. 5. sqq.

82. Berecyntia.-See note on En. VI. 785. But Ida was dedicated to Cybele as well as Berecyntus, and its pine-groves, therefore, equally sacred to her, on which account the mention here made of it is peculiarly in point.

84. Domito Olympo, 'now that (through her means) Olympus is subdued (unto thy sway)." Jupiter's mother had preserved him from Saturn; to her, therefore, he was indebted, in fact, for the possession of Olympus. These words, therefore, have a double force, viz.--that Jupiter, as ruler of Olympus and king of the gods, had the "power" of granting her request, and, also, he was fairly called upon so to do,

on the score of "gratitude" to HER, the virtual "bestower" of that power.

86. Lucus, &c.-This line and the next have fallen under the displeasure of Heyne, but are satisfactorily defended by Wagner. He observes that the 91st and following lines fully respond to and maintain line 87, which last has an essential connexion with the preceding. The punctuation at annos has usually been a comma; this Wagner, following Ruhkopf, has changed into a semicolon, thus cutting off fuit from pinea sylva mihi, to which est must be supplied. Ruhkopf, by the way, has unnecessarily removed the comma after mihi. Forb. The translation runs thus: "I have a forest of pine, dear to me during many years. (In a part of that forest), on the summit of the (Idean) mountain, once stood a grove of pine, whither they used to bring me sacred offerings, gloomy with the dark pitch-pine and maple trees. The grove covered the summit of Idea (Tò yάpyapov čкроν, II. XIV. 292.), and in it sacrifices were offered to Cybele. The remainder of the mountain was occupied by the pine-forest (pinea sylva). The grove (lucus) was composed of pitch-pine trees (picea) and maples, intermingled. Fuit, "there WAS," i. e. it has ceased to be, its trees having been cut down to build the fleet.

89. Anxius angit.—The alliteration here does not meet Heyne's approbation. Wagner, on the contrary, gives it unqualified praise, as manifesting a strong degree of mental disquietude, and, in support, quotes Cicero's maxima moles molestiarum. He further observes that anxius is not a 66 superfluous" epithet in connexion with angit, and involves no Tautoλoyía, basing his assertion on the following quotation from Cicero (Tusc. Q. IV. 12), DIFFERT ANXIETAS AB ANGORE; neque enim omnes anxii, qui anguntur aliquando, nec, qui anxii, semper anguntur. Comp. Lucr. III. 1007. quem volucres lacerant atque exest anxius angor. 92. Vincantur, i. e. solvantur et submergantur.

93. Torquet, &c., "who regulates the movements of, &c. ;" cursum eorum regit. Wagner. Comp. Geor. I. 174. Æn. 3. 532.; and, also, notes on Æn. IV. 269. 482.

94. Quò fata vocas? i. e. invertis ? mutas? "how art thou seeking to draw the fates out of their appointed line of direction?" Istis, i. e. navibus, s. trabibus, q. d. in eorum gratiam. Comp. 8. 127. cui me fortuna precari, &c.

95. Fasconditionem.

96. Certusque, &c., “and shall Æneas go through uncertain dangers, certain himself of being saved?" Compare the well-known line of Ennius, amicus certus in re incertâ cernitur; and Ter. Hecyr. Prol. II. 9. spe incertâ certum mihi laborem sustuli.

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98. Immo, nay rather." Defunctæ.-Comp. VI. 83. magnis pelagi defuncte periclis.

99. Olim quæcunque, &c.-Of the twenty ships with which Æneas originally set sail, four had been burnt by the Trojan women in Sicily (V. 699.), and one, that commanded by Orestes, was sunk (I. 113.). The quæcunque evaserit, therefore, applies to the remaining fifteen." Wagner and Jahn agree in connecting olim with tenebunt rather than evaserit, putting, therefore, a comma after it, and with propriety; for the clause, commencing with ubi, fixes "definitely" the time of the promised transformation; whereas olim, if joined to quæcunque, &c., attaches to the same period an unnatural vagueness; it becomes neces sary, therefore, to translate ubi and olim together; thus, "when (ubi), in times yet to come (olim), those ships shall, &c."

100. Laurentia arva, sc. in. Comp. Æn. I. 2. 307.

101. Eripiam, sc. iis.-This pronoun is commonly omitted, when antecedent to quicunque or quisquis.

102. Qualis Doto, &c., i. e. quales sunt Doto et Galatea, quæ secant, &c. Doto (Awr), one of the Nereids, is introduced in Hom. Il. 18. 43. For Galatea, see Ecl. VII. 37.

104. Idque, &c., "and gave the sign with his nod (annuit) that this was ratified (id ratum, sc. esse) by the streams, by the rivers (ripas in the sense of amnes) that roll with pitch and blackest whirlpool. Comp. Ov. Met. XV. 683. annuit his, motisque deus rata pignora cristis ter repetita dedit. Stygii.-See Æn. VI. 323. sq. and note.

105. Torrentes.-TORRERE propriè est CALEFACIENDO SICCARE, tum CREMARE, tandem ARDERE et FERVERE. Jam quæcunque FERVENT seu calore seu motu et impetu, dicuntur et ipsa TORRERE. Ita tandem FLUMINA TORRENTIA sunt FERVENTIA, RAPIDA. Comp. Ecl. VII. 52. Gen. II. 451. Æn. X. 603. To this general view of torrere, Heyne adds, that, perhaps, with regard to the Tartarean rivers, this epithet, torrentes, may more immediately refer to the direct agency of "fire," an opinion, observes Forbiger, borne out by the introduction of the word pice. The waters of the lower regions, except under some such direct influence, are usually described as "sluggish" and "stagnant," especially the Styx, which was only a lake.

107. Promissa, sc. à Jove.

108 Debita. This Heyne completes by fato; Wagner prefers to supply compleri suggested by complérant; as, in VIII. 375., he proposes vastari out of vastabant, and, in Geo. I. 223., committi out of committas, which passages consult. Turni injuria, i. e. "inflicted by Turnus." Comp. En. II. 412. 436. VI. 565.

111. Ab Aurorâ, i. e. ab oriente, from Asia, as it were, and from Berecyntus and Ida.

112. Idæique chori, sc. attendants of Cybele, otherwise designated Corybantes, Curetes, and Idai Dactyli. Comp. Ov. Met. XIV. 536. sqq. and Propert. III. 17. 36. The epithet Idaus was commonly attached to whatever regarded Cybele and her worship; comp. Val. Fl. I. 319. IDEA BUXUS, i. e. tibia Berecynta; Sen. Ed. 457. IDEUS LEO, qui currum deæ trahit, &c. The goddess herself, also, is called IDEA deum PARENS, En. X. 252. et alibi. Vox horrenda, &c.-Comp. Sil. Ital. quum dira per auras vox venit; and id. X. 366. tunc vox effusa per auras, &c.

113. Excidit. Comp. Æn. VI. 686. vox excidit ore. Complet, sc. sono et strepitu.

116. Dabitur.-Comp. Æn. I. 66. 79. 319.; "sooner will it be allowed than, &c."

117. Ite deæ.-Dea is not, here, the vocative, but in apposition to vos, the nominative to ite, with which vos also solutæ agrees; for this reason, the comma, usually exhibited after ite, is removed by Wagner and Forbiger.

118. Puppes. The sterns, not the prows, are mentioned, in allusion to the ancient mode of drawing up vessels stern-foremost to the shore, to facilitate their departure on leaving. Comp. VI. 3. sqq. and note. 119. Demersis rostris, with diving beaks.'

121. Quot priùs, &c.—This line is rejected, as spurious, by the best authorities. It appears to have been borrowed from its legitimate place (X. 223.), in order to explain totidem, which, however, has a manifest connexion with et sua quæque... ima petunt, 11. 117. sqq.

122. Reddunt se, i. e. iterum emergunt, prodeunt, åvadidoûσi.

123. Obstupuêre animi Rutulis.—This reading is proposed, as well on the authority of several manuscripts, as Æn. II. 120. V. 404. In Æn. VIII. 530., alone, we have obstupuére animis alii, the metre requiring it; though even there Forbiger and Wagner would have recourse to arsis rather than read animis. Some object to the homoioteleuton in Rutulis... turbatis... equis; but Wagner conceives that

this is intentional.

124. Messapus.-The leader of the van. Comp. 1. 27. and VIII. 6. Turbatis, sc. consternatis et cæco impetu abreptis. Comp. VII. 767. 125. Rauca, &c. Thus, Lucan, V. 217. pontus rauca gemit. This epithet is commonly applied to the sound of waves, and to the voice of river-gods; thus, Tiberinus (Ov. Fast. V. 638.) rauca dimovit ora; and Alpheus (Met. V. 600.) rauco mihi dixerat ore. In reference to the neuter, taken adverbially, comp. Ecl. III. 8. IV. 43. Geo. III. 149. 239. &c. Revocatque, &c.—Comp. VIII. 240. dissultant ripæ, refluitque exterritus amnis.

126. At non audaci Turno fiducia cessit.-This order of words is preferred to the common arrangement, cessit fiducia Turno, on the authority of the best and most numerous MSS. and Æn. X. 276. Besides, Turno is the emphatic word in opposition to the other Rutulians, namely, that "he" did not grow faint-hearted as "they" had done. The other order, on the contrary, rendering cessit emphatic, would seem to imply that the confidence of Turnus "did not give way," but rather "remained," an idea somewhat frigid.

127. Ultro, " moreover, nay rather." Comp. Geo. IV. 204. Note how adroitly the Rutulian king turns the prodigy to his own advantage. 129. Auxilium solitum, i. e. that which has been hitherto their customary source of protection, namely, their ships, in which they had made good their escape, on the capture of Troy, &c.

131. Pars altera, sc. "the sea."

132. Tot millia, in apposition to gentes Italæ, i. e. "the Italian nations, amounting to so many thousands, &c." Comp. Ecl. II. 3. 135. Veneri. Comp. En. I. 257. sqq. Datum. Comp. Æn. II. 291. sat patriæ Priamoque datum; Sil. Ital. II. 558. sat fidei proavisque datum, &c.

136. Sunt et mea, &c.—Comp. Æn. I. 239. VII. 293., &c.

138. Nec solos, &c., "nor does that cause of indignant grief come home to the Atridæ alone," i. e. nor are the sons of Atreus alone capable of entertaining a just feeling of resentment at a loved one's being borne away.

139. Solisque, &c., "nor is Mycena alone privileged, &c.”

140. Sed semel, &c., "but (you will say) 'tis punishment enough that they have perished once. It should have been enough to have committed this offence once before, (ever after) thoroughly hating (penitus perosos) almost (modò non) all women-kind. Modò non and tantùm non equivalent to uóvov ovxì, "only not," i. e. "almost."

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141. Penitus, " altogether,' thoroughly." Comp. 1. 1. Perosos qualifies the subject of peccare.

142. Quibus. This abrupt introduction of a relative clause without an antecedent is indicative of a mind highly excited; " (they) to whom this confidence in their interposed rampart, and the delays (to the foe) occasioned by their trenches, a slight separation between them and death, afford courage." Ordinary language would have iis, in place of quibus.

143. Leti, &c.-Comp. Hom. II. XV. 628. TUTůdv yàp vπ' èk laváтol pépovтa. See, also, Æn. III. 685. X. 511.

144. Non- -nonne ?-Comp. Ecl. III. 17. Æn. II. 596.

146. Vos, sc. dicite. Quis.—So Wagner and Forbiger, in place of qui, the general reading.

148. Non armis.—Turnus, here, alludes to the armour procured from Vulcan by Thetis for her son Achilles. Non mille, &c.--In reference to the Grecian armament against Troy. Comp. Æn. II. 198. 150. Tenebras. Comp. II. 162. sqq.

151. Palladii, &c.—This line is rejected by Wagner and other good authorities. Forbiger marks it with asterisks. Comp. En. II. 166. 154. Faxo, &c., "I will soon make them sensible that they have not to do, &c." Faxo (fecero), for faciam, conveys the idea of rapidity of operation.

155. Distulit, "kept at bay." Comp. Æn. XI. 288. sqq.

156. Melior, i. e. ad agendum aptior.

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157. Quod superest.-To this we generally find diei supplied. Wagner, however, understands it absolutely, and in reference to what follows, i. e. as to what remains to be done, &c." Forbiger prefers the usual interpretation. Compare, however, Geor. II. 346. Æn. V. 691. 790.

159. Obsidere... cura.-Comp. Geor. III. 124. Æn. I. 704. &c. 160. Flammis, "with watch-fires."

162. Illos... quemque. Comp. Æn. VI. 743.

165. Vertunt, i. e. inclinant, vinum in pocula infundendo.

170. Pontes et propugnacula, "they join together the bridges and out-works,” i. e. they join the out-works to the main fortifications by means of stages or galleries.

congerunt.

175. Exercetque, &c. "and attend, in turn, to what is to be defended by each;" more literally, "take turns as to what, &c."

177. Ida.-Not the mountain of that name, but the mother of Nisus. 180. Induit arma = - ἐδύσατο τεύχεα.

181. Ora puer, &c.-Comp. Hom. Odyss. X. 278. sqq. Prima juventa, i. e. the first dawn of youth.

182. Unus, i. e. idem utriusque et mutuus. Comp. Hom. II. XVI. 219. ἕνα θυμὸν ἔχοντες.

185. An sua cuique, &c., "or is that, which one earnestly desires, to be regarded as a divine inspiration?" literally, 66 or is his own desire a deity to each?”

186. Invadere, i. e. "impetuously to undertake."

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187. Mens agitat mihi, &c.—Thus, Il. X. 220. Néoтop, čμ' òтpúνeι краSin. Agitat, "has eagerly in view,' vividly contemplates." There is an idea of activity attached to the word. Mens mihi for mens mea, an instance of the dativus ethicus. See Zumpt. 70. 1. note. Aliquid has the force of aliud quid.

188. Fiducia rerum, sc. suarum, the genitive of the object.

189. Somno vinoque soluti, "oppressed by the influence of drowsiness and wine,” т xal olvų dedunμévot. Thiel. Heinsius, for soluti, proposes sepulti; but how could the phrase sepulti procubuêre be proper? Besides, solvere is peculiarly used of the relaxing power of sleep. Wagn. Comp. IV. 530.

190. Percipe, "mark diligently." This word is more forcible than accipe, which is simply "to hear.” Cic. Cat. I. 11. Percipite, quæso, diligenter, quæ dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Hor. Sat. I. 4. 38. agedum, pauca accipe contra.

191. Dubitem=agitem, "what I am ANXIOUSLY considering," The frequentative of the old word dubere; from which also dubius, doάłw,