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Cùm fremit ilicibus quantus, gaudetque nivali
Vertice, se attollens pater Apenninus ad auras.

Jam verò et Rutuli certatim, et Troës, et omnes
Convertêre oculos Itali; quique alta tenebant
Mœnia, quique imos pulsabant ariete muros;
Armaque deposuêre humeris. Stupet ipse Latinus,
Ingentes genitos diversis partibus orbis
Inter se coiïsse viros, et cernere ferro.
Atque illi, ut vacuo patuerunt æquore campi,
Procursu rapido, conjectis eminus hastis,
Invadunt Martem clypeis atque ære sonoro.
Dat gemitum tellus: tum crebros ensibus ictus
Congeminant: fors et virtus miscentur in unum.
Ac velut, ingenti Silâ, summove Taburno,
Cùm duo conversis inimica in prælia tauri
Frontibus incurrunt; pavidi cessêre magistri;

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719. Quis taurus

720

721. Cornua inter se

Stat pecus omne metu mutum; mussantque juvencæ,
Quis pecori imperitet; quem tota armenta sequantur :
Illi inter sese multâ vi vulnera miscent,
Cornuaque obnixi infigunt, et sanguine largo
Colla armosque lavant: gemitu nemus omne remugit.
Haud aliter Tros Æneas et Daunius heros
Concurrunt clypeis: ingens fragor æthera complet.
Jupiter ipse duas æquato examine lances
Sustinet, et fata imponit diversa duorum;
Quem damnet labor, et quo vergat pondere letum.

NOTES.

projecting into the Egean sea. It is said to be sixty miles in length, and so high that it overshadows the island of Lemnos. Hodie, Monte Santo. It is so called from the number of monasteries upon it. Eryx: a mountain in Sicily, next in height to Etna, so called from a king of that name who was slain by Hercules. It is situated near the western side of the island. Hodie, Monte Giuliano.

703. Pater Apenninus: mount Apennine is here called pater, either as being the parent of so many noble rivers and woods; or by way of dignity, as being the greatest mountain in Italy. The Apennines are properly a range of mountains running the whole length of Italy, and dividing it nearly in the middle.

704. Certatim: eagerly.

708. Ingentes viros: that two mighty heroes born in, &c.

709. Cousse in the sense of congredi. Cernere in the sense of pugnare, vel decer

nere.

710. Campi: the ground-the space cleared for the combatants.

712. Invadunt Martem: in the sense of incipiunt pugnam.

714. Congeminant: they repeat-redouble. In unum: into one-together.

715. Sila: a vast forest, or tract of hills, covered with wood, that formed part of the

725

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Apennine mountains in Calabria. Taburno: this was a mountain in the confines of Campania, which blocks up the famous straits of Caudi or Caudium. Here the Roman army was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and to pass under the yoke.

717. Magistri: in the sense of pastores. Cessêre: in the sense of fugerunt.

718. Mussant: Heyne says, tacitè expectant. Ruæus says, timidè, et quasi tacitè mugiunt.

721. Largo: in the sense of multo. 722. Lavant: Ruæus says, tingunt. 723. Daunius heros: Turnus. He was the son of Daunus and Venilia.

725. Equato examine: equal poise or balance. Examen is the tongue, or needle of the balance, which, being exactly in equilibrio, shows the scales to be equal.

The

727. Quem labor damnet: whom the combat should devote or doom to death. fates, or destiny, were not at the disposal of Jove. He could only examine into futurity. He puts (imponit) the fates of the combatants into the scales of the balance, to see which end of the beam would rise. Servius, and some others, take the words in the sense of quem felix labor damnet votis: whom the combat shall c'oom to pay his vows-who shall be the successful combatant. But it is easier to consider the expression as referring to one and the same person: whom the

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Emicat hic, impunè putans, et corpore toto

729. Putans futurum Altè sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem, impunè sibi, Turnus hic Et ferit. Exclamant Troës, trepidique Latini,

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730

Arrectæque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis Frangitur, in medioque ardentem deserit ictu, Ni fuga subsidio subeat. Fugit ocyor Euro, Ut capulum ignotum, dextramque adspexit inermem. 735. Fama est, eum Fama est, præcipitem, cùm prima in prælia junctos 735 præcipitem, cùm con- Conscendebat equos, patrio mucrone relicto, scendebat equos junctos Dum trepidat, ferrum aurigæ rapuisse Metisci: in prima prælia, dum trepidat, rapuisse

746. Eneas insequi

Idque diu, dum terga dabant palantia Teucri,

740

Suffecit: postquam arma Dei ad Vulcania ventum est,
Mortalis mucro, glacies ceu futilis, ictu
Dissiluit fulvâ resplendent fragmina arenâ.

Ergò amens diversa fugâ petit æquora Turnus,
Et nunc huc, inde huc, incertos implicat orbes.
Undique enim densâ Teucri inclusêre coronâ:
Atque hinc vasta palus, hinc ardua monia cingunt. 745
Nec minùs Æneas, quanquam tardata sagittâ

tur, quanquam genua Interdum genua impediunt, cursumque recusant,
tardata sagittâ
Insequitur: trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget.
Inclusum veluti si quando flumine nactus

748. Pedem trepidi Turni

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749. Si quando canis Cervum, aut punicea septum formidine pennæ,

venator nactus

Venator cursu

canis et latratibus instat
Ille autem, insidiis et ripâ territus altâ,
Mille fugit refugitque vias: at vividus Umber

NOTES.

combat shall devote to ruin, as above. This is the opinion of Valpy. Davidson renders the words," whom the toilsome combat destines to victory." Labor: in the sense of pugna, says Heyne. The poet here imitates Homer, who makes Jove, in like manner, weigh the fates of Hector and Achilles. Quo pondere: in which scale. Death was to fall to the party, whose scale sunk or fell. Ruæus says, mors inclinat.

729. Altè: this is to be taken with sublatum.

730. Ferit: Enean is understood. Trepidi: trembling-in anxious fear. Consurgit in the sense of insurgit.

731. Arrecta: in the sense of suspense. The verb sunt is understood.

732. Deserit: leaves him ardent for the fight, at the mercy of his antagonist. These last, or words of the like import, are necessary to make the sense complete. When he mounted his chariot, it was his intention to take his trusty, heavenly tempered sword -that sword made by Vulcan for his father; but in his haste and perturbation, he took the sword of Metiscus, his charioteer; which here deceived him. It is therefore, called perfidus ensis.

733. Ni fuga: had not flight come to his aid--had he not instantly fed, he would have fallen under the arm of Æneas, being left in that defenceless state.

750

734. Capulum: the hilt only remained in his hand. He now discovered the fatal mistake. Ut: when-as soon as.

737. Trepidat: in the sense of properat. 739. Suffecit: in the sense of satis fuit. Vulcania arma Dei: in the sense of arma Dei Vulcani, vel Divina arma Vulcani. Those arms which Vulcan made for Eneas. This construction is imitated from the Greeks.

740. Mortalis mucro: a sword made by men-a mortal sword. Futilis: in the sense of fragilis.

741. Dissiluit: in the sense of fractus est. 742. Diversa æquora: different parts of the plain. Amens: alarmed. Of a priv. and mens.

743. Implicat: in the sense of facit vel format. He wheels around in his flight, forming irregular figures, or circles.

744. Corona densa: in close ranks-in a close compact body.

746. Sagitta: the arrow by which he was wounded in the beginning of the action. Heyne says, vulnere.

748. Fervidus: in the sense of ardens.

749. Flumine: some copies have in flumine. Heyne omits the in. This is the reading of the Roman MS. Inclusum: enclosed, or confined by a river.

750. Formidine. The formido, as Dr. Trapp observes, was a rope stuck thick with

754. Hians hæret illi,

755 jam jamque tenet eum

760

765

Hæret hians, jam jamque tenet, similisque tenenti
Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est.
Tum verò exoritur clamor: ripæque lacusque
Responsant circà, et cœlum tonat omne tumultu.
Ille simul fugiens, Rutulos simul increpat omnes,
Nomine quemque vocans; notumque efflagitat ensem.
Æneas mortem contrà, præsensque minatur
Exitium, si quisquam adeat: terretque trementes,
Excisurum urbem minitans, et saucius instat.
Quinque orbes explent cursu, totidemque retexunt
Huc, illuc nec enim levia aut ludicra petuntur
Præmia; sed Turni de vitâ et sanguine certant.
Fortè sacer Fauno foliis oleaster amaris
Hìc steterat, nautis olim venerabile lignum ;
Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant
Laurenti Divo, et votas suspendere vestes :
Sed stirpem Teucri nullo discrimine sacrum
Sustulerant, puro ut possent concurrere campo.
Hic hasta Æneæ stabat; huc impetus illam
Detulerat, fixam et lentâ in radice tenebat.
Incubuit, voluitque manu convellere ferrum,
Dardanides; teloque sequi, quem prendere cursu
Non poterat.
Tum verò amens formidine Turnus,
Faune, precor, miserere, inquit: tuque optima ferrum
Terra tene: colui vestros si semper honores,
Quos contrà Æneadæ bello fecêre profanos.
Dixit: opemque Dei non cassa in vota vocavit.

NOTES.

red or crimson feathers to enclose, and frighten the deer, or other animals. See Geor. iii. 371.

753. Umber: a dog of Umbria, in the north of Italy. Canis is understood. Vividus: quick scented.

755. Increpuit: Ruæus says, insonuit.He shuts his jaws, as if in the act of seizing him,

761. Si quis adeat. Virgil here outrages the character of his hero. It is true he has the example of Homer for it. But it is to be remembered the two poets lived in very different states of society. Turnus is forced to the contest with unequal weapons. Of his sword he is deprived, and left without arms. In this situation, he is pursued by Eneas, who threatens to put the person to death, who shall give him his sword, that he may be in a condition to defend himself, and be on more equal terms with his adversary. This is a course of conduct, which no age or nation, however barbarous, can justify. Much less is it becoming in the soldier, and the hero. The putting to death of unarmed and defenceless persons may be practised, but cannot be justified. Valpy.

763. Retexunt totidem: they retrace, or form back again, as many more. The meaning is, that Turnus went five times around the field of combat, pursued by Æneas.

770

775

780

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Explent: in the sense of conficiunt. Retexunt: Ruæus says, relegunt.

764. Enim: in the sense of equidem. Ludicra: trifling-of no value.

766. Oleaster. The wild olive was frequently planted before temples, that the consecrated offerings might be suspended upon its boughs. It was a very durable tree, and not apt to receive any injury, though ever so many nails were driven into its wood. Its leaves were bitter.

767. Lignum: in the sense of arbor. Venerabile: in the sense of venerandum. 769. Votas: in the sense of devotas. 770. Nullo discrimine: with no regard to its sacredness. Nullo respectu habito, says Heyne.

771. Puro: in the sense of aperto, vel Sustulerant: in the sense of abscin

vacuo.
derant.

773. Lenta radice: in the tough root. It stuck fast in the root, so that it could not be drawn out.

775. Dardanides: Eneas. A patronymic from Dardanus. Incubuit: Ruæus says,

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Namque diu luctans, lentoque in stirpe noratus'
Viribus haud ullis valuit discludere morsus.
Roboris Æneas. Dum nititur acer et instat,

784. Rursus Daunia Rursùs in aurigæ faciem mutata Metisci Dea mutata in faciem

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Procurrit, fratrique ensem Dea Daunia reddit.
Quod Venus audaci Nymphæ indignata licere
Accessit, telumque altâ ab radice revellit.
Olli sublimes, armis, animisque refecti,
Hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hastâ,
Adsistunt contrà certamine Martis anheli.
Junonem intereà rex omnipotentis Olympi
Alloquitur, fulvâ pugnas de nube tuentem.
Quæ jam finis erit, conjux? quid denique restat?
794. Tu ipsa scis, et Indigetem Æneam scis ipsa, et scire fateris,
fateris te scire Eneam Deberi cœlo, fatisque ad sidera tolli.
indigetem deberi LA

Divum violari

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Mortalin' decuit violari vulnere Divum?

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ut ensem (quid enim sine te Juturna valeret ?) 799. Decuit-ne eum Ereptum reddi Turno, et vim crescere victis? Desine jam tandem, precibusque inflectere nostris : Nec te tantus edat tacitam dolor; et mihi curæ Sæpe tuo dulci tristes ex ore recursent.

785

790

795

800

Ventum ad supremum est. Terris agitare vel undis 805. Domum Latini Trojanos potuisti; infandum accendere bellum, 806. Veto te tentare Deformare domum, et luctu miscere hymenæos : 805 quicquam Ulteriùs tentare veto. Sic Jupiter orsus:

NOTES.

782. Discludere morsus roboris: to loosen, or separate the hold of the wood. The poet here represents the root of the tree (stirpe) as a fierce dog, or wild beast, whose tusks take so fast hold of the prey, that there is no disengaging them. Lento: in the sense of tenace. Discludere: in the sense of solvere.

783. Acer in the sense of ardens. Eneas is to be supplied.

785. Daunia Dea: Juturna, the sister of Turnus, and daughter of Daunus: hence the adj. Daunia. See 139, supra, et seq.

786. Quod: in the sense of hoc. It is governed by indignata: indignant-angry. 788. Refecti: in the sense of reparati vel

animati.

789. Arduus: in the sense of elatus. 790. Contrà: against each other-face each other. Anheli: Ruæus refers it to Turnus and Æneas. Heyne connects it with Martis; and it is a very appropriate epithet of a fight, like the present. The sense is the same in either construction.

794. Indigetem. Indiges is, properly, a deified hero-a demi-god. Such an one was Eneas after his death.

796. Hæres: in the sense of manes. 797. Divum: this is said by anticipation. Eneas was not yet a god. Or divum may be in the sense of divinum; and then it will refer to the origin of Æneas; who, on the

side of his mother, was of divine descent. Valpy says, "destined to divinity."

798. Valeret: in the sense of posset facere. 799. Ereptum. This alludes to his trusty sword, which he forgot to take with him when he mounted his chariot at the beginning of the fight. It was taken, or snatched from him, by his forgetfulness.

800. Inflectere: in the sense of movere. Edat: consume-waste away. Rumus says, angat. Et. The et here connects, and continues the preceding negative. The nec is to be repeated after the et; or the et is to be taken in the sense of nec. This last is the opinion of Valpy. Heyne observes, the nec is to be repeated. Negativa nec repetenda est, says he. Cura: troubles. Solicitudines, says Ruæus.

804. Accendere bellum: to kindle horrid war. See Æn. vii. 323; where Juno raises Alecto from the infernal regions, who broke the league which Latinus had made with Æneas, and kindled the war.

805. Deformare: to afflict-trouble-disgrace. Davidson says, "dishonor." Heyne thinks reference is here made to the death of Amata, who hung herself. Disgrace and ignominy always attend suicide. Hymenœos: the match of Lavinia and Eneas. Miscere: in the sense of turbare.

806. Orsus: in the sense of locutus est. of the verb ordior.

Sic Dea submisso contrà Saturnia vultu :
Ista quidem quia nota mihi tua, magne, voluntas,
Jupiter, et Turnum et terras invita reliqui.

Nec tu me aëriâ solam nunc sede videres

810

808. O magne Jupiter, quia quidem ista tua voluntas est nota

Digna indigna pati; sed flammis cincta sub ipsâ
Starem acie, traheremque inimica in prælia Teucros.
Juturnam misero, fateor, succurrere fratri
Suasi, et pro vitâ majora audere probavi:

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Non ut tela tamen, non ut contenderet arcum.
Adjuro Stygii caput implacabile fontis,

815

815. Tamen non suasi, nec probavi ut jaceret

Una superstitio superis quæ reddita Divis.

tela, non suasi, nec probavi ut

Et nunc cedo equidem, pugnasque exosa relinquo.
Illud te, nullâ fati quod lege tenetur,

m

Pro Latio obtestor, pro majestate tuorum:
Cùm jam connubiis pacem felicibus, esto,
Component; cùm jam leges et fœdera jungent:
Ne vetus indigenas nomen mutare Latinos,
Neu Troas fieri jubeas, Teucrosque vocari ;
Aut vocem mutare viros, aut vertere vestes.
Sit Latium; sint Albani per sæcula reges:
Sit Romana potens Italâ virtute propago:
Occidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Troja.
Olli subridens hominum rerumque repertor:
Et germana Jovis, Saturnique altera proles,
Irarum tantos volvis sub pectore fluctus ?
Verùm age, et inceptum frustrà submitte furorem :

NOTES.

807. Submisso: in the sense of tristi. The verb respondit, or some other of the like import, is understood.

:

810. Nec tu nunc: some words appear necessary here to make the sense complete otherwise, you would not, &c. If I had not known it to be your will, you would not now see, &c. Aëriâ sede: in the aerial regions. Reference is here had to verse 792, where Juno is represented as viewing the field of battle, seated on a cloud.

811. Pati digna indigna: to bear things, becoming and unbecoming. This is a proverbial expression, the import of which is, to bear every thing, even the greatest insults and indignities."

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812. Inimica. Ruæus says, adversa. 816. Stygii fontis: Styx, a fabulous river of hell. The gods were wont to swear by it; and if they swore falsely, they were doomed to lose their divinity for a length of time. Hence it is called implacabilis: inexorable. Fontis: in the sense of fluvii. Caput the head, or source; put for the whole stream, by synec. Adjuro caput Stygii: simply for, juro per Stygem, says Heyne.

817. Una superstitio: the fear, or dread. Servius says, the sole, or only obligation. Heyne takes superstitio for religio, et metus ex ea ortus. Reddita. Servius takes this

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in the sense of data vel facta. Others take it to imply, imposed or retaliated upon the gods above, by the infernal gods: as if this fear, or dread of swearing by Styx, made the gods above subject, in their turn, to the gods below, as much as these latter are to the former.

:

819. Tenetur withheld-prohibited. 820. Tuorum. The Latin kings derived their descent from Saturn, the brother of Jove.

822. Component: in the sense of constituent.

823. Indigenas: natives-those born in the country.

825. Vocem: language. The meaning is: do not order the men to change their language, or their dress.

827. Romana propago sit: let the Roman offspring be powerful, by Italian valor: i. e. let all the future glory and grandeur of the Romans be grafted on the valor of the Latins. Propago: in the sense of proles.

829. Repertor: in the sense of auctor vel pater.

830. Et germana Jovis: Ruæus and som others read es, in the place of et. Heyne reads et.

831. Volvis: why dost thou roll such mighty, &c.

832. Submitte: restrain-curb.

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