topic has been invented by the poet merely to serve as an opportunity for introducing the celebrated speech in the eleventh book. 14. Latio increbrescere nomen, "that the reputation and influence of Eneas was gaining ground." See Geor. I. 359. 15. Quid struat, sc. Eneas, "what machinations he may plan." Comp. Æn. II. 60. 16. Ipsi, scil. Diomedi.-Turnus wishes it to be understood that Eneas would be most likely to wage war against Diomedes, not only for the love of empire, but also on account of their national enmity. Serv. 18. Talia per Latium, sc. gerebantur. Serv. 19. Fluctuat astu.-Comp. Æn. IV. 532. magnoque irarum fluctuat æstu. 20-21. Atque animum . . . versat.—Comp. Æn. IV. 285., where see note. 22-25. Sicut aquæ, &c., “as, when the flickering gleams, which play from water in brazen vases, reflected from the sun or the disk of the brilliant moon, &c." This passage is borrowed from Apoll. III. 754 : Πυκνὰ δέ οἱ κραδίη στηθέων ἔντοσθεν ἔθυεν, 24. Sub auras, "aloft." See note on Æn. V.257. 25. Laquearia.-See note on En. I. 726. Servius gives lacunaria as a various reading; but the quantity of lacunar opposes its admission into this line. Hor. Carm. II. 18. 2. meâ renidet in domo lăcūnar. 26. Animalia... alituum pecudumque genus.-The different "species" are by apposition subjoined to the noun denoting the "genus;" so Geor. II. 442. dant utile lignum, navigiis pinos, domibus cedrumque cupressosque. Comp. Wagn. Quæst. Virg. XXXIII. 3. b. This idea of the repose of nature during night had been already expressed by Alcman. εὔδουσιν δ ̓ ὀρέων κορυφαί τε καὶ φάραγγες, Πρώωνες ἠδὲ καὶ χαραδραί· Φῦλα δέ θ' ἕρπετά θ' ὅσσα τρέφει μέλαινα γαῖα, Θῆρες ὀρεσκῷοί τε και γένος μελισσῶν· Καὶ κνώδαλ ̓ ἐν βένθεσσι πορφυρᾶς ἁλὸς, εὔδουσιν δ' οἰωνῶν Φῦλα τανυπτερυγῶν. 27. Alituum.-A poetical form of the genitive plural alitum. Virgil intended by it to express the altivolantûm of Ennius. 28. Sub ætheris axe.-See notes on Æn. II. 512. and Geor. II. 271. 30. Dedit per membra quietem, "allowed sweet rest to diffuse itself through his limbs,” i. e. indulged in slumber. In other passages, sleep itself diditur, spargitur per membra; and here Æneas" ipse dare quietem per membra dicitur." Forb. 31. Huic, "ei sic affecto." Thiel. Deus loci, eds émixúpios, évtóπIOS. Ipse,"his own person." The pronoun contains the idea of majesty and dignity. Forb. Wagner prefers deus, ut ERAT, sc. glauco velatus amictu." 66 33. Carbasus, "a linen garment." The word is both of the masculine and feminine gender. In the plural we meet with carbasa, orum. 35. Tum sic affari, &c.-Repeated from Æn. II. 775. III. 153. 36. Trojanam urbem, i. e. the remnant of the Trojan nation, which was to found the new city in Italy. H. Comp. Æn. I. 68. Ilium in Italiam portans. 37. Revehis. In allusion to the Italian origin of Dardanus. See III. 167. sq. 38. Exspectate, sc. propter deorum vaticinia. See VI. 687. 41. Concessere, "have subsided." Tument animi irá, et ex eâ iterum resident. H. Comp. En. V1. 407. 43-46. Litoreis, &c.-Helenus foretells the occurrence of this omen in nearly the same words. En. III. 389-394. In the passage just quoted, Helenus, speaking of a place unknown to him and yet uncertain, uses the words IS LOCUS; whereas, here, the river god, indicating a position known to him and fixed, designates it by HIC LOCUS. The repetition of verses is peculiarly allowable in prophecies. 46. Hic locus urbis erit.—The "place," where the sow farrows, shall be the "site" of Lavinium, the promised city, while the "number of years," which are to elapse before Alba becomes the capital of Latium in its stead, is denoted by the "number of her offspring.' 66 47. Ex quo, sc. tempore, id. qu. et ex eo tempore, similar to ¿¿ oû (sc. Xpóvov), for oтe" and, in thirty revolving years after the founding of Lavinium, Ascanius will build Alba." Wagn. Thiel. Jahn and Hand understand ex quo to mean "the place," unde surget urbs, ab Ascanio condenda. Heyne rashly proposes to reject from 1. 42 to 1. 49, as if added by a later hand. 48. Clari cognominis.-Alba was undoubtedly so named from the "whiteness" of the rocks on which it stood; so in Hom. Il. II. 656. Camirus is called ȧpywóeis. Ruhkopf. 51. Arcades his oris, &c.-The prophecy of the Sibyl is now being fulfilled. See Æn. VI. 96. via prima salutis, quod minimè reris, Grajá pandetur ab urbe. Evander, the son of Mercury and the nymph Carmenta, departed from Arcadia, accompanied by his mother, and led his Pelasgian followers into the region about the Tiber. On a mountain, thence called Palatinus, he built the city Pallanteum, afterwards Palantium, and Palatium. There had existed in ancient times a town in Arcadia of the same name, and among the heroes of Arcadia was Pallas, whence these Arcadians are said to be genus à Pallante; and thence a name is given to his son. Arcades his oris, sc. bellum ducunt assiduè, l. 55., where the subject of the sentence, after the interposition of a long parenthesis, is repeated by the pronoun hi. Forb. Heyne supplies habitant after oris. Wagner prefers to arrange the sentence thus :—Arcades, qui Evandrum secuti (sunt), his oris delegére locum, the sentence being completed by et posuere in montibus urbem. 55. Bellum ducunt, means not merely that they "are at war," but that they are carrying on a 'protracted series" of uninterrupted hostilities. Ruhk. 56. Castris, i. e. the fortified camp erected by Æneas immediately after his landing, called by other writers Nova Troja. 66 57. Ripis, i. e. intra ripas, "within my banks." Recto flumine, right up the course of the stream;" thus Æn. VI. 901. tum se ad Caieta recto fert litore portum. Wagn. 58. Subvehi. This is properly said of those who sail against the stream. Forb. Comp. Tac. Ann. II. 8. 59. Primisque cadentibus astris, "as soon as the stars disappear," i. e. at the first approach of the dawn. 60. Junoni fer ritè preces.—This was the advice of Helenus; see also Æn. III. 435. sqq. 61. Supera votis. See above En. III. 439. sqq. Victor, sc. propositi, "when you have obtained your object,' "omnibus ex voto peractis." Forb. Comp. Æn. III. 439. Honorem persolves.--See notes on Æn. I. 49. IV. 207. 62. Ego sum, &c., "I am that true prophet." Sum is emphatic' According to Wagner:-" Ego sum, VERAX VATES, cæruleus Thybris.' 63. Stringentem, "wearing away." "Significat enim fluvium summas ripas aqua attingentem et quasi lambentem." Forb. So Lucret. V. 257. ripas rudentia flumina. Culta.-See Geor. I. 153. Æn. X. 141. 64. Caeruleus.--A general epithet of rivers. Elsewhere the Tiber is more usually termed flavus or luteus. Heyne. Cœlo gratissimus, θεοφιλής. 65. Celsis caput urbibus, "which will be the chief of all other great cities." Exit, for exibit, "will rise." A future event is spoken of as already present, as is customary in prophecies. Heyne. Comp. VII. 98. Caput urbibus, for caput urbium. Then that city shall be called the home or seat of the god Tiberinus, since he will be honoured there with a shrine, &c. 66. Alto lacu, “the deep river.” Ad altum fluminis fundum se recipit. H. 67. Nox Enean somnusque reliquit—ἐμὲ δὲ γλυκὺς ὕπνος ἀνῆκεν. Hom. 68. Spectans orientia, &c., according to the Roman custom of praying with the face turned towards the east. Comp. Æn. XII. 172. 69. Undam de flumine, sc. haustam, drawn from the running stream;" or, perhaps, the connection of the words is similar to homo de plebe, and the like. Sustinet is not to be joined with de flumine. Wagn. 70. Sustinet, i. e. holds the river water in his hands, while praying to the god of the river. Heyne reads sustulit, which would merely signify that he "raised the water from the river to lave his hands." Wagner prefers the former, conjecturing that those who adored a river deity, held the water in the palms of their hands, as those who invoked Neptune, generally entered into the sea, although the former rite is not specifically mentioned by the ancients. 71. Nymphæ, Laurentes Nymphæ. Thus Geo. IV. 321. mater Cyrene, mater. Serv. Unde, i. e. à quibus. Comp. Hor. Carm. I. 12. 17. unde nil majus generatur ipso; I. 28. 28. multaque merces, unde potest, tibi defluat æquo ab Jove. In the present passage, the presiding nymphs of fountains are termed their matres; elsewhere they are designated by the poets fluviorum filiæ. 72. Tuque, o Thybri, &c.-Taken from Ennius :-teque, pater Tiberine, tuo cum flumine sancto. veneror. Comp. note on En. IX. 816. 73. Arcete periclis, i. e. àμúvete, liberate, "defend me from danger.' The prose expression would be arcete à me pericula. 74. Quo te cunque, &c.-The river gods dwell in the fountains which are dearest to them. See Geor. IV. 319. Lacus is used in a rather wide sense, as denoting "the water" which forms the fountain. Thiel. 75. Quocunque solo pulcherrimus exis.-Comp. Hom. Od. XI. 239. ὃς πολὺ κάλλιστος ποταμῶν ἐπὶ γαῖαν ἵησι. 76. Honore meo, "sacrifices instituted by me." See note on 1. 61. 77. Corniger.-Comp. Geo. IV. 371. Hor. Carm. IV. 14. 25. sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus. Eurip. Orest. 1372, тavρókpavos 'Okeavós. Rivers were thus represented, either on account of the winding and curved appearance of their course, resembling the crooked form of horns, or on account of their roaring noise, like that of horned cattle. So, Homer says of the river Xanthus, I. XXI. 237. μεμυκώς, ἠΰτε ταῦρος. Fluvius, the ancient vocative. Serv. Hesperidum regnator aquarum, 'thou prince of Italian rivers." Comp. Geo. I. 482. fluviorum rex Eridanus. 78. Tantúm. This is used, when "one" prayer or wish only is mainly urged; thus, Æn. VI. 74. foliis tantùm ne carmina manda. O tandem was the old reading. Jahn. Propiùs, i. e. citiús. Serv. præsentiús. Heyne. Numina, "admonitions." Numen is used by the poets to denote any manifestation of the divine will, either by direct admonition, or by oracle. Heyne. Firmes, "confirm by some sign." Comp. En. II. 691. da deinde auxilium, pater, atque hæc omina firma. 79. Geminas, i. e. duas. See Æn. I. 162. 80. Remigio, “rowers." Comp. En. III. 471. remigium supplet, socios simul instruit armis. Hor. Epist. I. 6. 63. Cærite cerâ, remigium vitiosum Ithacensis Ulixi. Armis.-Comp. 1. 93. 82. Silvam, sc. the wood which bordered the shore; so, l. 43. littoreis sub ilicibus. Comp. III. 390. 84. Tibi enim. The particle enim, added to a pronoun, has not only an asseverative (σoí ye dǹ, utique), but also a restrictive force, so that it is often the same as quidem; here, it means "to you, indeed, and not to any other deity." Forb. Comp. X. 614. Maxima, i. e. regina, “imperial Juno." 85. Cum grege, i. e. fetu. 86. Quàm longa est.—This does not signify quàm longa fuit illa nox ; but quàm longam esse novimus noctem, i. e. totam noctem, a special event being announced under a general form of thought. So, En. I. 316., qualis equos fatigat Harpalyce, i. e. qualem Harpalycen equos fatigare cognitum est. Jahn. Wagner thinks that the protracted length of the night is signified by the present tense. 87. Ita substitit....ut.-Connect the words thus: ita substitit, ut, &c., "rested so as to smooth the surface of its waters, in order that there might be no resistance offered to the oars.' Heyne explained ita substitit by substitit eo modo, sicut erat; but Wagner remarks that in that case ut would be taken twice in the same meaning, which is objectionable. 89. Sterneret æquor.-Comp. Ecl. IX. 57. 90. Rumore secundo, "with joyful acclamations of the crew." So Hor. Epist. I. 10. 9. quæ vos ad cœlum effertis rumore secundo. Wagner. Comp. Tacit. Hist. II. 90. omnem infimæ plebis rumorem in theatro... affectavit. Secundo, "joyful." Comp. Æn. X. 266. and Cic. Tusc. II. 1. secundo populo id fecit. Heyne connects rumore secundo labitur, putting a semicolon after celerant, and takes rumore to denote "the rippling murmur of the water cut by the prow." Some of the old annotators give, as a various reading, Rumone, which was an old name of the Tiber (from rhuo-péw. Comp. Rhena, Rhone, &c.). But secundo Rumone labitur abies could only be said of a vessel sailing down "with" the stream, not of one sailing "against" it, which was the course of the Trojans. Wagner. 91. Uncta, sc. pice.-Comp. Ennius: labitur uncta carina. Abies, "the vessel." So, in Greek, éλára for vaûs, as in Eurip. Phoen. 215. Ιόνιον κατὰ ποντον, ἐλάτᾳ πλεύσασα, κ. τ. λ. Some explain ἐλάτᾳ here by épérμy. Comp. n. I. 35. Geo. II. 68. Mirantur et undæ, miratur nemus, for et undæ et nemus mirantur. The repetition of a noun or verb often has the same force as if the copula were repeated. Thus Ecl. IV. 6. jam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna, i. e., et Virgo et Saturnia regna redeunt. Comp. En. VII. 327. XI. 172. XII. 548. The preposition is repeated in a similar manner; see Æn. X. 313. Wagner. 93. Scuta virum.-The common editions insert a comma after virúm. Wagner punctuates after fluvio, since the copula que cannot be united with the second word of a sentence; but Forbiger correctly removes all the points, since fluvio has reference to both members of the sentence. In opposition to the placing a point after virúm, Wagner 66 observes, non arma dumtaxat miratur nemus insuetum, quæ in assiduis Arcadum et Latinorum bellis haud dubiè jam sæpiùs viderit; sed id miratur, quòd armati subvehantur fluvio." The verb mirari denotes amazement at some unprecedented occurrence.' Comp. Apoll. I. 544. στράπτε δ' ὑπ ̓ ἠελίῳ φλογὶ εἴκελα νηὸς ἰούσης τεύχεα. Pictas carinas.Similar to Homer's νῆας μιλτοπαρήους, φοινικοπαρήους, κ. τ. λ. See note on Æn. V. 663. 94. Noctem fatigant," they wear out, or spend, the night and day in rowing." Heyne. Schirach interprets it by "they fatigue THEMSELVES by rowing throughout the day and night;" but this would be too prosaic. The expression is poetical, and to be understood in the same manner as the kindred phrases fatigare cœlum clamore, silvas venatu, nivem cursu. Fatigo is derived from fatim agere, i. e. ad fatim agere, eis åðìv éλaúveiv, and intimates "unbroken, ceaseless toil." 95. Variisque teguntur arboribus, "they are shaded by trees of various foliage," growing on the banks of the Tiber. 96. Secant silvas, i. e. "they sail between the thickly wooded banks of the river." Servius thinks that silva here denotes "the reflection of the woods" on the placid surface of the stream. 97. Sol medium cæli, &c.-Hom. II. VIII. 68. Hμos d'héλios μéσov οὐρανὸν . . . . ἀμφιβεβήκει. Orbem, sc. alterius diei. Serv. Wakefield preferred to read orbe. 98. Procul. The last syllable is long by arsis. See Æn. 3. 464. 100. Tum-TÓTE. Jahn adopts the reading tunc TÓTEYE_but see note on Ecl. III. 10. Evandrus.-The common reading is Evander, which was rejected for Evandrus by Heinsius. The latter form is supported by all the best MSS., and by ancient grammarians. Evander occurs only once in the better MSS., viz. Æn. X. 515. 101. Advertunt proras.-Comp. Geo. IV. 117. et terris festinem advertere proram; and below 1. 115. 102. Fortè die, &c.-Heyne well remarks that Virgil's judgment is peculiarly conspicuous here. The poet represents Eneas as arriving at the moment of a peculiar sacrifice; hence arises the explanation of the rite, and the narration of one of the few Latin myths introduced into the poem. The sacrifice here described is probably founded on Odyss. III. 31. sqq. 103. Amphitryoniada, i. e. Herculi. Divisque.-When a sacrifice was offered to any particular deity, it was customary to invite the other gods to a participation of the festival. Serv. 106. Cruor.-Quamdiu in corpore est, SANGUIS est; quum fluit, CRUOR; quum exiit, TABUM est. Vett. Interprr. quoted by Valpy. 107. Inter... nemus, i. e. per nemus, as in Æn. VII. 30. hunc (sc. lucum) inter fluvio Tiberinus amano. Serv. 108. Tacitis, &c., "with noiseless oars," remis nullum aquarum strepitum in amni placido facientibus. Heyne. Servius refers the epithet, with less correctness, to the mariners, i. e. sine celeusmate. Remiges is readily understood (from remis) before incumbere. Wagner. 110. Rumpere . . . vetat. The reason of this prohibition is discoverable in 1. 173. sacra hæc .... annua, quæ DIFFERRE NEFAS. 111. Sacra.-These are the same as the mense of 1. 110. Volat ipse-Ipse serves to give emphasis, and denotes that Pallas was preeminently foremost. Several had come with him to meet the Trojans. See 1. 119. ferte hæc et dicite, &c. Comp. Wagn. Quæst. Viry. XVIII. 2. b. 114. Qui genus? Tíves Tò yévos; Unde domo róleν Táтpas; Domus is similarly put for patria in X. 141. 183. Comp. Hom. Od. I. 170. tís, |