56 arce] The arx or citadel of the tyrant is somewhere on the neighbouring heights.

57 sceptra] A poetical plural. It denotes not a particular sceptre, but the sceptre as a symbol of sovereignty.

58 ni faciat. ferant] If he were not doing this, they would be whirling,' etc. This is more graphic than ni faceret. ferrent, 'If he did not, they would,' etc. Cf. vi. 92, ni admoneat-irruat. Notice that faciat is here a symbolic word like the English 'do.' See Earle, Philology of the English Tongue, p. 208.

59 quippe gives the reason for their incarceration, but its position in the sentence makes it almost parenthetical.

rapidi] 'In their wild career.'

61 molem et montes] A hendiadys; the principle is the same as that of the explanatory 'et' in l. 41, etc.

insuper goes with imposuit; cf. iii. 579, ingentem insuper Actnam inpositam.

62 foedere] Foedus, from root fid, means a convention, hence a constitution, a charter, a law. Cf. Geor. i. 60, Continuo has leges aeternaque foedera certis imposuit natura locis.

63 premere] Cf. pressis habenis, xi. 600.

laxas dare laxare. Cf. iii. 69, placataque venti dant maria; ix. 323, haec ego vasta dabo; xii. 437, defensum dabit. Do in Latin represents both didwμ and Ti0nu in Greek, as is seen in the meanings of many of its compounds, condo, abdo, etc.

iussus] At his sovereign's bidding.

[65-80. Juno prefers her request: Aeolus freely grants it.]

65 namque] 'Since.' In poetry the reason is often put before the principal sentence (here incute vim).

divom pater atque hominum rex] From Ennius. Hence the unusual monosyllabic ending.

66 mulcere dedit] The infinitive, as direct object, is common in poetry. with dare, as in iii. 77, v. 572, vi. 697; and even in Cicero, Tusc. i. 26, we find, ut Iovi bibere ministraret, and Livy xl. 47, ut bibere sibi juberet dari. See on l. 319.

66 vento] To be taken both with mulcere and tollere. Cf. iii. 69, placataque venti dant maria; v. 763, placidi straverunt aequora venti ; and Hor. Od. i. 3. 16, Quo non arbiter Hadriae maior, tollere seu ponere vult freta. The powers of nature are regarded as personal agents, able not only to produce, but to prevent or counteract natural phenomena. See Sophocles, Ajax, l. 674, Jebb's notes.

67 navigat aequor] Cf. currimus aequor, iii. 192; see on l. 524.

69 incute vim ventis] 'Wing the winds with fury.' Cf. dictis Romanis incutit iram, Ennius.

submersas obrue = submerge et obrue.

72 Deiopea] Attracted to the care of relative.

73 conubio] The quantity of this word is a vexata quaestio. C., with most modern scholars, scans conubio, the two last syllables coalescing. But Mr. Munro, on Lucret. iii. 776, arguing from the fact that the word in the sing., or dat. and abl. plur., is always found with the u in thesis, and that V. in Aen. iv. 167 prefers conscius aether conubiis to conubii, pronounces in favour of conubium. Innŭbus and pronuba show that the root nub, to cover, was originally short.

77 capessere] 'To catch at,' so, 'to undertake with zeal.' An inchoative from capio, formed by the suffix s, like a Greek future.

Cf. Milton, P. L. x. 68—

'Thine is to decree :

Mine, both in heaven and earth, to do Thy will.'

78 quodcumque hoc regni] 'This realm, if realm it may be called.' Cf. Lucret. ii. 15, hoc aevi quodcumque est, this poor life of ours.'

sceptra Iovemque concilias] 'You win for me my sway and Jove,' i.e. Jove's favour. Conciliare aliquem is to gain over as a friend, conciliare aliquid to win, to procure. When the effect of an action which occurred in past time lasts to the present time, the present is often used.

[81-123. The storm. Aeneas bewails his fate. The fleet is scattered; three ships are wrecked, one swamped.]

81 cavam, etc.] 'He struck the hollow mountain on its side with the point of his lance.' Conversa cuspide, with his lance turned, or turned towards it,' may mean 'with the butt-end.' He thus opens the doors of dungeons which open inwards. For in latus, cf. l. 114, unam—in puppim ferit.

82 velut agmine facto] 'Like a serried host.'

84 incubuere] Perfect of instantaneous action, often joined with present. Cf. Geor. i. 330, Terra tremit, fugere ferae; xii. 283, diripuere aras ; xii. 718, cessere magistri, stat pecus.

85 ruunt eruunt. Cf. Lucret. vi. 727, Quom mare permotum ventis ruit intus arenam. Milton, P. R. iv. 413, has imitated this description of a tempest as caused by the conflict of all the winds :

'Nor slept the winds

Within their stony caves, but rushed abroad
From the four hinges of the world, and fell

On the vexed wilderness.'

Cf. Hom. Od. v. 292 :

See also ii. 418.

πάσας δ' ορόθυνεν ἀέλλας παντοίων ἀνέμων.

90 intonuere poli] Either tropic now 'gan thunder, and both ends of heaven,' Milton, .c.

92 solvontur frigore] Cf. Byron, 'Along my bones the creeping flesh did quake.' From root fric, to shudder, comes frigus, hence French 'effrayer,' and possibly English 'fright.'

94 refert] Gives forth,' 'exclaims;' cf. v. 407, referebat pectore. Generally refero means to reply or to relate.

From Od. v. 306, τρισμάκαρες Δαναοὶ καὶ τετράκις, οἵ τότ ̓ ὅλοντο Τροίῃ ἐν εὐρείῃ.

96 oppetere] Common in poetry for the prose oppetere mortem.

97 Tydide] Diomedes, the son of Tydeus, the bravest of the Greeks (Il. vi. 98), would have slain Aeneas had he not been saved by Aphrodite (Il. v. 239).

98 non potuisse] See on l. 27.

99 Aeacidae] Achilles, grandson of Aeacus. ried by his comrades to Lycia, but iacet

Sarpedon's body was carstratus est need not be pressed. 100 sub undis] In the parallel passage, viii. 538, we have sub undas

. . . volves. The difference of case is accounted for by the difference of time. Here the corpses are beneath the waves, there they will be carried

beneath.

102 iactanti] A dativus ethicus, or dative of the person interested in a statement; cf. ii. 713, est urbe egressis tumulus; iacto, properly to fling about, as iactare convicia; then, as here, and ii. 768, to utter wild complaints, to rave; also, as x. 322, voces dum iactat inertis, of boasts. stridens aquilone procella] 'A squall north' lit. howling with the north wind.'

103 adversa ferit] 'Strikes full.'

came howling from the

104 prora avertit] 'The prow swings round.' There is a v. 1. proram, but what is then the nom. to dat? For intrans. use of averto cf. l. 402.

105 cumulo praeruptus aquae mons] 'A towering breaker mountainhigh.' Cumulo, 'in a heap :' abl. of accompaniment, cf. ii. 498, amnis fertur in arva furens cumulo.

aquae mons] The monosyllabic ending expresses the crash of the towering breaker. Elsewhere, as l. 65, xii. 552, it is an imitation of an older poet.

107 furit aestus harenis] 'The sand is mingled with the yeast of waves.' 109 aras] Generally identified with the Aegimori Insulæ, lying about thirty miles north of Carthage.

110 dorsum] A reef.' Mari summo, 'on the surface,' does not contradict latentia, l. 108. The reef would be hidden in a storm, but visible in a calm.

III in brevia et syrtis] 'On to the shoals and quicksands.' It is hard to say whether V. means the famous Syrtis (maior et minor) on the coast of Africa.

114 ipsius] Like the Greek autós, of the chief himself.

ingens a vertice pontus] 'A huge sea down-crashing;' cf. Od. v. 313, ἔλασε μέγα κῦμα κατ' ἄκρης δεινὸν ἐπεσσύμενον.

116 in caput] 'Headlong.'

118 rari] Notice gender: instead of the men, the idea uppermost in the poet's mind, are substituted the arms, etc. Rari, the antithesis to vasto.

119 arma] Such as wicker shields and leather helmets, which would float.

tabulae] The loose boards, such as the rowers' benches.

gaza] A Persian word.

123 imbrem] Used for water generally, whether fresh or salt.

[124-156. Neptune calms the storm.]

126 stagna refusa] 'That the still water of the deep was upheaved,' 'the fountains of the great deep broken up.'

alto prospiciens] Ablat. 'looking forth from the main ;' cf. vi. 357, prospexi Italiam summa sublimis ab unda; xii. 136, prospiciens tumulo. 127 placidum] 'Majestic ;' conscious of his power over the storm, and therefore undismayed.

129 caeli ruina] 'The crashing firmament.' Cf. Geor. i. 324, ruit arduus aether.

131 dehinc] A monosyllable by synaeresis.

132 generis vestri] According to Hesiod the winds were sprung from Aurora and Astræus, one of the Titans.

133 Iam] Even.'

134 moles] 'Mountains of waters;' cf. Sil. It. xiv. 123, molem maris. 135 quos ego] An aposiopesis. The look or tone is more forcible than any words could be. Cf. ii. 100, v. 195, and Ter. Andr. i. I. 137, quem quidem ego si senserim, sed quid opus est verbis. There is a famous picture by Rubens in the Dresden Gallery, of Neptune stilling the waves, with this title.

136 post] Another time.'

138 saevum] 'Dread,' as the symbol of office.

139 sorte] Cf. Hom. Il. xv. 190, ἤτοι ἐγὼν ἔλαχον πολιὴν ἅλα ναίεμεν αἰεὶ παλλομένων.

'Neptune, beside the sway

Of every salt flood and each ebbing stream,
Took in by lot 'twixt high and nether Jove,

Imperial rule of all the sea-girt isles.'-MILTON, Comus 18.

140 vestras, Eure, domos] Eurus is the representative of all the winds; cf. ix. 525, Vos, O Calliope, precor, aspirate canenti.

141 clauso ventorum carcere marks the condition or limitation of his rule. 142 dicto citius] 'Ere he had ended.' Cf. ll. xix. 242, aútíк' ĚTELŮ’ ἅμα μῦθος ἔην, τετέλεστο δὲ ἔργον.

144 Cymothoe] One of the Oceanides. The name is from κûμa and Oéw. Simul-et—simul—simul; cf. v. 298.

146 aperit] Makes a way through.' See l. 112.

33

147] The movement of the verse gives the rapid gliding of the car. 148] This simile is remarkable as an illustration of Nature from man, the reverse of which is the general rule in V., as in Homer,' C. The simile, unlike most of V.'s, is original and drawn from the life, though Homer has supplied the hint, /l. ii. 143, κινήθη δ' ἀγορὴ ὡς κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης.

magno in populo] 'In a crowd.' The adjective has a predicative force. cum saepe = =quotiens, of which tum (l. 151) is the correlative.

150]

'Rage prompted them at length, and found them arms.'-MILTON, P.L. vi. 635. 151 pietate gravem et meritis] 'Revered for worth and deeds'-a Duke of Wellington, such as Tennyson has drawn him.

virum quem] Not a true instance of monosyllabic ending, quem being enclitic.

152 adstant] 'Stand to listen.'

155 genitor] Of Neptune, as v. 817, aperto, as Geor. i. 393, aperta

serena.

156 curru secundo] 'To his speeding team.' For currus = horses cf. Geor. i. 514, neque audit currus habenas; xii. 287, infrenant alii currus. Secundus, 'following,' so moving without impediment.

[157-179. The Trojans find a safe harbour and prepare a meal.] 157 Aeneadae] The leader is regarded as the father of the race. cursu=cursim, has almost passed into an adverb; cf. ii. 321, and Livy ix. 13, Strictis gladiis cursu in hostem feruntur.

159 secessu longo] 'A deep inlet.'

insula, etc.] Cf. Livy's description of the harbour of Carthage, xxiv. 42. 8: Huius in ostio sinus parva insula obiecta ab alto portum ab omnibus ventis praeterquam Africo tutum facit.

ab alto] As it comes from the deep.'

161 inque sinus] 'And parting fills the quiet creeks,' repeated from Geor. iv. 420. Cf. Tennyson's Eleanore

'Waves that up a quiet cove

Rolling slide

Or sometimes they swell and move,
Pressing up against the land,

With motions of the outer sea.'

162 rupes] The wall of rock, scopuli (σkóweλos, a specular mount'), 'projecting crags.' Cf. Caesar, B. G. ii. 29: Oppidum ex omnibus in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes habebat. Gemini, 'twin;' cf. iv. 894, sunt geminae somni portae.

minantur in caelum] 'Loom skyward;' the original sense of the word is seen in the compound eminere.

164 scena is used in three senses: (1) The stage itself; (2) the background or wall which closed the scene behind; (3) the side-scenes, which