is never satisfied by exhaustion; i. e. it is endless. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. The participle is used substantively. Namque nearly nempe. -399. Solum scindendum probably refers to ploughing; though it may be understood of the bidens. See on Hor. C. I. I. 11. Versis reversed. 401. Fronde. Gr. 425. A. & S. 251.

Nemus, like silvis, v. 404, and perhaps umbra, v. 410, seems to be used of the supporting trees in the arbustum, as in v. 308. Actus in orbem = moving in a circle. Actus may, however, = past (labor), and in orbem be connected with redit. — 402. Atque. The copulative is sometimes used instead of a conjunction denoting a more special connection. The relation intended is usually that of time, et or atque standing in the place of quum; here it is that of accordance, "even as." Cf. the use of atque in comparisons, in simul atque, etc.-403. Jam olim nearly=jam tum, v. 405. Olim is here connected with quum in the same way as with ubi, A. V. 125.-404. Honorem; i. e. the leaves. -405. Jam tum even then. Cf. A. I. 18. —406. Curvo dente. Saturn was regularly represented with a pruning-knife in his hand. Dens is used of any curved implement. Relictam; i. e. fructu et frondibus nudatam. Cf. vv. 403, 404.—407. Persequitur. Cf. insectabere, I. 155, and insequitur, I. 105. Fingit=moulds, forms. Cf. A. VI. 80. -408. Primus; i. e. be the first to do it. Devecta. Gr. 579. A. & S. 274. 3 (b). See on v. 207. -409. Sarmenta; the prunings of the vine. Vallos; the vine-poles. They were taken up and put under cover at the end of the vintage.—410. Melito; of vines, like seges, serere, semina. Bis; i. e. in spring and autumn. The leaves have to be stripped from the vines twice in the year. - 411. Segetem; for vineam. Herbae; in a wide sense. —412. Uterque labor; i. e. of pruning and weeding.-413-415. Rusci... arundo ...salicti. Butcher's-broom, reeds, and willows are used for tying up the vine. Salicti. See on E. I. 55.-416. Reponunt = reponi sinunt.-417. Effectos completed. Extremus; i. e. having come to the end of his task. —418. Pulvisque movendus. This appears to have been a distinct process, founded on the belief that dust was beneficial to vines. 419. Juppiter the weather, storms. Metuendus uvis may mean either an object of terror to the grapes, or an object of terror (to the vine-dresser) for the grapes. — 420. Non ulla is an exaggeration. They do not need the same constant attention as the vine. -421. Rastros. See on I. 94. -422. Haeserunt arvis; i. e. when they have been once transplanted from the seminarium. Aurasque tulerunt; i. e. when they are strong enough to weather the breezes. -423. Ipsa =sua sponte. Satis; put for olives, as for vines, v. 350. Dente; for bidente, not for vomere, as some make it. —424. Cum vomere=i. e. as sure as the ploughshare is put into the ground. Cum here ex

presses close connection not so much of time as of causation, a sense ⚫ which may be illustrated by the opposite sine. -425. Hoc=by this; sc. arando; i. e. by this and this only, this will be enough. The common interpretation makes hoc on this account. Pinguem et placitam Paci seem to express the effect of nutritor; i. e. nutritor ut pinguis sit, etc. Nutritor. Gr. 537. A. & S. 267 (2).

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426. Poma; the fruit by metonymy for the trees. Sensere. The metaphor seems to be taken from an adult man feeling his limbs strong under him. -427. Raptim rapide. Cf. I. 409. — 428. Opis. Gr. 399 and 2. 2). A. & S. 213. Que couples the adverbial subst. vi with the adverbial adj. indiga. Cf. A. VI. 640, Largior Purpureo. — 429. Nec minus; i. e. equally with the trees that have been named. Interea; i. e. while man is cultivating the vine, olive, etc. Nemus; used generally of the trees of the forest in their uncultivated state. -430. Inculta; emphatic. Aviaria. Gr. 317. A. & S. 100. C. 8.431. Tondentur cytisi. See on E. I. 79. Cf. also I. 15. Taedas; of the pine; so that alta is appropriate. 432. A poetical amplification of taedas ministrat. -433. The meaning seems to be: when nature offers so much to the planter and cultivator, can man hesitate to plant and cultivate?—434. Majora; used in contradistinction to the smaller trees which follow. Sequar. Gr. 486 and II. A. & S. 260, R. 5.—435. Illae = even they; emphatic. 436. Satis; including plantations. Pabula melli; a poetic combination of pabula apibus and materiam melli. Cf. E. I. 54, 55. —437. Cytorum. Cytorus was a mountain of Paphlagonia, near Amastris, on the southern coast of the Euxine, famous for the growth of the box-tree. -438. Naryciae Narycian; i. e. Locrian. Naryx, or Narycion, was a town of the Opuntian Locrians in Greece, and the native city of Ajax. A colony of these Locrians came into Italy and founded Locri, near which was a forest, famed for its plentiful supply of pitch. Cf. A. III. 399. Arva terras.-439. Obnoxia. See on I. 396.440. Caucasio; referring to the mountains still known by the name. -442. Alios aliae. Gr. 459. I. A. & S. 207, R. 32 (a). Lignum. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. -443. Navigiis. Gr. 391 and 1. A. & S. 222, R. 1. Cupressosque. Gr. 663. III. 1. 4). A. & S. 304. 3 (4).444. Hinc refers to silvae generally. Trivere See on I. 49. Tympana; wheels, either of solid wood or boards, shaped like a drum. — 446. Viminibus; for tying up the vines and for wickerwork. Gr. 419. III. A. & S. 250. 2 (1). Frondibus; for food for cattle.-447. The construction is: myrtus et bona bello cornus validis hastilibus; sc. fecundae. Hastilibus; not the actual spear-shafts, but the shoots as they grow on the tree. Cf. A. III. 23. 448. Ituraeos. Ituraea was a region of Palestine east of the Jordan. In

- tornavere.

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Gr. 371. 3.

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Virgil's time it was inhabited by Arabs famous for their skill in archery. 449. Nec . . . non = nec non. Torno rasile; one epithet, like bona bello. 451. Undam; sc. Padi. A. & S. 232 (2). — 452. Missa Pado sped down the Po. Gr. 414. A. & S. 248. Cf. IV. 373.-453. The reference is to beehives made of bark and of hollow trees. Alveo. Gr. 669. II. A. & S. 306. I. - 455. Et even. Ille furentes, &c. As an illustration of the preceding statement he cites the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithae at the marriage of Pirithous and Hippodamia, caused by the excess in wine of the former. - 456. Centauros; a race inhabiting Mount Pelion, in Thessaly, represented as half men and half horses. Leto. Gr. 414. A. & S. 247. Rhoetum, Pholum, Hylaeum; individual Centauri.—457. Lapithis. The Lapithae were a savage race inhabiting the mountains of Thessaly : Pirithoüis was their king. Cratere keeps up the notion of a Bacchanalian fray. — 458. Norint. Gr. 234. 2. A. & S. 162. 7 (a). — 459. Agricolas. Gr. 381. A. & S. 238. 2. Ipsa. See on E. IV. 21, 23. Fundit. Gr. 519 and 2. A. & S. 259. — 460. Humo from her soil. Justissima; not because she repays labor, but because she gives man all he needs. —461. Foribus. Gr. 428. A. & S. 211, R. 6.462. Mane salutantum; alluding to the morning levees which were customarily held by the rich. Cf. Sall. Cat. XXVIII. and Cic. in Cat. I. 4. 10. Aedibus. Gr. 422 and 2. A. & S. 255, R. 3 (a) and (b). — 463. Varios variegated. Inhiant = (men) gaze at; or it may refer to the owner and over. Pulchra testudine with beautiful tortoise-shell. nect with varios. - 464. Illusas = couch-covers. Ephyreia aera; vessels made of Corinthian brass, which were of great value: Ephyra was the ancient name of Corinth. 465. Assyrio is here used loosely for Phoenician or Tyrian. -466. Casia is here not the Italian shrub of v. 213, but the bark of an eastern aromatic tree. Liquidi = puri. Usus olivi the oil in respect to its use, the service of the oil. - 467. At = yet. Fallere. Gr. 552. 3. A. & S. 270, R. 1.-468. Latis; opp. to the confinement of the city. Fundis. Gr. 422 and 1. A. & S. 254, R. 3. 469. Vivi = natural, fresh; opp. to artificial reservoirs, of which there were many at Rome. At is merely a repetition. Tempe; the famous vale in Thessaly, through which the river Peneus flowed, here put for valleys in general. - 471. Lustra ferarum; i. e. hunting. -473. Sancti patres; i. e. old age is revered. -474. Justitia. See on E. IV. 6. -475-489. While my first wish is that the Muses would reveal to me the whole system of nature's laws, my second, should that be denied, is to lead a country life my heart leaps up at the thought already.

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fancifully wrought.

gloat

Con

Vestes

475. Ante omnia may be taken either with primum or with dulces, but the former best brings out the sense of the whole passage, which is: Above all things I would be the poet of philosophy; if I cannot be that, I would be the poet of the country.-476. Sacra fero means either to carry the sacred symbols in procession, or to sacrifice as a priest. The latter is, perhaps, preferable here. — 477. Accipiant; i. e. may they receive my dedication of myself and assist me with their favors. Gr. 487. A. & S. 260, R. 6. Vias et sidera may be taken as a hendiadys for vias siderum. -478. Defectus and labores both refer to eclipses. Cf. A. I. 740; errantem lunam solisque labores. -479. Terris. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Tumescant. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. The commentators take this of the tides; but it seems to denote something more violent and irregular, such as the sudden rise of the sea in an earthquake. —481. Oceano ...tinguere. The ancients believed that the sun, when he set, descended into the ocean. Soles hiberni...tardis noctibus; i. e. why the days are so short and the nights so long in winter. — 483. Possim. Gr. 492; 499. I and 2. A. & S. 262 and R. 11. - 484. Frigidus... sanguis. It was the opinion of some of the ancient philosophers that the blood about the heart was the seat of thought, and as that was warm or cold the mental powers were vigorous or obtuse. -486. O, ubi campi=0 essem ubi sunt campi =O (that I were) where (are) the plains! Ubi and qui (v. 488) are relatives, not interrogatives. Campi Spercheusque may be taken as a hendiadys for Campi Sperchei. Cf. fagus stivaque, G. I. 173. - 487. Spercheus; a river of Thessaly. Bacchata = revelled on. Gr. 221. 2. A. & S. 162. 17 (a). Lacaenis Laconian, Spartan. – 488. Tay. geta (neu. plu., common Latin form Taygetus); a ridge of mountains in Laconia, terminating in the promontory Taenarum. O, qui= utinam sit, qui. Haemi. See on I. 492. —489. Sistat. Gr. 501. I. A. & S. 264. 6. — 491. Fatum; i. e. death, regarded as the fiat of nature. Acherontis; a river of the lower world, here put for the lower world itself. Gr. 705. III. A. & S. 324. 3. —494. Pana. See on E. IV. 58. Silvanum. See on I. 20. Nymphas. See on E. V. 75.-495. Populi fasces; i. e. the consulate at Rome. — 496. Flexit=movit. Fratres is generally taken to refer to one of the domestic contests for Eastern thrones, such as that in the family of the Arsacidae between Phraates and Tiridates. See Hor. C. I. 26, Introd. — 497. Conjurato ... Histro the conspiring Danube. Conjurato is applied to the Danube, by a change very common with the poets, to signify that other nations on the Danube joined the Dacians. Descendens; alluding to their position on the mountains. Dacus. See on Hor. C. I. 35. 9. —49.8. Res Romanae = the Roman state. -499. Habenti = diviti. - 502. Tabularia = ar

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chives. - 503–512. The pursuits of ambition and avarice. - 503. Freta maria. Caeca ignota. 504. Penetrant Cf. Hor. Ep. II. 78.505. Exscidiis.

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- regum. A. & S.

Gr. 414 and 4. 247 and 3. Penates = homes. - 506. Gemma; i. e. e gemma. Sarrano Tyrian; from Sarra, a name of Tyre. — 508. Hic; the aspirant to eloquence, who is struck dumb with admiration of the successful speaker, and the applause which greets him. Rostris. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and 1. Hunc; the aspirant (hiantem) to political greatness, who is caught and carried away (corripuit) by the applause in the theatre (per cuneos) which rewarded popular statesmen. 509. Enim quidem. 510. Gaudent; sc. alii. 511. Exsilio; i. e. the place of exile. Cf. A. III. 4. — 513. Dimovit. See on I. 49. -514. Labor; sc. est or venit. Parvosque Penates little homestead. The common reading is nepotes. 516. Quin... exuberet annus to the year's abounding. Gr. 498. A. & S. 262, R. 10 and N. 6. 2. - 519. Sicyonia bacca; i. e. the olive, for which Sicyon, a city near Corinth, was famous. 520. Glande. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and 1. Laeti = isfied. - 521. Ponit drops, yields. - 522. See on v. 377. — 524. Domus = = familia; here the wife. 525. Laeto= luxuriant. 527. Ipse; sc. agricola. Agitat⇒ celebrates. 528. Ignis; i. e. on the altar. Cratera. Gr. 93. I. A. & S. 80. Coronant; i. e. with a wreath of flowers. Cf. A. III. 525. The flagon containing the wine for a libation was encircled with a garland. 529. Lenaee. See on v. 4.530. Certamina ponit institutes contests. ulmo. The mark was set up in or scored on an elm. — 531. Nudant; sc. pecoris magistri. — 532. Sabini; one of the most ancient and powerful of the indigenous peoples of Central Italy, and one of the few who preserved their race unmixed. - 533. Remus; the twin brother of Romulus, the reputed founder of Rome. Etruria; the country of the Etrusci or Tusci, in Central Italy, called by the Greeks Tyrrhenia.-534. Scilicet. See on I. 282. -535. Una alone;

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i. e. though a single city. Arces montes, colles.—536. Dictaei regis; i. e. Jupiter, who was said to have been born on Mount Dicte in the island of Crete. - 538. Aureus... Saturnus. See on Ov. M. I. 113.539. Etiam connects necdum with ante, as the former etiam connects ante with what precedes. 541. Spatiisin its courses, circuits; i. e. in its extent. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. I. See on I. 513. Aequor. Comp. on v. 105 and I. 50.

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