Forest Development in Cold ClimatesJohn Alden, J.Louise Mastrantonio, Soren Ødum As forests decline in temperate and tropical climates, highly-developed countries and those striving for greater economic and social benefits are beginning to utilize marginal forests of high-latitude and mountainous regions for resources to satisfy human needs. The benefits of marginal forests range from purely aesthetic to providing resources for producing many goods and services demanded by a growing world population. Increased demands for forest resources and amenities and recent warming of high latitude climates have generated interest in reforestation and afforestation of marginal habitats in cold regions. Afforestation of treeless landscapes improves the environment for human habitation and provides for land use and economic prosperity. Trees are frequently planted in cold climates to rehabilitate denuded sites, for the amenity of homes and villages, and for wind shelter, recreation, agroforestry, and industrial uses. In addition, forests in cold climates reduce the albedo of the earth's surface in winter, and in summer they are small but significant long-lived sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Finally, growth and reproductive success of forests at their geographic limits are sensitive indices of climatic change. As efforts to adapt forests to cold climates increase, however, new afforestation problems arise and old ones intensify. Austral, northern, and altitudinal tree limits are determined by many different factors. Current hypotheses for high-latitude tree limits are based on low growing-season temperatures that inhibit plant development and reproduction. |
Contents
1 | |
15 | |
Growth and Development of Northern Forest Trees as Affected | 43 |
Testing Winter Desiccation Resistance for Species and Provenance Selection | 59 |
Growth of Mountain Birch Betula Pubescens Ehrh in Response | 65 |
Performance of Mountain Birch in Different Environments in Sweden | 79 |
ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS OF FOREST DEVELOPMENT | 86 |
Physiology of Trees at Treeline | 105 |
Accelerating Adaptation of Trees at Tree Limits by Selective Breeding | 299 |
Selection and Breeding of Scots Pine for Northern Sweden | 321 |
Provenance and Individual Variation in Climatic Hardiness | 333 |
Hybridization among Provenances of Lodgepole Pine | 343 |
Chloroplast DNA Diversity Phylogenetics and Hybridization in Picea | 369 |
Genetic Variation in Early Frost Tolerance of Spruce from | 383 |
History of Tree Planting on the Aleutian Islands | 393 |
Afforestation of Lutz Spruce Sitka Spruce and Norway Spruce | 427 |
Treeline in Relation to Climate with Special Reference to Oceanic Areas | 115 |
Phytogeography | 135 |
Predicting Afforestation Success during Climatic Warming at | 167 |
Climate Change as Seen by Trees and by Climate Modelers | 189 |
Effects of Wind on Boreal Forests | 203 |
LongTerm Biometeorological Monitoring at Two Forest Sites | 227 |
Genetic Diversity of Tree Populations at Their Arctic Limits | 241 |
Potential Species and Provenances for Forest Development in Cold Climates | 251 |
Species and Provenance Choice at Northern Tree Limits in Maritime | 262 |
Seed Collections from North American Trees for Marginal Sites in | 277 |
The Uses of Lignoses in Horticulture in Iceland | 293 |
Development of an Environmental Forest and Arboretum on the Outer Coast | 437 |
Forest Development in Iceland | 453 |
Potential Treeline in the Faroe Islands | 463 |
Forest Trials at High Elevations in Britain | 475 |
A Case Study and Implications for Silviculture | 491 |
The Alpine Timberline of Tibet | 511 |
Forestry in New Zealands Southern High Country | 529 |
Summaries of Working Group Sessions | 549 |
559 | |
Other editions - View all
Forest Development in Cold Climates John Alden,J.Louise Mastrantonio,Soren Ødum Limited preview - 1993 |
Forest Development in Cold Climates John Alden,J.Louise Mastrantonio,Soren Ødum No preview available - 2013 |
Forest Development in Cold Climates John Alden,J.Louise Mastrantonio,Soren Ødum No preview available - 2013 |
Common terms and phrases
Adak adaptation afforestation Alaska Alden alpine altitude Antarctic Antarctica Arctic areas boreal breeding carbon centimeters Cold Climates conifers damage desiccation Development in Cold Durzan Ecology effects elevation environment environmental Finland Finnmark Forest Development Forest Research Forestry freezing frost genes genetic genotypes glauca growing season hardiness hectares height growth hybrid Iceland increase Island Junttila krummholz larch Larix leaf lodgepole pine Lutz spruce metabolic meters models mountain birch natural Newfoundland nitrogen North northern Norway spruce Nothofagus nutrient Ødum percent photoperiod Picea abies pine Pinus Pinus contorta Pinus sylvestris plantations Plenum Pliocene pollen populations progeny provenances radiation regeneration regions Reykjavík Salix Scots pine seed orchards seedlings selection shoot Sitka spruce soil southern spruce Picea stands survival Sweden tatter rate temperature tests timberline Transantarctic Mountains tree growth tree limits tree planting tree species treeline Umeå Unalaska Vardø variation vegetation wave forest white spruce wind winter Zealand zone