Aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt, 165 170 175 180 Jam melior, jam Diva, precor: tuque, inclyte Mavors, NOTES. 170. Fætum setigera suis: the young of a bristly sow-a pig. Ruæus observes, that the ewe-lamb (intonsam bidentem) was offered for Æneas after the manner of the Greeks, who commonly ratified a league with the sacrifice of a sheep or lamb. The swine again is for Latinus, after the Roman or Italian manner; which, according to Livy, was of great antiquity. He gives the form of ratifying a league in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. Having invoked Jupiter, the fecialis or priest says: Illis legibus populus non deficiet. Si prior defecerit, publico consilio, dolo malo; tu illo die, Jupiter, populum sic ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hodie feriam: tantò magis ferito, quanto magis potes poltesque. 171. Pecus: in the sense of victimas. Attulit: in the sense of adduxit. Admovit: in the sense of statuit. 172. Lumina: in the sense of oculos vel faciem. 185 168. Et juxta eum 176. Nunc tu. O Sol, et hæc terra, propter quam potui perferre tantos labores, esto testis mihi 179. Precor vos 180. O inclyte pater Mavors, qui 184. Trojanos victos 174. Pecudum: in the sense of victima. rum. Paterisque: and they made libations upon the altars. This was the dropping, or sprinkling of wine, or other liquor, upon the altar, from the sacred bowls, or goblets. 179. Melior Diva. Juno was the impla cable enemy of the Trojan race. Æneas would intimate, that now at length, she was ceasing from her resentment, and becoming more favorable to them. Precor: I beseech you. Melior: in the sense of propitia vel mitis. 180. Torques: in the sense of regis vel tenes. Numine: in the sense of potestale. 181. Quæque relligio. By relligio we are here to understand the objects of religious worship-the gods of heaven above; in opposition to the objects of religious worship on the earth. The verb est is to be supplied. Voco: Rusus says, quæcunque divinitas. in the sense of invoco vel precor. Æneas here makes a very solemn invocation of the gods above, and of the deities that preside over the sea, to witness the ratification of the treaty. The deities here named were those that were called Dii communes, or gods common to both sides or parties to the contract. 183. Fors: in the sense of fortè. 184. Convenit: it is agreed upon. Ad 173. Dant: in the sense of spargunt. urbem Evandri: this was the city PallanFruges in the sense of molam. teum. See Æn. viii. 54. 188. Firment spem Eneadæ referent, ferrove hæc regna lacessent. Sin nostrum annuerit nobis victoria Martem, (Ut potiùs reor, et potiùs Dî numine firment) Non ego nec Teucris Italos parere jubebo, Nec mihi regna peto. Paribus se legibus ambæ Invictæ gentes æterna in fœdera mittant. Sacra Deosque dabo: socer arma Latinus habeto, 193. Socer habeto so- Imperium solemne socer: mihi mœnia Teucri Constituent, urbique dabit Lavinia nomen. lemne Sic prior Æneas: sequitur sic deinde Latinus, Suspiciens cœlum, tenditque ad sidera dextram : 197. O Ænea, juro per Hæc eadem, Ænea, terram, mare, sidera juro, hæc eadem numina, per Latonæque genus duplex, Janumque bifrontem, terram Vimque Deûm infernam, et diri sacraria Ditis: 204. Non; si illa vis Avertet: non, si tellurem effundat in undas effundat 190 195 200 Diluvio miscens; cœlumve in Tartara solvat : NOTES. 187. Nostrum: noster here is used in the sense of propitium vel secundum. Mars is his, or on his side, whose interest he espouses. Annuerit: shall prove, show, or declare Mars. Servius takes it by hypallage, for noster Mars annuerit victoriam nobis. 188. Numine: Ruæus says, auctoritate. 189. Non this appears to be merely expletive. 190. Leges: terms-conditions. Mittant: in the sense of jungant. father-inand war: 192. Socer habeto arma: let my law have the management of peace which is the same thing as being king. This is more fully expressed in the next line. Solemne: usual-customary. Heyne says, legitimum: Ruæus, supremum. Dabo: I will attend to religious rites, and to the gods-I will regulate the ceremonies of religion, and the worship of the gods. This alludes to the Penates, and Vesta, whose worship, it is said, Æneas introduced into Italy. 197. Juro hæc eadem. Latinus swears by the same gods, by whom Eneas had just sworn, besides those here enumerated. Duplex genus: by this we are to understand Apollo and Diana, who were twin children of Latona. 199. Vim infernam: by the infernal power of the gods-the power of the infernal gods. That is, the infernal gods themselves. So vis odora canum. En. iv. 132. Sacraria: sanctuary of direful Pluto. 200. Genitor: Jupiter. 205 201. Tango aras. It was a custom for those who made supplication, offered sacrifice, or took an oath, to lay their hands upon the altar. This custom has descended to the present time, in administering the so lemnities of an oath. The party taking the oath lays his hand on the bible, and calls God to witness the truth of his declaration. Medios ignes: those fires common to both parties-in which they partook. 203. Quòcunque: the parts of the word are separated by tmesis, for the sake of the verse: howsoever. Avertet: in the sense of abducet. 204. Si effundat. Servius takes this as an hypallage for effundat_undas in tellurem : should deluge the earth-throw the waters over the earth. Ruæus takes it to imply the sinking and dissolving of the earth itself into the waters of the ocean. Heyne appears to adopt the same opinion. Latinus here expresses his full determination to abide by the conditions of the treaty, and declares, that no power should divert him from it with his consent, not even if the world were wrapped in a deluge, and a general dissolution of things take place. Ruæus says, dissolvat terram in aquas, confundens eam diluvio. 205. Solvat. Rumus says, dejiceat. Davidson renders the words, "plunge heaven into hell." Heyne says, misceat cœlum ac Tartarum. 206. Ut sceptrum. This comparison is taken almost literally from Homer. Fundet: shall put forth, or produce. Cùm semel in sylvis imo de stirpe recisum 211. Patribus: in the sense of regibus. 214. Pecudes jugulant: they kill the sacred victims over the flames of the altar. 215. Cumulant: they heap, or load the altars. See Æn. viii. 284. Oneratis: in the sense of plenis. 221. Tabentes gena: lank, or fallen cheeks. Some copies read pubentes: but tabentes is confirmed by the authority of the best nianuscripts, and is most agreeable to the design of the poet. Heyne says, tabentes. 222. Vidit: in the sense of sentit. 223. Labantia: in the sense of mobilia. Variare in the sense of dissentire: to be dissatisfied at the conditions of the treaty, made between Latinus and Eneas. 224. Assimulata: personating the form of Camertus, she throws herself, &c. The in medias acies is to be taken after the same words, in line 227, infra. 225. Genus: origin descent. Cui: in the sense of cujus. Ingens: great-illustrious. 210 215 220 225 230 210. Olim erat arbos 211. Inclusit eam docoro ære 214. Iisdem vivis 216. Ea pugna cœpit 218. Cernunt duces esse non 219. Turnus adjuvat hane opinionem, progressus 222. Quem sermonem inter Rutulos simul 227. Inquam, in medias acies, haud 235 234. Ille Turnus 226. Nomen: renown-fame. Acerrimus in the sense of fortissimus. Erat is to be repeated with this word, and also with genus, in the preceding line. 229. Talibus. Servius thinks we are to understand by this word that all of them were equal to Turnus in valor. Ruœus says, omnibus iis. Davidson renders it, "all these." Animam unam: the life of 231. Hi this is the reading of Heyne. The common reading is hic. 232. Fatalis manus. By these words Servius understands the Trojans, who were destined to come into Italy. But it is better to understand it of the Tuscans, who were directed by fate to put themselves under the conduct of Eneas, a foreign leader; and on that condition alone, they were assured of success. See Lib. viii. 501. This interpretation frees Virgil from the imputation of idle repetition. Etruria infensa Turno: one part of Etruria was hostile to Turnus; and another assisted him, under the command of Messapus. The fatalis manus is evidently the same as Etruria infensa Turno. 233. Alterni: every other one. They were double the number of the enemy. 235. Vivusque feretur per ora. This im Nos, patriâ amissâ, dominis parere superbis Talibus, incensa est juvenum sententia dictis 240 240. Mutati sunt men- Ipsi Laurentes mutati, ipsique Latini; tibus 244. His rebus Qui sibi jam requiem pugnæ, rebusque salutem 247. Namque aquila, Namque volans rubrâ fulvus Jovis ales in æthrâ, fulvus ales Jovis Litoreas agitabat aves, turbamque sonantem 245 Cycnum excellentem pedibus rapit improbus uncis. 250 Ætheraque obscurant pennis, hostemque per auras, 254. Donec ales vic- Factâ nube, premunt: donec vi victus, et ipso Tum verò augurium Rutuli clamore salutant, 259. Hoc, hoc erat id, Hoc erat, hoc, votis, inquit, quod sæpe petivi ; quod 260. Accipio omen 255 Accipio, agnoscoque Deos. Me, me duce, ferrum 260 NOTES. 245. Præsentius: more effectual: an adj. of the comp. neu. agreeing with portentum vel monstrum, understood. It governs quo in the abl. than which. It may be rendered adverbially. 246. Monstro: deceived them by the prodigy. Any thing that is, or happens, contrary to the ordinary course of things, may be called monstrum. 247. Rubrá æthrâ in the ruddy sky. Litoreas aves: sea-fowls-fowls frequenting the sea shore. 248. Turbam: in the sense of multitudinem. Aligeri agminis: of the winged tribe: the same in sense with volucrum. Sonantem: refers to the sound made by the motion of their wings, as they passed through the air. Rumus says, strepitantem. 250. Improbus in the sense of avidus. 251. Arrexêre: in the sense of sustulerunt. 252. Fugam: their course. 254. Nube factâ: a cloud being formed— closing in thick array around him, they form a cloud, and darken the sky with their wings. 255. Defecit: failed in his strength. 257. Augurium. This word here is used in its proper sense, which is an omen or prognostic, taken from the flight, or chirping of birds. The Rutulians were right in explaining the eagle to mean Æneas, the swan, Turnus, and the other birds, to mean themselves. But they were mistaken, in taking this augury, which Juturna procured, to have been sent from the gods. To this an allusion is made in verse 246, monstroque fefellit. This interposition of a superior power, was necessary to account for the sudden change produced in the minds of the Rutulians and Latins. 258. Expediunt manus. By this, Valpy understands elevating of their hand in token that they were prepared and ready for battle. Ruæus says, explicant manus. Davidson renders the words, "they put their troops in array," which is the sense of Ruæus. Heyne differs from both these interpretations. He says, expediunt manus ut arma capiunt : they prepare to take their arms. These had been laid aside, while the preparations were making, and the league was ratifying. See verse 130, supra. Territat, invalidas ut aves; et litora vestra : 265 270 Certa secat. Simul hoc; simul ingens clamor; et omnes Sic omnes amor unus habet decernere ferro. Diripuêre aras: it toto turbida cœlo Tempestas telorum, ac ferreus ingruit imber: 268. Simul hoc fit 269. Turbati sunt 273. Hasta volans transadigit unum horum 275 fratrum per costas, juvenem egregium formâ, et fulgentibus armis, ad medium corpus, quâ sutilis balteus Craterasque, focosque ferunt. Fugit ipse Latinus 285 Infrænant alii currus, aut corpora saltu Subjiciunt in equos, et strictis ensibus adsunt. NOTES. 262. Invalidas aves: this agrees with quos, mentioned before, and signifies the same with it as week birds. 263 Profundo: in the sense of mari. Penitùs: far remote-far distant. Longè, says Ruæus. 264. Densate: thicken your ranks-in close and compact array, defend, &c. Rumus says, colligite agmina. 267. Cornus: this was a spear (hasta) whose shaft was made of the corneil-tree. 268. Simul hoc. The meaning is, that as soon as the spear was thrown by Tolumnius, all the troops were eager to engage, and their courage was roused for battle. This they signified by a great shout. 269. Cunei. The cuneus was a company of men drawn up in the form of a wedge: hence it came to signify troops in general, as in the present case. 270. Corpora fratrum: simply, fratres. 271. Creârat: by syn. for creaverat: in the sense of pepererat. 272. Conjux wife. Una: one. 273. Qua sutilis: where the stitched belt is worn around the belly. 274. Mordet: binds, or fastens. Juncturas: the ends or extremities of the belt. 278. Stringunt in the sense of educunt. 279. Caci blind to danger. 280. Inundant: deluge the plain. The word is very expressive. They move like a devouring flood. Agyllini: the Tuscans, so called from Agylla, one of their cities. 282. Unus amor: one mind-desire. 283. Diripuêre: they stripped the altars. 284. Ingruit: pours down upon them. Tempestas: a cloud-storm. It covers the whole heaven. Turbida: thick-terrific. 285. Focos: in the sense of ignes. 287. Infrænant currus: they prepare their chariots-they harness their horses in them. Subjiciunt: with a spring, they mount, or throw themselves upon their horses. Livy uses this verb in the same sense: pavidum regem in equum subjecit. 288. Adsunt: in the sense of instant, vel concurrunt. 289. Messapus avidus, &c. The meaning of the passage appears to be this: Messapus desirous of breaking the league, as soon as mounted on his horse, made an attack upon Tuscan Aulestes, with his horse full in front. This so alarmed him, that attempting to retreat or give back, he fell from his horse among the altars, which had just been erected for the purpose of ratifying the league. In this situation, Messapus, rising |