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of coming as a fugitive. Profugus. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. Lavina Lavinia, which is the reading of many editions; an adj. from Lavinium, a town about three miles from the sea, on the Via Appia, said to have been founded by Aeneas, and named in honor of his wife Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus. Que even. The phrase Lavinaque litora is epexegetical (i. e. explanatory and restrictive) of Italiam. Cf. Saturniaque arva, v. 569. — 3. Ille is virtually pleonastic. Cf. v. 457, VI. 593. Grammatically it is in apposition with qui; rhetorically it appears to be here = quidem. Jactatus is naturally transferred from wanderings by sea to wanderings by land. In such passages as vv. 332, 668, we see the point of transition. 4. Vi superum expresses the general agency, like fato profugus, though Juno was his only personal enemy. Superum. Gr. 45. 5. 4). A. & S. 53. Memorem = ever-mindful, relentless. Ob iram. Cf. unius ob iram, v. 251.—5. Quoque and et are pleonastic, though the former is to be joined with multa, and the latter with bello. Et etiam. = Passus; constructed as a participle, like jactatus. Dum conderet = while he was endeavoring to found, in the struggle to found. Gr. 522. II. A. & S. 263. 4 (1). The clause belongs to multa bello passus, rather than to jactatus. Urbem; i. e. Lavinium. – 6. Deos = Penates, household gods. Latio. Gr. 379. 5. A. & S. 225. IV. R. 2. Unde may be taken either as qua ex re, or as a quo (sc. Aenea), as in V. 568; VI. 766. The latter seems more probable, the passage multum · Latio being only subsidiary or parenthetic. Genus Latinum, Albani patres, altae moenia Romae, denote the three ascending stages of the empire which sprang from Aeneas: Lavinium, Alba, and Rome. — 7. Albani patres; not our Alban ancestors, but the senate, or rather the noble houses of Alba, of which the Julii were one. Altae. Comp. G. I. 485. · 8-11. Why was it, Muse, that Juno so persecuted so pious a hero?-8. Memora. See on E. VII. 19. Quo numine laeso quomodo laeso ejus numine, how in consequence of an offence against her majesty? For this use of the pronoun quo, see on E. I. 54. Numine. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and I. Laeso. Gr. 580. A. & S. 274, R. 5 (a). The whole passage quo – impulerit is epexegetical of caussas. In vv. 19-28 Juno's resentment is referred to two causes: the destined triumph of Rome over Carthage, and the insults to which she had been exposed from the Trojan race. We may conceive, therefore, that quo numine laeso points to the former of these, and quid dolens to the latter. - 9. Quid. Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. 232 (2). Deum. See on superum, v. 4. Volvere. See on volvens, G. II. 295. The misfortunes are regarded as a destined circle which Aeneas goes through. The infin. with im pello is poetical for ut with subj. Cf. II. 55, 520. — 10. Insignem pietate. Cf. VI. 403. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and 1.

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includes the performance of all duties to gods, parents, kinsmen, friends, and country. — 11. Animis. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226. Irae; poetic plural for the singular, often used to give variety or vivacity to the expression, or because the singular does not suit the measure. -12. Antiqua; with reference to Virgil's own age. Fuit. Gr. 471. I. A. & S. 259 (2) (a). Cf. II. 325. Tyrii.... coloni settlers from Tyre. For the parenthetical construction, comp. v. 530. Quam may be supplied.-13. Contra = over against, opposite. Gr. 602. II. A. & S. 279. 10 (a) and (ƒ). Longe may be connected with contra ; i. e. far opposite, or made an adverbial adjunct of ostia longe distantia, far away. The latter is a Grecism, but may perhaps be supported by the use of super, III. 489. — 14. Opum includes all sources of power. Cf. II. 22. Gr. 89. 4; 399. A. & S. 83. II. 3, Ex.; 213. Studiis - belli and very eager in the pursuits of war, much given to the stern pursuits of war. Gr. 429. A. & S. 250. 1.-15. Terris. Gr. 417. A. & S. 256. 2. Magis... unam = far more; lit. alone more; i. e. alone in respect to the degree in which Juno cherished it. Unus is often used to strengthen the superl., as justissimus unus, II. 426, but seldom as here the compar. - 16. Coluisse; i. e, as dweller in the temple. Cf. v. 447. The gods were supposed to dwell particularly in those places which they took under their especial protection: hence coluisse to have cherished. Samo; an island in the Aegaean sea, separated from the coast of Ionia by a narrow strait, scarcely a mile in width, where Juno had a temple of great beauty. Observe the non-elision of the ō. Gr. 669. I. and 2. A. & S. 305. 1 and (2). Arma. Cf. II. 614. — 17. Hoc. Gr. 445. 4. A. & S. 206 (8). Regnum... gentibus: the capital of the nations; i. e. instead of Rome. Gentibus. Gr. 390 and 2. A. & S. 227 and R. 4. 18. Qua (sc. ratione) = in any way. Cf. VI. 882. Fata sinant. Cf. IV. 651; XI. 701. Jam tum; i. e. in that early age, long before it became the actual rival of Rome. See on G. II. 405. Tenditque fovetque=both strives and fondly cherishes the purpose. Tendit determines the construction, the infin. being the object of both verbs. Tendo is often followed by an infin., the subject being the same as the nominative to the verb, as in II. 220 and Hor. E. I. 10. 20. Foveo, on the other hand, takes an accusative. two constructions are here united, the sentence hoc - esse standing in the relation of an ordinary infin. to tendit, and of an accusative to fovet.-19. Sed enim = however, nevertheless. This expression, like the Greek aλλà yáp, is elliptical, something like the following, to which the enim refers, being necessary to complete the sense; sed (timebat, ut hoc efficere posset,) audierat enim. Cf. II. 164; V. 395; VI. 28. Duci. The pres. infin. denotes the event as existing in the designs of fate. Gr. 541 and 1. A. & S. 268. 2 and R. 1 (a). — 20.

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Tyrias. arces; i. e. Carthaginem a Tyriis conditam. Quae verteret to overturn. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264. 5. · 21. Hinc; i. e. ex hoc Trojano sanguine. Late. Gr. 583 and 1; 704. III. and 1. A. & S. 277, R. 1; 323. 3 and (1). Bello. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247 and I. Superbum = praestantem. — 22. Exscidio Libyae. Gr. 390. A. & S. 227. Libyae; i. e. Carthagini: the whole for a part, as Asiae for Trojae, III. 1. Volvere. The Parcae (see on E. IV. 47) are here said volvere, i. e. volvere vices = to make events roll on, or after each other, in the same manner as Jupiter is said to do, III. 376. — 23. Veteris and prima are applied to the Trojan war, as contrasted with this new antipathy of Juno to the Trojans, caused by her anxiety for Carthage, as the former had been caused by her love for Argos. Saturnia; Juno as the daughter of Saturnus. 24. Prima; adverbially. See on G. I. 12. Some make it=prius, olim; others, foremost, chief. Argis; the capital of Argolis, in the eastern part of the Peloponnesus, where Juno was worshipped with special honor. - 25. The words from necdum to honores are parenthetical. These caussae irarum are distinguished from the vetus bellum, in other words from the irae themselves, the bitterness displayed in or produced by the war. Virgil had already, v. 24, suggested one cause in her love for Argos; but though this supplies a parallel to her present feeling, it scarcely accounts for its existence; so he goes back to show that her old quarrel with Troy had other grounds. Etiam; with necdum. Dolores is the pang, put for the affront. It is only in the sense of the affront that it can properly be joined with exciderant animo (= had been forgotten). — 26. Alta mente = alte in mente. Repostum. Gr. 703. 2. A. & S. 322. 4. — 27. Judicium Paridis; which awarded the palm of beauty to Venus, in opposition to Juno and Minerva. Spretae — formae the wrong which consisted in despising her beauty; i. e. the unjust depreciation of her beauty. The phrase is explanatory of judicium, like Lavinaque litora, v. 2. - 28. Genus invisum the hated stock; referring to the birth of Dardanus, who was the son of Jupiter by Electra. Ganymedis; a son of Laomedon, or of Tros, according to some, who, on account of his youthful beauty, was forcibly carried off (rapti) by Jupiter's eagle from Mount Ida to heaven, and there made Jupiter's cup-bearer in place of Hebe, the daughter of Juno. Cf. V. 253 foll. and Hor. C. IV. 4. 4. 29. The construction is resumed after the parenthesis with some variation, his accensa super referring to the subject-matter of the parenthesis. Super insuper. Cf. II. 71. Jactatos...arcebat=jactabat et arcebat, or jactando arcebat. — 30. Troas. Gr. 98. A. & S. 85, Ex. 2. Reliquias Danaum = who had been left by the Greeks. The Greeks are called Danai from Danaus, one of their mythical ancestors. Achilli. Gr. 69, Ex. 5.

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A. & S. 73, R. — 31. Arcebat. Gr. 468. A. & S. 145. II. Multos... annos; i. e. seven. - 32. Acti fatis; inasmuch as their destiny forbids them to rest. Cf. fato profugus, v. 2. The meaning is not that the Trojans were harassed, driven hither and thither, by the Fates, but simply that they were impelled onward, or toward Latium, by the Fates; while at the same time they were driven backward, or from Latium, by Juno. The result was multos — circum. 33. Molis. Gr. 401. A. & S. 211, R. 8 (3). Condere. Gr. 549. A. & S. 269. 34. Virgil plunges at once in medias res. See Introduction to this Book. The departure from Sicily, which occurred in the seventh year of Aeneas's wanderings, closes his narrative, III. 715. In altum for the deep. —35. Dabant; sc. ventis. Laeti belongs to both verbs, but in construction is to be taken with dabant. Salis; for maris. Cf. v. 173; III. 385; V. 848, 866; VI. 697.—Aere; i. e. aerata navi. See on Hor. C. II. 16. 21. Ruebant: = were driving (before them). See on G. I. 105.—36. Sub pectore=deep in her breast. - 37. Haec secum (sc. loquitur) = thus soliloquizes. Me... desistere. Gr. 553. III. 1. 2 and 3. A. & S. 270, R. 2 (a). Victam = baffled. — 38. Teucrorum. See on Trojae, v. I. Avertere to turn back: not merely to turn away. Regem; Aeneas. — 39. Quippe always gives a reason, sometimes with irony, and here with indignation. Pallas; the Greek name of Minerva. See on G. I. 18. Most of the critics make ne = nonne, implying an affirmative answer; but Con. says: The use of ne, which implies a negative answer, expresses incredulity that Pallas should have done what Juno cannot. 40. Argivum; for Graecorum, as often. Ipsos; i.e. Argivos, the crews, as distinguished from the ships. - 41. Unius is emphatic of one only, Pallas being friendly to the rest of the Greeks; whereas Juno hated the whole Trojan race. Noxam; referring to the violent dragging of Cassandra from the temple of Minerva, where she had taken refuge after the capture of Troy. Cf. II. 403 foll.; VI. 840. Et-Oilei is epexegetical of Unius ab noxam. Furias expresses the infatuation which impels to crime. Ajacis; Ajax, king of the Locrians, called Oilei, son of Oileus, to distinguish him from Ajax, king of Salamis, son of Telamon. He went to the Trojan war with forty ships, and on his return voyage, when near the Capharean rocks on the coast of Euboea, the calamity which is here described is said to have occurred. Oilei. Gr. 397. I (1). A. & S. 211, R. 7 (1). — 44. Flammas; i. e. of the thunderbolt that had pierced his breast. — 45. Turbine = with the whirling wind, or whirling force, of the thunderbolt. Scopulo- acuto and impaled (him) upon a sharp-pointed rock. This is the usual interpretation. But Henry maintains, that infigere never means to fix on, but always to fix in or to fix with, i. e. pierce with, that scopulo is an abl., and that the sense is, pierced with a sharp

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pointed rock; i. e. hurled at him. The construction infigere aliquem alicui, to impale a person upon a thing, is at least unusual, if not unexampled. 46. Regina. Gr. 362. A. & S. 210 and (a). —47. Soror. Jupiter and Juno were children of Saturnus. Annos. Gr. 378. A. & S. 236. 48. Bella; a continuous struggle, in contrast with the single blow of Pallas. Gero. Gr. 467. 2. A. & S. 145. I. 2. Quisquam. Gr. 457. A. & S. 207, R. 31 (a). Quisquam suggests a negative answer; and the indic. presents, coupled as they are by et with bella gero, express wonder and astonishment that under the circumstances homage is actually paid to her: I am proving my imbecility, and yet I have worshippers! -49. Praeterea then will express, not so much sequence in time as a logical relation, after this. -51. Loca. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204. Austris. Gr. 419. III. A. & S. 250. 2 (1). — 52. Aeoliam; one of the Lipari islands, which were north of Sicily; probably Lipara. Gr. 379. 4. A. & S. 237, R. 5 (c). - 52. Aeolus. See on Ov. 54. Premit rules, coerces. 55. Indignantes Gr. 414 Cf. v. 245.

M. I. 262. impatient. Murmure. and 3. A. & S. 247 and 2. Montis; with murmure.

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-56. Claustra = fastenings, barriers. Arce in his citadel; neither the summit of the mountain containing the prison of the winds, nor an elevated throne in the prison, but, according to the most common use of the word, stronghold, castle, citadel, i. e. in the immediate vicinity of the mountain and prison; the natural dwelling of a despotic governor. — 57. Sceptra tenens; i. e. invested with regal power, not necessarily holding a literal sceptre, though that may be the meaning. For the plural see on irae, v. II. Animos unruly spirits.-58. Ni faciat . . . ferant. . . verrant. 599; VI. 293. Gr. 504 and 1. A. & S. 261. 2 and R. 3. profundum. Cf. E. IV. 51. -59. Quippe = for. would precede ni faciat, and should be translated as if it stood in that position. — 60. Speluncis. Gr. 422. A. & S. 254, R. 3. Abdidit = put (them) away; i. e. apart, by themselves; not hid, concealed. 61. Molem et montes; hendiadys for molem montium. Gr. 704. II. 2. A. & S. 323. 2 (3). Insuper above; not, besides. –62. Foedere=lege. -63. Premere... habenas to tighten the reins. Cf. A. XI. 600, pressis habenis. The object of premere may be ventos understood. Laxas... dare to slacken (them). Jussus when ordered; i. e. a Jove. Join with premere as well as with dare.-66. Mulcere... tollere. Gr. 371. 5. A. & S. 229, R. 5. Vento; with mulcere as well as with tollere. 67. Tyrrhenum .. aequor, that part of the Mediterranean sea, situated between Italy and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. 232 (2). 68. Ilium. See on Trojae, v. 1. 324. 2. Victos; because they had not been

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Gr. 371. 3. A. & S. Gr. 705, II. A. & S. able to protect Troy.

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