700 Saepius occurrens, haec limina tendere adegit. Inscius Aeneas; quae sint ea flumina porro, Has equidem memorare tibi, atque ostendere coram, 710 715 720 O pater! anne aliquas ad coelum hinc ire putandum est 697. Sale = mari. Tyrrhenum (from the Tyrrheni, a Pelasgian race, whom the early Greeks considered as the inhabitants of all the west coast of Italy, afterwards confined to Etruria, north of the Tiber) was also called Etruscum, and Inferum mare.-698. Amplexu, for amplexui, the dative. See Ecl. 5, 29.-702. See A. 2, 794. 704. Silvis seems to give the cause of the rustling sound. The bushes were so plentiful, that as in woods, the wind sighed audibly through them. See A. 3, 442; 12, 522.-705. Lethaeum. See verse 295.706. In a gens there may be many populi.-709. Murmure, with the buzz of the shades.-711. Rogans (involved in requirit) porro quae. Or porro may refer to the extended course of the river.-714. Ad undam refers to their position on the bank of the river.-715. Securos, a well-known figure for securos reddentes. Latices. See A. 1, 686.717. Jampridem cupio influences both verses, and the repetition, hanc, is equivalent to et.-719. Coelum means simply the upper world. Ire sublimes, ascendere. 725 'Principio, coelum, ac terras, camposque liquentes, 730 Seminibus; quantum non noxia corpora tardant, auras Dispiciunt, clausae tenebris, et carcere caeco. 735 Non tamen omne malum miseris, nec funditus omnes Corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est 740 745 724, &c. See verse 679. The spiritus, principle of life (4x), and mens of intelligence (vous), together constituting the anima mundi, are the source of life and activity.-725. Titania astra, the sun and other heavenly bodies. See A. 4, 119.-728. Inde, &c. From the spiritus and mens proceed the principles of life and activity of animals; 730. Ollis (see A. 1, 254) seminibus, referring to these principles.731. These principles manifest their heavenly source, so far as they are not impeded by corporeal bodies injuring their efficacy (noxia).— 733. Hinc, from their connection with body. Neque dispiciunt, their clear view is impeded, because clausae in the prison-house of the body. 734. Clausae animae.-735. Even after death, the soul is not wholly freed from the base passions which the contact of earthly bodies produces.-739. As in the rites of purification preparatory to admission into the sacred mysteries, so souls are represented as undergoing various modes of purification by air, water, and fire.-743, &c. These words, Quisque suos patimur Manes, constitute what commentators call a locus vexatissimus. Eight different interpretations, in some cases, indeed, partly reconcilable, have been proposed by more than as many critics : 1. Manes is put for the 'penalties,' the punishments themselves, 'we suffer our respective punishments,' which is the vulgar; and that Concretam exemit labem, purumque relinquit 750 755 'Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur Gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, to which all the others more or less approximate. Compare Auson. Ephem. 57: Si poenitet altaque sensus Formido excruciat tormentaque sera gehennae 2. We suffer (are tormented by) demons peculiar to us,' as pati Furias, &c.-LA CERDA and RUAEUS. 3. Patimur suos quisque manes-that is, suos quisque inferos, suum, dny, ubi castigati vexatique purgemur-that is, we suffer each in a hell of his own.'-BAUER. 4. We suffer when in the state and condition of Manes (that is, quoad Manes).-HEYNE, THIEL, and JAHN. 5. We all atone for the degree of guilt in which our Manes may be at the moment of death." 6 6. Each suffers his atonement in some peculiar way.'-MUENSHER. 7. We severally undergo such punishments (there being three kinds) as are best suited to the impure nature of our Manes, stained with a greater or less degree of guilt.'-FORBIGER. This interpretation blends the ideas presented by the preceding two. 8. We atone for the guilt of our respective Manes.'-WAGNER. Manes suos pati being equivalent to se pati, which means, delictorum suorum poenas pati. 6 Wagner, an acute and accurate scholar, not content with previous derivations, ventures one of his own. The word Manes,' says he, "is connected with μów, μivos, μivw, Manes, and is cognate with mens, the feeling, "the conscience of a human being;" and he thus interprets, accordingly, the present passage: suam quisque in sinu ferimus felicitatem ante factorum et pietatis justam mercedem.'-747. Auraï. See A. 3, 354.-748. Has omnes, as contrasted with pauci, &c., seems to mean that a few, among whom was Anchises, are permitted to remain in the enjoyment (tenere) of Elysium, from which the rest ascend. Rotam volvere, to roll round the wheel of time.'-752. Dixerat. See A. 2, 621.-753. Sonantem. See verse 709. 756. A passage admirably conceived to gratify the Romans, and especially Augustus. Deinde, post te. 'Ille, vides, pura juvenis qui nititur hasta, 760 765 770 [Laude pudicitiae celebres, addentque superbos] 775 760. Virgil, following the traditions that ascribe the race of Alban kings to the descendants of Aeneas by Lavinia (see p. 61, line 6), enumerates a few of them. Ille. See verse 326. Vides, parenthetic. Pura hasta, a spear without the iron head-either a reward for prowess in war, or simply a sceptre.-761. The ordinary construction would require luci.-763. Silvius, a child of Aeneas by Lavinia, and born in the woods (silvae)-Aeneas having first died, an old man-was to be the first of the race of shades that was to ascend to the upper world, and to reign in Alba, his name being common to all the subsequent kings of Alba (Albanum nomen), Liv. I, 3.-766. For the construction Longa Alba, the adjective in prose being accompanied with the preposition in, see Zumpt, § 399. Unless, indeed, it mean, from Alba Longa.767. Reckoning Ascanius as the first king of Alba Longa (A. 1, 271), and following the order of Livy, Procas is the thirteenth, Capys the seventh, Numitor (grandfather of Romulus) the fourteenth, and Aeneas the third. Proximus, then, means simply, 'standing next Silvius.'768. Numitor has the last syllable long by the arsis.-770. Si, &c. According to Servius, he with difficulty escaped the treacherous designs of his guardian. Regnandam. See A. 3, 14.-772. The corona civilis (or, more commonly, civica) of oak-leaves was given to one who had saved the life of a citizen.-773. Of these towns, which Virgil represents as colonised from Alba, Nomentum and Fidenae (Virgil uses the rarer singular form) were, in after-times, in the territories of the Sabines, the rest in Latium in its widest sense.-775. This verse is said to be an interpolation by Fabricius Lampugnanus, a native of Milan. 776. Pometios, Suessa Pometia. Inui, identified with the Greek Pan.-778. Romulus, son of Mavors, Mars (Mavortius), is associated Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater 780 785 790 795 800 with Numitor, father of his mother Ilia.-779. Assaraci. See verse 648.780. Viden'. See A. 3, 319.-785. Rome, with its numerous heroes, is compared to Cybele (Berecyntia, from Berecyntos, a mountain in Phrygia, where she was worshipped), who is identified here with Rhea or Terra, the mother of the gods. Cybele is generally represented as crowned with towers (turrita).-790. Julius Caesar. Iuli. See A. 1, 267.-792. A flattering compliment to Octavianus Caesar, who received the cognomen of Augustus, 27 B. C., eight years before Virgil's death.-793. Genus. See A. 4, 12.-795. Saturno. See 4. 8, 319, &c. Garamantas. See Ecl. 8, 44. Indos. These words are not to be construed in their strict meaning. Here Indos probably alludes generally to Eastern nations, as the Parthians.-796. Virgil, by a strong exaggeration, extends the Roman arms, under Augustus, beyond the northern hemisphere (extra sidera), and south of the zodiac (extra anni, &c.).—797. Atlas. See A. 1, 741; 4, 247.--798. See 4. 4, 482. 799. Virgil represents as even then trembling at the prospect of the advent of Augustus, the inhabitants of the shores of the Caspian Sea the Hyrcanians and Bactrians; the inhabitants of the shores of the Palus Maeotis, the Sea of Azov-the Scythians; and the Egyptians on the banks of the Nile with its seven mouths.-801. Observe turbant, used intransitively. See A. 5, 234.-802. Virgil prefers the |