idoned rebus gerendis ætate, et QUEM NUMINA POSCANT, h. e. quem vaticinium designat.

516. Grave Martis opus=μéya ěpyov Apnos.

519. Suo nomine. Thus Wagner, for suo MUNERE, the reading of some MSS.

523. Ni dedisset.-Heyne wonders why the commentators have found no difficulty with this phraseology. The ellipsis of the sentence is et diutiùs etiam in ea cogitatione defixi perstitissent, ni . . . &c. Cœlo aperto, i. e. serene, cloudless."

524. Improviso, for Ex improviso. Clangor.-A word peculiarly applied to the sound of trumpets.

528. In regione.-Heinsius would prefer to reject the preposition in. 529. Pulsa tonare, i. e. impulsa, allisa sibi invicem. Tonare is used for the simple sonare. Heyne. See, however, 1. 239, and VII. 515. 534. Hoc signum, "Kaтà тò σιWπwμevov intelligimus Venerem ei promisisse." Serv.

542. Herculeis sopitas ignibus aras, &c., "the altars slumbering with Herculean fires." Hercules appears to have been a genius or Lar domesticus of the Etruscans. Heyne and Wakefield propose Herceis, referring to Jupiter "Epkelos. Wagner considers two sacrifices to be alluded to, one to Hercules, the second to the Lar of Evander. Æneas ought to have honoured Hercules, the peculiar deity of the Etruscans, nor yet to have neglected the Lares, the domestic gods of Evander. 543. Hesternum, &c.-For hesternum Lar, some read externum, i. e. Céviov. Hesternum, i. e. quem herì jam adierat. Lar appears to be put for the focus Laris.

544. Adit, porépXeral, Sc. precando.

545. Pariter... pariter, åμa μèv, äμa dé.

547. Qui sese in bella sequantur.-Æneas was not proceeding to warfare, but to seek the aid and assistance of the Cæretes. Allusion is, therefore, made here merely to the chosen band selected by Æneas to protect his person in the event of war, or in his journeys among unknown nations.

550. Ascanio. He had remained with the Trojans at Troja Nova. See VII. 157. sq.

551. Petentibus, for petituris. Heyne; but, observes Wagner, it refers to the "intention," not to the "act.'

556. Propiúsque periclo it timor, "fear borders on actual danger." Wagner. "Fear more nearly affects them in consequence of the danger." Heyne. The former is the preferable rendering.

561. Qualis eram.-Comp. ele' is ßwoμ. Hom. II. VII. 157. 565. Terna arma movenda, “thrice were arms to be wielded against him." Ter reviviscens, ter rebellavit, ideoque ter erat vincendus ; nam, mox, TOTIDEM EXUIT ARMIS; ter spoliavit victum. H. 569. Finitimo. Join with capiti, not with bello. Some MSS. read finitimus Mezentius usquam, which has a harsh and unpleasant sound. 571. Funera, i. e. cædes. See Geor. III. 263. Æn. II. 539.

574. Numina, "your will."

576. Visurus . . . . et venturus in unum, "again to see and meet. Unum is in the neuter gender, and used substantively. Thus Sal.. Jug. II. 2. in unum convenire.

578. Aliquem infandum casum, a euphemism for mortem, sc. the slaughter of his son.

579. Crudelem, "miserable;" thus, Geor. III. 263. moritura super crudeli funere virgo. Abrumpere. See Æn. IV. 631.

581. Sera voluptas, "joy of my old age." Pallas was tŋλúyetos, i. e. born, when his father was advanced in years.

582. Gravior neu nuntius aures vulneret, "so that the too mournful tidings may not wound my ear." These words depend on liceat, 1. 579.

584. Collapsum, "fainting."

585. Jamque adeò exierat.-The adverb adeò, when joined to the particles of time nunc and jam, may generally be translated "already." Forb. See En. II. 567. and note.

587. Ipse, i. e. the person to whom our intention is principally attracted by the foregoing narrative. Wagn. Quæst. Virg. XVIII. 2. f. 588. Pictis in armis.-Bacchylides, in his dithyrambs, relates that the Arcadians hadthe figures of their gods painted on their shields. Serv. See En. XII. 281. Heyne, however, takes picta arma to denote "arms inlaid with gold and silver." Conspectus,“ conspicuous."

589. Oceani perfusus Lucifer undâ.-Comp. Hom. II. V. 5. ös TE μάλιστα λαμπρὸν παμφαίνῃσι λελουμένος Ωκεανοιο. The star is described as just rising from the sea.

590. Quem Venus diligit, sc. quia Veneris est stella."

591. Resolvit, the perfect used aoristically.

594. Per dumos, i. e. per virgulta, per silvas. Heyne.

596. Quadrupedante, &c. The hoof of the quadruped shakes the mouldering plain in its flight." An instance of onomatopæia.

597. Caritis amnem.-The genitive of the "name" of the river, derived from the town Care, which would make Cæris in the genitive; the adjective Carētis occurs below, X. 183.

598. Undique colles inclusére cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt, "hills on all sides enclose the grove, and surround it with the dark trees which clothe their sides." Join nigra abiete with nemus, i. e. "hills enclose and surround the grove, CONSISTING OF dark firs." Wakefield, from a few manuscripts of little note, received cingit, the subject of which would have been nemus. Colles cavi.-The hills that form the hollow valley which they enclose. Heyne.

603. Tuta... locis, "safe by reason of their situation."

605. Et tendebat, i. e. tendens.

606. Bello lecta, i. e. ad bellum. See 1. 547. H.

610. Egelido. According to analogy, this would mean the "WARM stream," an epithet totally unsuited to the passage.

Hence many read è gelido, and others et gelido; but e, here, appears to have an intensitive force, sc. "the cool stream." Comp. impiger egelido movet arma Severus ab Istro, and ̓́Αλβουλα ὕδατα ψυχρά.

612. En.-Wagner removes the comma after en; the meaning is not en, perfecta (sunt), but en munera, "behold the gifts."

617. Honore.-Heyne explains this by munus, yépas. Wagner, more correctly, “de insigni pulchritudine et splendore."

620. Flammas vomentem.-Comp. II. V. 4. Aaîé oi èk kópvlós te kal ἀσπίδος ἀκάματον πῦρ.

622. Sanguineam.-Servius interprets by cruentam, terribilem. Heyne thinks the epithet refers to the red gleaming hue of brass. Comp. Hom. II. XVIII. 609. Oάρηка pаewóтepov πuρds avyês. Qualis, oin. Talis is frequently omitted by the poets.

624. Electro.-See Geor. III. 522.

625. Non enarrabile, "incapable of description."

627. Haud vatum (i. e. vaticiniorum) ignarus, "not ignorant of the prophecies," which Æneas had received from the Sibyl. Heyne. Some propose fatûm; but Wagner denies that, among the writers of the

golden age, there is any instance of such a contraction for fatorum. Haud ignarus vatum is the same as haud ignarus vates, q. d. inter vates. 629. Pugnata. Perhaps pugnanda would be preferable. Wagner. 630. Fetam, "that had brought forth."

631. Geminos, for duos.

633. Tereti, i. e. rotunda cum longitudine. Serv. "tapering." 634. Mulcere, "to lick gently.' Alternos, "alternately."

In a

picture, things may be represented as performing acts of motion, viz., birds flying, water moving, children playing, &c.; but a change of motion, I imagine, cannot be described, as, for instance, a wolf fondling and licking two children by turns. And though poets have given themselves the liberty of going beyond the truth in such representations, and describe pictures, where a change of motion is said to be expressed, yet that change of motion is commonly but small, as the quivering of trees, when the wind agitates them. Jortin. Servius observes:-Non, quod in picturâ erat, dicit; sed id quod intelligimus factum fuisse ; ut, 1. 483. TER CIRCUM ILIACOS RAPTAVERAT HECTORA MUROS.

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Fin

next compartment." Sine more, See note on Æn. V. 694.

gere linguá," to lick into shape." So, Ovid. Met. XV. 380. lambendo mater (ursa) in artus fingit. Thiel. Forbiger takes fingere to signify merely "detergendo purgare,' "to cleanse.' 635. Nec procul hinc, sc. " in the 'against the law of nations." Thiel. 636. Cavea. The part of the theatre where the spectators sat. See En. V. 340. Circensibus, sc. ludis. These games are by Livy called Consualia; after the erection of the Circus Maximus they were styled Circenses, Romani, or Magni.

637. Consurgere bellum.-The poet changes the construction, which regularly ought to have run on thus, subitóque consurgens bellum. H.

638. Curibus. See note on VI. 812. Severis.-So called from the stern simplicity of their habits; comp. Hor. Epist. II. 1. 25. vel cum rigidis æquata Sabinis.

639. Iidem reges, sc. Romulus and Tatius. Posito certamine, "“having desisted from the contest." Comp. Æn. I. 302. Hor. Art. P. 160. iram colligit et ponit.

641. Porca casa.-See Liv. I. 24.

642. Haud procul inde, i. e. in the third compartment. Cita Metum in diversa distulerant.-Connect the words thus, cita in diversa, and not in diversa distulerant.

643. At tu dictis, Albane, maneres, "but at the very time, when the horses were tearing you to pieces, you would wish to have abided by your promises." Wagn. See note upon Æn. III. 187. Perizonius thus explains the use of the imperfect for the pluperfect:-Sic supple: RES ITA FUIT, QUOD MANERES DICTIS, planè ut Liv. I. 28. SI UNQUAM

ANTEA FUIT, QUOD DIIS GRATIAS AGERETIS, HESTERNUM ID FUIT

PRÆLIUM. See Sanct. Min. p. 89. On the use of at, see note on Æn. II. 535. Manere dictis, "to abide by a stipulation; so, in Greek, ἐμμένειν. Comp. Eurip. Phoen. 1255. καν μεταιχμίοις ὅρκους ξυνήψαν ἐμμένειν (σπονδαῖς) στρατηλάται. Comp. note on Æn. II. 160.

644. Mendacis, "perfidious."

645. Sparsi, &c. The order is :-sanguine sparsi rorabant vepres. Thiel.

646. Porsenna.-The second syllable of this word is lengthened by the repetition of the letter n, since, in other passages, it is commonly found short; thus, Hor. Epod. XIV. 4. minacis aut Etrusca Porsena manus, a pure iambic verse. Niebuhr thinks that the penultima is always short. See Rom. Hist. notes 1107 and 1200.

648. Eneada, "the Romans."

649. Illum, "Porsena."

650. Pontem, "the Sublician bridge," which connected the Janiculum with the city.

651. Fluvium, "the Tiber."

652. In summo, sc. clipeo, on the upper part of the shield; so l. 675. in medio. Not as Heyne interprets it:-"in summo arcis Tarpeiæ,' which is opposed to the collocation of the sentence. Besides custos could not be separated from arcis.

653. Pro, "in the defence of." Hor. Carm. III. 2. 13. dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori; Liv. II. 12. 14, si pro meâ patria ista virtus staret. Templo. The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Tenebat, "defended;" according to Servius, it is a military expression; Vell. Pater. II. 57, qui semper prædixerant Cæsari, ut principatum armis quæsitum armis teneret.

654. Romuleoque, &c.—On this part of the shield was also represented the palace, or rather cottage, of Romulus, on account of being one of the most memorable buildings on the Capitolium, and being held in especial honour by the Romans. Recens horrebat culmo.-The strawroof of the cottage appeared quite new and fresh in the representation on the shield.

655. Auratis, "which Vulcan formed in gold;" argenteus anser, is to be taken in a similar sense. Volitane, implies the fluttering motion that geese make with their wings when excited. Wagn.

657. Dumos. See 1. 348. Tenebant, "were trying to attain to." See note on Æn. VI. 468.

658. Dono, "by the aid or favour of the darkness of night."

659. Aurea vestis, " a yellow tunic," Servius takes vestis to denote the beard, quia vestit genas.

660. Virgatis, "plaid," like the national dress of the Scots. Sagulis.-Military cloaks worn by soldiers and inferior persons. 662. Duo gæsa, 66 ex notissimo Gallorum et Germanorum more. H. 663. Exultantes Salii.-These priests carried the Ancilia through the city on the Ides of March, with dancing and wild music.

664. Lanigerosque apices.-The cap of the Flamines was ornamented with a woollen tuft, apex.

666. Pilentum, μетéшрov ŏxпμа. Mollibus refers not to the softness of material, but to the gentle pace at which they were carried. 668. Minaci, "threatening to fall."

669. Pendentem scopulo.-Borrowed from the poetic fable of the punishment of Sisyphus.

670. Catonem, "Cato of Utica," which is clear from his being mentioned in opposition to Catiline.

671. Hæc inter, i. e. in medio clypeo.

672. Spumabant.-Heinsius reads spumabat, sc. imago.

676. Instructo Marte, i. e. in marshalled fleet.

677. Fervere Leucaten. On the quantity of fervere and effulgere, compare VI. 827.

678. Augustus.-Agrippa was prefect of the fleet of Augustus, and was the first that won the corona rostralis; but Octavianus and M. Val. Messala exercised a general command, and directed operations in cases of emergency.

679. Penatibus et magnis dîs.-The Penates refer to the gods of Augustus; the magni dii, to those of the commonwealth. R. Heyne and Forb. take et as epexegetical, q. d. "the Penates," i. e. "the mighty gods."

680. Geminas flammas, sc. quia sunt gemina tempora. The idea is copied from Hom. Il. V. 4. Δαῖέ οἱ ἐκ κόρυθός τε καὶ ἀσπίδος ἀκάματον πῦρ.

681. Aperitur, "rises," "appears brightly."

683. Arduus. Either ipse stans arduo in loco, or navi ardua conspicuus. Heyne.

685. Variis. For this Heinsius reads Phariis, without authority. 686. Victor à populis “dici videtur ille, qui illato illis bello superior sive victor discedit, i. e. victoriam ex iis reportat." Wagner. Rubro. The Red sea, i. e. ἐρυθραίου.

66

689. Unà omnes ruere, are borne with violence against the foe." 690. Convulsum.-See Æn. V. 143. from whence the verse is repeated. 693. Tanta mole viri, &c., i. e. "tanta erat turritarum navium magnitudo, quas remiges, magnâ adhibitâ vi, propellebant,” i. e. such extraor dinary exertion do the rowers use, in consequence of the enormous size of the ships.

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694. Stuppea, flaming tow is hurled by the hand, and the winged steel on missiles;" thus Wagner. Others interpret telis by machinis, balistis, &c.; reference is made to the malleola, formed of bundles of pitched staves with an iron barb projecting from the centre.

695. Arva Neptunia.-Comp. En. X. 214, campos salis; Eurip. Phon. 217. акαρпíσтшν Tedíwv. Nová, "just commencing."

696. Vocat agmina sistro.-The poet sarcastically represents Cleopatra as exciting her followers to battle by the sound of the sistrum, an instrument of music chiefly used in the lascivious rites of the Egyptians.

697. Necdum geminos à tergo respicit angues, "she does not imagine the fatal destiny impending over her." Though the story of the manner of Cleopatra's death is well known, ancient authors have not been able to agree as to the number of serpents, or the part of her person to which she applied them, whether to her arms or breast. Horace agrees so far with Virgil, as to mention, at least, more than one asp; Carm. I. 37, 26, ausa... asperas tractare serpentes. A tergo.-An elliptical expression; illam sequentes, or some similar expression, is to be supplied. Respicit, "looks back upon." The fable of her death arose from the asp being the emblem of sovereignty among the Egyptians. Her statue, being carried in triumph, had consequently the representation of an asp, which thus was supposed to be indicative of her mode of death.

698. Omnigenúm.-The contracted form of the genitive plural of omnigenus, -a, -um. Anubis, the chief deity in the Egyptian mythology; is here termed latrator, because he was represented with the head of a dog.

701. Calare, TopEveш, тoρVEVEL, "to form in relievo." Tristes Diræ.These are not the Furies, but the кîρes laváтоιo of Homer. Ex æthere Diræ, sc. ruentes,

66

flying."

702. Discordia Epis. Vadit, "walks" along the sea,

the scene of the conflict. Thiel.

which was

703. Bellona 'Evów, the armour-bearer and charioteer of Mars. Cum sanguineo Bellona flagello. Thus, Lucan VII. 568. quacunque vagatur sanguineum veluti quatiens Bellona flagellum. Thiel.

704. Actius Apollo.-There was a temple and statue of Apollo on the promontory of Actium.

706. Sabai.

The inhabitants of Arabia Felix, which is now called

Yemen.__Vertere terga =μeraßaλeîv vúta.

707. Ventis vocatis.-See note on Æn. III. 253.