religion was really very much upon a par with that of those around him, and that his temper defied contradiction. Had a refusal, therefore, come from Rome, to assist at the imperial coronation, not only present advantages might have been lost to the church, and future hopes foreclosed, but even the very existence of the papacy might have been abruptly terminated. Thus the pope's journey to Paris, though deeply humiliating to him personally, in spite of the gay gilding scattered so profusely upon it, and embarrassing besides to all under papal prejudices out of France, might fairly be considered, in a choice of evils, as the less. § 5. Pius, however, had among his objects in view, in gratifying Napoleon, some of a character merely temporal, and his very flattering reception at the French court inspired him with hopes of succeeding in them. As a sovereign prince, he could never cease to regret that three legations in Romagna, ceded by the treaty of Tolentino, remained in the power of France. Nor did he despair, from the sacrifices that he had made, and the cordial manner in which they were received at Paris, of recovering from imperial generosity at least this portion of the papal territories. Some of his more discerning statesmen entertained no such opinion. They remarked, in all the professions and civilities by which he had recently been greeted, a studious abstinence from every thing that bore upon mere politics. The French court was most anxious to treat the pope with profound respect, and to meet his wishes upon spiritual affairs: upon temporal, it seemed unwilling to enter. Pius was not, however, convinced by this ominous silence, that his eagerness to rule where former popes had ruled must prove unavailing. Shortly after his return to Rome, he despatched, accordingly, a memorial to Paris, particularizing the losses undergone by the papal see, and admonishing the emperor to emulate the glory of Charlemagne, and restore the severed territories. He received a very civil answer, expressing earnest wishes for the extension of his religious authority, and even intimating a desire to confer temporal advantages upon him, if any opportunity of doing so should arise; but treating actual arrangements as irrevocable, and any diminution of the kingdom of Italy as wholly out of the question. In Cus ince "cy, we pope wei even temwn, and atteriy Best of AIK KEPI04 0 Tat mis I nem Bet will grat FOUTISET, LEVng at Jome kom dedele o my arty wower nur is wising Lake my teamon of var gunst maces mlet v Zanes vefter misi ritestant. Scra anguage we ngur densive at Pars in French rops #10 mei de vale anair, Diing sva Rome reif nier i seg. Pus ww zuket if retiring tie mete if * £rgio, mi of varing here with #ronge jarei. E v 10 er prmarcon fr resistas inti nen annon soud breaches. He was be ritaning presei va ta inanis, amounting to a eva3lete mirrender of us zyne isi saragi prive: ani remainng werfast in ussa. 3 me was ecuriei, ca the foi f Fenrary, 1909, by a are wait of French moves. Win a few taya afervaris, the papai e urt vas cĒcaly informed Mas sila sempasca vodi racaue mai às bizess jaized tre enigeme in a league ofensive and befensive. Such junctia seing pled, the goverment of Bone was regularly assumed by f race on the 2nd of April and the pope was excfined as a privoner in the primal palace. He stil remained wholly dued exiting a picture of virtuous resignation that wi do him immortal hecocr. Napoleon's great successes, however, were proof against any warning from this resistance. On the 17th of May, 1909, he issued a decree formally annexing Rome to the French empire, and declaring it a free city. This conclusive aggression extorted from the pope a bull of excommunication against Napoleon, and all concerned in his own dethronement, but carefully restricting his thunder to spirituals; an improvement upon such bulls as issued by former popes, and pretending to depose obnoxious princes. that shows a wiser and a better spirit in modern times". Still there was enough in this fulmination to awake uneasiness. It evidently had some weight upon the public mind in Rome, and might create embarrassments elsewhere. Hence Miollis, the French commander in that city, seeing any recal of the bull utterly hopeless, became anxious for the pope's removal. In concert, accordingly, with Murat, at Naples, he gave the necessary orders to general Radet, on the 4th of July, 1809. A strong battalion arriving the next day from Naples, the Quirinal was surrounded at ten on that very night, by three regiments. Thirty men silently scaled the garden walls, and posted themselves under the palace windows; fifty more entered the house itself through the window of an uninhabited room, and the gates being thrown open, Radet entered at the head of his troops. These various movements, however, consumed the night, and it was not until six o'clock in the following morning that the pope, awakened by strokes of hatchets forcing the interior doors, became sensible of his situation. He prepared for instant death. Calling for the ring, a present from queen Clotilda, worn by his predecessor when dying, he turned his eyes upon it with a mild serenity of expression, and ordered the doors to be thrown open, to prevent farther violence. Radet immediately entered, and found him surrounded by a few prelates, all evidently prepared for the worst, and certain to meet it like christians. By such a spectacle, the revolutionary soldier was almost unnerved. With countenance and voice betraying deep emotion, he told the aged pontiff, that his own painful duty was to require of him the renunciation of all his sovereign rights, or in case of refusal, to conduct him to general Miollis, who would give directions for his ultimate destination. With the utmost calmness, Pius firmly refused to make the desired renunciation, and after a few hasty preparations, he was placed in a carriage, by the side of his able minister, cardinal Pacca, and escorted out of Rome. by a powerful body of French cavalry. At Florence, the two were separated, and Pacca was sent to Grenoble by another way. From that place, an especial order of Napoleon's trans * Coote, 321. obtained papal authority for their revival in Russia, in 1801, and in 1804 they were revived in Sicily, at the suit of king Ferdinand; a patronage but moderately flattering in either case. These concessions the pope, by a bull issued in August, 1814, extended to his own states, and to all others. He authorized, accordingly, Thaddeus Borrozowski, general of the order, to re-unite its members into one community, for the purpose of employing themselves in education, and in clerical duties. The publication of this bull was followed by an act, ordaining the restitution of the funds which formed a patrimony for the Jesuits, and compensation for such of their property as had been confiscated'. The reasons assigned for a measure so decisive as the restoration of an order which had been generally obnoxious, in Romish countries even, but a few years before, were solicitations from persons of every class', and the obvious duty of employing a body so "vigorous and experienced to row the bark of St. Peter, tossed by continual storms 3." This metaphorical language has been interpreted as meant for protestantism; which unquestionably was the original mark that Jesuits aimed at. The papal party, however, interprets it as meant for infidelity'. Nor is this view unreasonable. England, a protestant state, had been mainly instrumental in the pope's restoration, and of dangers from her creed he had long possessed very little leisure to think. But he had seen a great deal of the dangers caused by infidelity. He therefore naturally thought most of the evils from that quarter, and reasoned that they were more likely to be diminished by the combined efforts of a combination admirably organized and skilfully directed, like the Jesuitic order, than by the desultory move Hist. of the Jesuits, i. 10. Hist. of the Jesuits, i. 10. "The order of the Jesuits," says Villers, "the most important of all the orders, was placed in opposition to the Reformation, and it acquired a preponderance proportioned to the enormous mass which it was intended to counterbalance. It is with reference to the same great object of opposing the Reformation, that the present pope " 66 (1816) has declared that he should deem himself guilty of a great crime towards God, if, amidst the dangers of the christian republic, in other words, of the cause of popery, he should neglect to employ the aids which the special Procidence of God had put in his power.” Ibid. ii. 396. "It is in vain that the advocates of his holiness will contend that he desired the aid of the Jesuits against infidelity; for where is the danger to be apprehended from infidelity now?” Ibid. |