of the year, when the cattle were gathered off the moor, and the farm 'prentice lads at their first drift were suspended by their necks to the "Hanging Stone," by way of "footing" or initiation into the rights of moor-men. The exhilarating "driving" of the rabbits at Trowlesworthy and Ditsworthy warrens, when the hills were covered with snow, and the inoon at the full.

I cannot recall any of the employments of the Moor, that were not regarded by the Moor folk without zest and pleasure, and the Lillicrap family, of whose busy household life I have given some account, was a pattern of many another. Of hardships there were many, but in the remembrance of the delights of busy and useful lives, they are either lost sight of, or treated lightly.

The reflection that this brief review is designed to evoke is, that if fifty years ago the cottager of our most secluded districts enjoyed the independence and freedom that he undoubtedly did enjoy, how much greater should it be to-day with all the aids that Parliaments and science bring to him. -e.g., garden allotments or small holdings &c., where at the least he may grow all and abundantly the garden stuffs needed by his family. Or motive power for mechanical appliances that may be brought to his door by electricity or compressed air, direct from its source of origin, on the banks of the mountain stream.

It is encouraging to know that while the old order changeth, the new order that is overtaking us is yielding greater efficiency, greater individuality, greater independence in our workers, who none too soon are becoming less of a detail of a complicated piece of mechanism, which, if the smallest flaw occurs, is thrown completely out of gear, and all depending on the organisation are thrown into confusion and an unproductive condition.

It is encouraging to see the interest aroused amongst many of our leading men of to-day to this question (under whatsoever name it be treated) of arts and crafts for the people.

A leading statesman has just said, "Human energies, faculties, and habits-physical, mental, and moral—that directly contribute to make men industrially efficient, increase their power of producing wealth. Manual skill and intelligence are included in the personal wealth of the nation."

THE STONE ROWS OF DARTMOOR.

PART II.

BY R. N. WORTH, F. G.S.

(Read at Torquay, July, 1893.)

IN the course of my paper on the "Stone Rows of Dartmoor," read at the Plymouth meeting of this Association, I remarked that while some of the rows which formerly existed had without doubt disappeared, it was extremely unlikely that all yet extant were recorded. This statement was verified, while the paper was in the press, in the discovery by Mr. R. Burnard of an undescribed row at Assycombe. Since then he has ascertained the existence of two more, for descriptions of which I am again much indebted to him; one has been discovered by the Rev. S. Baring-Gould; and I have myself found another (with possible indications of a fourth) at Merivale, and also remains of others on Cocks Tor.

Merivale.

The

A recent visit, under exceptionally favourable conditions of soil and atmosphere and their concomitants, to Merivale, has resulted in the discovery of the remains of a third stone row there, and apparently of traces of a fourth. distinct row is connected with the great menhîr, and it seems very remarkable that, as far as I am aware, it has never been noticed before. Possibly attention has been concentrated on the more important memorials-the well-known double "avenues." This row, so far as visible, is now represented by three small stones, equally spaced, immediately south of the menhîr, and tending slightly east of south in a line not precisely from the menhir, but from a point in the eastern half of its circumscribing circle. On two points there can

1 Trans. Dev. Assoc. xxiv. 387-417.

be no question. First, that these three stones represent a formerly existing row; and, secondly, that it was connected with the menhîr; and it is specially worthy of note that the direction of this menhîr row should be so nearly north and south, while that of the two great double rows is practically west-north-west and east-south-east.

Immediately to the east of the menhîr is a low ring of grass-grown stones hollowed in the centre to the natural level of the ground, which may either be the outer rim of a small ransacked cairn, some six feet in diameter, or the disturbed stones of a small circle. The former is more probable; but it may possibly have been that they once enclosed another menhir. This, however, must remain purely matter of speculation.

The existence of a row in connection with this cairn or circle is suggested by a few low stones in line, pointing much in the same direction as the remains of the row attached to the menhîr, but not precisely. And while I think it very likely that such a row may have existed, I only note it here, not as a certain fact, but as a possibility which ought to be put upon record, and which may have its value in estimating the frequency of this special form of sepulchral memorial on Dartmoor.

Laugh Tor.

I give the description of this row from the notes kindly supplied me by Mr. Burnard. Laugh Tor will be found on Sheet cvii.-N.E.-of the new six-inch Survey.

"The 'avenue' intersects the wall which divides Huccaby and Laugh Tor newtakes, at a point about 250 yards south of the rectangular enclosure at some time used as a cattle or sheep fold, on the slope of Laugh Tor. It has a direction from south-east to north-west, and the existing remains show that it was at least 657 feet long. On the south-east side of the newtake wall is a group of seven stones, whilst on the north-east side of this boundary there are eight stones, terminating with a fine prostrate menhir over twelve feet long, which near the base is two feet thick and tapers to ten inches at the top. The stones between these two groups have disappeared-probably they went to help build the newtake wall. The 'avenue' character of the existing stones is very clear. In the south-east group it is nine feet wide; in the north-west group it is five feet. There are now no cairns or kistvaens visible, but there are indications of both. The stones now standing are only from one to two feet high,

excepting at the commencement of the south-east group, where two of the stones are double this height. The immediate locality must at some time have been rich in stone remains. In the inner and outer Huccaby newtakes there are two large circular enclosures, remains of hut circles, and a little west and north-west of Laugh Tor there are some of the finest kistvaens on Dartmoor."

Conies Down.

For the account of this row I am also indebted to Mr. R. Burnard, the fortunate discoverer.

"It lies between Conies Down Tor and Conies Down (98 S.E. six-inch new Ordnance Survey) starting from a congeries of stones near the Lichway, and running south-south-west to north-north-east. It is 588 feet long and terminates close to a large prostrate slab which I think closed the upper end of the avenue.' About the centre of the line there are faint indications of a barrow or cairn; but no decided and distinctively sepulchral remains now exist. Less than a dozen stones are upright, most are flat and buried. There is a small cluster of hut circles near Cowsic Fork. The discovery brings such remains much nearer Beardown Man.

Launceston Moor.

The row on Launceston Moor, near White Tor, was discovered by the Rev. S. Baring-Gould in June last. It was probably, when complete, about 140 yards long, but never could have been of much importance, save for the exceptionally fine menhîr-prostrate when noted, but now reerected by the Duke of Bedford-at its southern end. This is eleven feet eight inches in total length, with a greatest breadth of two feet one inch, and thickness of one foot seven inches. There is no doubt, as Mr. Baring-Gould suggests, that this menhir gave name to the locality first as Longstone, then corrupted into Launceston, Moor. It lay directly by the side of the Lichway, which crosses the row close to its northern end, as if the menhîr had been taken as a guide. The row runs 20 degrees east of south and west of north, and began at the northern end with a cairn or barrow, of which there is now only left a kind of saucer-shaped rim, about eight yards across. Round this there seems to have been the customary circle of stones. The row itself is very dilapidated. There are only eighteen stones that can be certainly regarded

as in place, with two additional doubtful ones, and the former vary from sixty feet to four feet apart. Probably they averaged some five feet originally, in which case three-fourths have disappeared. The largest stone in the row is but 18 inches above the surface; and, with the menhîr, they are all of the epidiorite or gabbro of the locality. I have no doubt the row is single.

A short distance to the west are the remains of an important boundary bank, with some long stones, standing and fallen, ranging up to nearly eight feet in length, and it has been suggested that these were probably removed from the row. But I do not think so. The quantity of stones in the bank is so great as to render the contents of the row quite insgnificant by comparison. Moreover, the bank evidently includes the remains of one or more cairns in situ. I think it quite possible, however, that there may have been another row here connected with the cairns, and that these were utilised as the nucleus of this later bank, which has much the same orientation as the row. The long stones in the enclosure of the great 'pound' above Tavy Cleave, between Ger Tor and Hare Tor, have however quite the aspect of a row in the distance, and they were clearly never used for anything but their present purpose. Still further from the Launceston row to the eastward there are a few stones in line just above the surface, which may be the remnants of another. To the westward, nearer White Tor, is the kistvaen described by Dr. Prowse, and it is worthy of note that the orientation of this and of Mr. Baring-Gould's row practically coincide.

Cocks Tor.

The slight sinkage of the surface of the plateau on the top of Cocks Tor, consequent upon the late drought, brought to view evident traces of circled cairns and of at least one row of low stones, the direction of which was practically the same as that on Launceston Moor. These remains are not under ordinary circumstances very distinct. One small cairn-it may be a kistvaen-has two circles round it, about eight feet and sixteen feet in diameter respectively; and this has traces of a row. In another case the circles appear to have been about seven and eleven feet in diameter, Two larger circles are some twenty-four feet across, and one encloses the remains of a cairn or barrow. The remains on Launceston Moor, with those on Cocks Tor, bring the rows within the Tavy water

2 Trans. Dev. Assoc, xxi. 167.