be made preternaturally hard by being dipped in the charmed waters of the Styx.

93 validam, etc.] A favourite alliteration with V., expressive of pathos or force. So vim viribus exit, xi. 750 and vi. 833.

94 Actoris Aurunci] An objective genitive. The Aurunci were a tribe on the south coast of Latium.

trementem] An anticipatory epithet, 'and makes it quiver.'

95] So Schiller makes Tell address his bow before he shoots the apple. numquam frustrata vocatus] 'That didst never yet fail me at my call.'

96 te maximus Actor] Understand gessit.

97 da sternere] Cf. i. 66, Et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere ventos. Petitio obliqua: in prose the subjunctive would have been required. 99 semiviri] Effeminate;' cf. iv. 215.

་

100 vibratos] Properly 'twisted,' so 'curled.' Cicero, Pro Sestio viii., jeers at the consul Gabinius' calamistrata coma. So too a Roundhead talked of the love-locks of the Cavaliers.

IOI totoque ardentis, etc.] A bold phrase which must be toned down in translation, ‘all his face ablaze sparkles.’

103 prima] Adverbially; cf. v. 857, Vix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus, C.; also l. 632.

104 irasci in cornua] The phrase is repeated from Geor. iii. 232. Euripides has eἰς κέρας θυμούμενοι, Bacchae 742. Three interpretations have been proposed :—(1) to give an angry upward glance; (2) to vent his rage on his horns; (3) to put his rage into his horns, to butt savagely. Silius Italicus, a great imitator of V., has torvi in cornua tauri, which seems to favour the last interpretation.

105 ventosque lacessit] Cf. 'I fight not as one that beateth the air.' 106 aut sparsa, etc.] 'Or upturns the sand as prelude to the fray.' 107 maternis armis] The arms forged by Vulcan and given him by his mother Venus. See viii. 613 seq.

6

108 acuit Martem] Rouses his martial spirit.'

109 componi] 'Was likely soon to end ;' literally, was being settled. 110 metum Iuli] See note on l. 45.

113-133] The lists are prepared.

113]

'Now Morn her rosy step in the Eastern clime

Advancing sowed the earth with orient pearl.'-MILTON, P. L. iii. 1.

115] From Ennius' 'funduntque elatis naribus lucem.'

116 campum] 'The lists.'

118 focos] Braziers.' Cf. l. 285, Diripuere aras... craterasque focosque ferunt, C. Fuoco is the Italian for fire.

dis communibus] 'The gods which both adored.' Cf. viii. 275, Communemque vocate deum.

120 limo] The limus was the apron the sacrificing priests wore, so

called, according to Servius, from its wavy purple border (lima). Limus, the adjective, means 'slanting,' ' oblique.'

verbena] Vervain, properly the sacred herbs gathered on the Capitol with which the Fetials and Pater Latratus were crowned; hence any sacred plant, such as laurel, olive, myrtle.

121 pilata] A participle or participial adjective formed from the substantive. Cf. hastatus, clipeatus, in Latin, ‘honied,' 'talented,' in English. We should naturally take it as meaning 'armed with pikes.' Varro, however, the great Roman antiquarian, explains it as 'serried.'

126 superbi] 'Gay.'

127 genus Assaraci] A loose apposition, 'the family' for 'of the family.'

129 in spatia sua] 'Within his barriers.' Elsewhere V. uses spatia for the laps of a racecourse, and x. 400 for a respite.

130 telluri] The dative here probably represents the locative. So Geor. ii. 290, Terrae defigitur arbos, but it may be the common poetical dative of motion too. Med. and Pal. have tellure.

131 studio effusae] 'Pouring forth in their eagerness;' others construe 'wild with curiosity,' comparing ii. 651, lacrimis effusi.

134-160] Juno invokes Juturna to aid her brother Turnus.

134 e summo] The English idiom is on the top.'

Albanus] The Alban Mount, about 14 miles south of Rome, celebrated in after days as the scene of the feriae Latinae.

139 diva deam] Probably no difference of meaning. Servius, however, says that diva as the older form of the word is the more honourable title. Juturna is a fountain near the river Numicus, famous for its healing waters; hence, according to Varro, the name Iuviturna.

142 decus fluviorum] 'Fairest of river nymphs;' cf. luna astrorum decus.

143 scis ut praetulerim] Oblique interrogation. Distinguish the meaning of scis me praetulisse.

144 ingratum] Either hateful to me his lawful wife, or disastrous to those whom he loves.

146 ne me incuses] Lest you should blame me' (as you would if I withheld the information).

147 qua] |= qua ratione, 'as,' i.e. as far as, cf. xi. 293. Fate is stronger than Juno, as the μoîpa of Greek tragedy is greater than Zeus.

148 cedere] Here succedere.

149 imparibus concurrere fatis] 'Is outmatched in the unequal fray.' 150 parcarum dies] Fate's dark day,' the μópoμov

Homer, C.

151] Servius remarks that the gods always leave a dying man.

μap of

152 si quid praesentius audes] 'If thou hast the heart to try some bold device.' Praesentius = praesentius solito. Praesens of a god ready to help (cf. 'a very present help in time of trouble,' Eng. Prayerbook).

153 forsan miseros, etc.] Things are at their worst, who can tell but what they will mend. Cf. Non si male nunc et olim sic erit.

155 honestum] 'Fair.'

158 aut tu] The tu emphasises the alternative, 'or else.' Cf. vi. 369, aut tu... da dextram misero.

conceptum] See on l. 13.

excute] 'Confound;' the metaphor seems to be that of dashing from the hand.

159 auctor ego audendi] ''Tis I that bid thee dare.'

161-215] Latinus and Aeneas ratify the treaty. If Turnus conquers, Aeneas shall retire from Latium; if Aeneas is victorious, the two nations shall live on equal terms.

161 Interea reges, etc.] Reges has no predicate; for the general subject the particular ones which compose it are substituted. To make the sentence regular reges ought to be in the genitive. Cf. xi. 887.

ingenti mole] In high state;' to Servius this seems more probable than the alternative interpretation of towering frame.'

164 solis avi specimen] 'Proving his descent from the sun god.' Latinus according to Hesiod was the son of Circe, the daughter of the sun and Odysseus. It is hard to reconcile the present genealogy with that given in vii. 47 seq. Latinus is there the grandson of Picus. According to one myth Circe was enamoured of Picus. This would make him great-grandson of the sun. Avus however may be loosely used.

bigis in albis] A chariot drawn by two white steeds.

165 bina hastilia] 'A pair of darts.' So always, in prose at least, except with nouns like litterae which have no singular.

167 sidereo] Starry, bright as a star. So in x. 271, Aeneas' shield is compared to a comet or Sirius.

caelestibus armis] Cf. 7. 107.

168 spes altera Romae] 'After him Rome's hope and stay.' 169 pura] 'White;' see xi. 711.

170 bidens] A two-year-old sheep, so called because of the two prominent teeth which mark that age.

171 admovit] The proper sacrificial word. It was considered an ill omen to be forced to drag a victim to the altar. Cf. statuere ad aram,

v. 237.

172 conversi lumina] See on xi. 507.

173 fruges salsas] 'Salted barley cakes.' 174 notant]Score.'

paterisque altaria libant] One of V.'s recondite phrases for pateras libant altaribus. 'Possibly suggested by the late use of λeißeσbai, of being sprinkled,' C.

176 haec terra] The land of Italy; a modification of the common invocation of earth.

177 potui] I have endured.'

179 melior] Understand futura. Cf. Ec. 5. 65, Sis bonus o felixque tuis.

Mavors] See xi. 389.

180 torques] Torquere is to twist, so to bend to one's will, to sway. Cf. iv. 269 (of Jupiter), caelum et terras qui numine torquet.

181] For prosody see note on 7. 89. Thus Agamemnon, ll. iii. 278, and Prometheus in the play of Aeschylus, adjure the river-gods.

182 religio] 'The sanctity,' i.e. 'the sacred powers;' abstract for concrete. Religio, from religare, 'to bind firmly,' not relegere (see Munro on Lucret. i. 109), means, I. a scrupulous observance of sacred things; 2. the feeling of awe which prompts such observance; 3. the sacred things themselves; 4. the ayos or curse which attaches to the violation of them.

caeruleo] For caeluleo, the colour of the sky, dark blue; often dark, as caerulei Plutonis equi, Ov. F. iv. 446.

183 fors] = forte; originally parenthetical, ut fors est. See on xi. 50. 184 Evandri ad urbem] Evander, the Arcadian prince said to have settled in Italy some sixty years before the Trojan war. His city stood on the future site of Rome. See viii. 333 seq.

185 agris] Ablative; cf. Hor. Od. ii. 3. 17, cedes coemptis saltibus. rebelles] Resuming the war.

rebellio but tumultus, seditio.

Rebellion must never be rendered by

187 nostrum annuerit Martem] Shall give us the day.' Nostrum is a secondary predicate. For noster = 'propitious' cf. ii. 396, haud numine nostro, v. 832, ferunt sua flamina classem. Mars = fortune of war, as aequo Marte pugnatum est, Livy. For construction of annuo cf. i. 254, Nos tua progenies caeli quibus annuis arcem.

190 paribus legibus] Governed by equal laws, a modal ablative; they are to live together as ioóvoμol, not as conquerors and subjects but as invictae, both unconquered.

191 se in foedera mittant] Modelled after phrases mittere in suffragium, to poll, mittere in arbitrium, to put under the power of.

192 sacra deosque dabo] 'I will prescribe their gods and worship.' socer] = ἕκυρος, cf. üs, sus ; ὕλη, silva, etc.

193 imperium sollemne] 'His ancient sway.' Sollemnis from sollus= öλos, and annus, that recurs when the year is complete, so, regular.

197 haec eadem iuro] A sort of cognate accusative. I swear Jove: I swear an oath by Jove.

=

198] Latona's children are Phoebus and Diana. Janus, Servius tells us, presided over treaties.

199 sacraria Ditis] The shrine or sacred abode of Dis, i.e. Tartarus. 200 foedera fulmine sancit] 'Maintains treaties with his thunder,' i.e. strikes truce-breakers with his bolts.

201 medios ignis et numina] 'The fires and gods that are between us, either literally of their position, or more probably the di communes above.

=

G

203 volentem avertet] Turn away from my purpose.'

204 tellurem effundat in undas] Make earth melt into water, whelming both in one deluge.'

207 fronde levi virgulta nec umbras] Budding spray or leafy shade.

208 cum semel renders the èπeidǹ πрŵтα of Homer. Cum then has virtually the force of ex quo, much as we use 'since' in both a temporal and a logical sense, C.

imo de stirpe] Stirps, a stem of a tree, is masculine in V.; stirps, a family, is feminine.

209 matre] 'The mother tree.'

ferro] Ablative of the instrument.

211 inclusit]'Encased.'

patribus is V.'s equivalent for Homer's diκασwóλo, judges

νῦν αὐτέ μιν υίες Αχαιών

ἐν παλάμῃς φορεούσι δικασπόλοι.

It must mean senators, but there is no tradition of senators ever having borne sceptres. Dedit gestare, a prolative infin. The construction is found also in prose, though rarely: dare bibere, Livy xl. 47.

214 in flammam iugulant]

viscera may either mean the

Slay over the flames.'

larger entrails, the heart and liver, or the flesh; if the latter, translate and flay the still warm bodies.'

216-244] Juturna excites the Latins to break the treaty.

216 videri] Historical infinitive. Ianiudum belongs to both clauses. 218 non viribus aequis] A much disputed phrase. The simplest explanation seems to supply eos, and take non viribus aequis as a descriptive ablative = an adjective. G. aptly compares Ovid, Met. i. 19: Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus (light with heavy).

219 adiuvat, etc.] Their dismay increases as they mark how Turnus approaches with soft steps.' The noun and participle coalesce so as to form a single notion, which is the subject of the sentence; thus Turnus progressus progressio Turni; cf. Tacitus, Ann. i. 8: Occisus dictator Caesar (the murder of Caesar) aliis pessimum aliis pulcherrimum facinus videbatur.

222 quem sermonem] The whispers of the crowd are implied in the preceding lines, though not actually expressed.

224] A Camers or Camertes occurs in x. 562; he is king of Amyclae, and pursued by Aeneas.

226 et ipse] From cui, l. 225, we must supply qui. C. compares ix.