Disjectique duces, desolatique manîpli Tuta petunt, et equis aversi ad monia tendunt 870 871. Tuta loca Nec quisquam instantes Teucros, letumque ferentes 874 Sed laxos referunt humeris languentibus arcus, : Pulvis et è speculis percussæ pectora matres NOTES. ferry the point of the arrow was tipped with iron, or steel, to make it enter the object more easily. 870. Manipli. The manipulus was properly the standard bearer, so called from a bundle of hay tied to the end of a pole, which the first Romans used instead of an ensign. It was afterwards used for the companies, or bands of soldiers, to which a manipulus was attached: also, for troops in general, by meton. Desolati: deserted by their officers-left alone. Disjecti: scattered abroad-slain. Ruæus says, dissipati. 871. Aversi: in the sense of conversi. 873. Sustentare: to stop-to resist. 876. Pulvis turbidus, &c. The meaning is, that dust rising in clouds of thick darkness approaches the city. This was a presage of defeat to the Latins, and filled the matrons with dismay and consternation. During the engagement they had been spec tators of the conflict. 877. Speculis: in the sense of muris. 880. Mixto agmine. This may refer either to the Trojans or Latins. If it refer to the former, it will imply that they mingled with the Latins, and slew them without regard to the order of attack: if it refer to the latter, it will imply that they fled in confusion and disorder, and in that state were pursued by the enemy. It appears that some of the foremost of the pursuers entered the gates along with the Latins, and continued the 877. Matres percussæ quoad 880 880. Inimica turba premit 885 890 work of death within the walls, and among the very houses of the city. 886. Defendentûm: of those who by force of arms oppose the entrance of the flying troops, and of those, who wish to force an entrance to save theinselves from the hands of the enemy. 888. Præcipites: headlong-quick--unexpected, denoting the manner of their fall. It will agree with purs, as a noun of inultitude. Fossas: these were the large holes, or pits, which the Latins dug before the gates, to impede the approach of the enemy. See 473. supra. 889. Frænis immissis: at full speed-the implies that they had lost their presence of reins being given to the horses. Caca: this mind, and knew not what they were doing. Concita: in the sense of celeris. 890. Duros objice: strengthened-made strong-secured by bars. 891. Summo certamine with the greatest zeal, or earnestness. Heyne says, extremo certamine. 892. Ut vidêre: as they saw Camilla. Heyne says, exemplo Camilla. They had been spectators of the battle, and beheld her noble deeds of valor; and how much patriotism and love of country were displayed in all her actions. Prompted by her example, they now arm themselves in haste, and repair to the place cf danger, ready to die in their country's cause. Tela manu trepida jaciunt: ac robore duro, Stipitibus ferrum sudibusque imitantur obustis Præcipites, primæque mori pro manibus ardent. Intereà Turnum in sylvis sævissimus implet Nuntius, et juveni ingentem fert Acca tumultum: 898. Dicit acies Vols- Deletas Volscorum acies, cecidisse Camillam, corum deletas esse 901. Ille Turnus Ingruere infensos hostes, et Marte secundo. Vix è conspectu exierat, campumque tenebat; 895 300 905 910 915 NOTES. 893. Trepida: in haste-quick. So, also, in the sense of dura. Nam: this is the præcipites, in verse 895. infra. 894. Imitantur: they imitate the weapons of iron, with hard oak stakes, and poles hardened at the point. With these weapons, made on the exigency of the moment, in imitation of iron weapons, they arm them selves, and are desirous of dying first in the defence of their country. Manibus: in the sense of urbi vel patriæ. 897. Fert in the sense of refert vel nunciat. Secundo: in the sense of favente vel juvante. 901. Numina: decrees-purposes. Sæva: How does this book open? common reading. Heyne reads, et. shows the danger he had been in from the 905. Evadit: escapes from the wood. This ambush, which Turnus laid for him. 907. Longis passibus. Longis must be taken here in the sense of multis, or passibus in the sense of intervallo. Ruæus says, longo intervallo. 910. Savum: fierce-valiant in arms. 911. Flatus: in the sense of hinnitus. 913. Ibero gurgite: in the western ocean. Here the poet supposed the sun to extinguish his light every evening. 915. Mania: in the sense of castra. QUESTIONS. What does Eneas do with the body of Pallas? How many chosen men accompany it? What effect had the news of his death upon his father? How many captives did Æneas send as victims to his Manes? Whom does the poet here imitate? Does the poet here outrage the character of his hero? Is there any expression of Homer, which disapproves of the conduct of Achilles, in offering human victims at the tomb of Patroclus? Is there a difference in character between the two heroes? Diomede, did Latinus call a council of state to receive the answer? What was the nature of that answer? Who was the principal person of that embassy? Who was Diomede? Why did he come to Italy? What were his reasons for declining to take part with Turnus and the Latins? What does he say of the valor of Eneas? What course did he advise Latinus to take? What city did he build in Italy? What is said of his companions in arms? Is this a ridiculous and improbable story? What is the conclusion of Latinus in regard to the war? Did he make any speech upon the occasion? What did he propose to do? What is the character of the speech of Drances? Of what did he accuse Turnus? What is the character of the reply of Turnus? What is his object in this reply? Were there any political parties at this time among the Latins? Who may be said to have been at the head of the party in favor of Turnus? Who was at the head of the other party? What did this party wish to effect? Was any proposition made to Turnus to decide the dispute with Eneas in single combat? Who made the proposition? How was it received by Turnus? Did he express any reluctance to meet Eneas? During the deliberations of the council, what information reaches Laurentum? What effect had this advance of the enemy upon Latinus? What did Turnus do upon this emergency? In how many divisions were the enemy to advance? Under whose command were the infantry to march? In what way were they to approach the city? How were the cavalry to advance? What was the nature of the ground over which each division was to pass? How did Turnus receive this information? What resolution did he take on receiving this intelligence? Would this give him any particular advantage over Æneas? In what would it consist? Where does Turnus meet Camilla? Does he confer upon her the command of the cavalry? What direction does he give her? Who was her father? What did his subjects do to him? What was the age of Camilla at that time? How did he save his child from the fury of his subjects? How did he save himself? To whom did he dedicate his daughter? What was the manner of her education? Was she a favorite of Diana? Did she afterward succeed to the throne of the Volsci? How was Camilla armed? For what was she distinguished? Who assisted her in command, during the action? Who commenced the fight? How many times did the combatants charge each other and retreat? What took place after this? How did Camilla distinguish herself? What effect had her death upon the issue of the battle? By whom was Aruns slain? By whose orders was he slain? Did Aruns conduct in a cowardly manner on this occasion? Was he sensible of it? Finding herself mortally wounded, what did Camilla do? Whom did she send to acquaint Turnus of the state of the battle? What effect had the news upon him? What prevented a renewal of the fight? LIBER DUODECIMUS. TURNUS, perceiving his troops to be disheartened by their reverses, resolves to accept the proposal of deciding the dispute by single combat with Eneas. Latinus, in a tender and pathetic speech, endeavors to dissuade him from it. He advises him to relinquish his claim to Lavinia, and seek a wife among the daughters of the Italian princes. He plainly tells him, that the gods forbid him to unite his daughter to any other than a foreigner. He recounts the disastrous consequences of his opposition to the Trojans, and concludes by reminding him of his aged father, and the sorrow that would fall upon him, if the issue were to prove disastrous. At this critical moment, the queen comes in, seconds her husband's entreaties, and beseeches him to relinquish his rash purpose. She declares, the safety of their family and kingdom depends upon his life; and that she is resolved to perish with him, and not to see Lavinia transferred to Æneas. But the hero is not moved from his purpose, and prefers to die rather than part with his beloved Lavinia. The virgin heard the expostulation of her mother, and love kindled a blush upon her cheeks. This thrilled through the heart of Turnus, and all the tender emotions of his soul were roused. Forthwith he sends Idmon to the Trojan camp to proclaim, that on the following day, he would decide the dispute with Eneas. In the mean time, he prepares his armor, and examines his steeds. At the return of day, the parties repair to the field. Latinus accompanies Turnus. Here he ratifies a league with Æneas, and calls the gods to witness. To prevent its execution, Juno sent the nymph Juturna, the sister of Turnus, to rouse the Rutulians to arms, and kindle the war. For this purpose, she caused a portentous sign in the heavens, which the augur interpreted favorably for the Italians. Forthwith he hurled a spear among the Trojans, and the two armies rushed to the combat with great impetuosity. Latinus hastens from the field. Eneas is wounded by an arrow, which caused great confusion among the Trojans. Turnus, observing this, mounts his car, and drives over the field, spreading death and desolation in his course. Wherever he directs his way, whole troops and squadrons flee before him. He performs prodigious feats of valor. In the mean time, Æneas retires from the field, and demands the speediest relief. He is miraculously healed by Venus. This being done, the hero calls for his arms, embraces Ascanius, and goes in search of Turnus. The fight now is renewed on the part of the Trojans, and the victorious Rutulians fly. At this crisis, Juturna takes the reins of her brother's steed, and drives him victorious over the plain. Æneas pursues, and seeks by every method to meet and engage him; but Juturna baffles all his efforts. Unable to effect his purpose, he resolves to wreak his vengeance upon the Rutulians; and here he commenced a dreadful slaughter: the noblest of the Italians fall. Turnus, too, drives on with no less impetuosity, and Trojan, Tuscan, and Arcadian bite the ground. Eneas, at the suggestion of Venus, resolves to attack the city, and by one decisive blow, either force Turnus to the combat, or overthrow the empire of Latinus. For this purpose he assembles his troops, explains his designs, and exhorts them to assault the city with vigor. They instantly mount the walls, and spread the devouring flames. At this sudden change of affairs, all hearts are filled with dismay. The queen, expecting that Turnus was slain, and his troops routed, resolved not to survive the sad catastrophe, and frantic with despair, hung herself. In this state of things, Sages flies to Turnus, and informs him that Æneas was thundering in arms; that the city was in the hands of the enemy; that all looked to him for protection; and that, in despair, the queen, his faithful friend, had deprived herself of life. At this information the hero is struck with amazement, and turning his eyes, he beholds the very tower, which he himself had built for the defence of the city, wrapt in flames. He could not bear the sight; and leaving his sister, he sprang from his chariot, and rushed through darts and foes, calling upon the hostile armies to desist from the fight; that he was come to enter the lists with Æneas. Instantly a cessation of arms took place, and the two heroes prepare for the combat. At first they throw their javelins from a distance, and rush to close combat with great violence. They blows on blows redouble. Turnus, rising high to give his blow more effect, breaks his sword by the hilt. He now discovers a fatal mistake. When first he mounted his car, ardent for the fight, he had taken the sword of his charioteer, Mitescus, instead of his own trusty sword, which Vulcan had made for his father Daunus. He is now left defenceless, and at the mercy of his foe. He flies off swift as the wind, pursued by Æneas, and pressed on all sides by the Trojans. He calls for his heavenly-tempered sword, and chides the Rutulians. None of them dare to interfere, being prevented by the threats of Æneas. Juturna, at length, restored his sword to him, and Venus disengaged the spear of Æneas. The two heroes again prepare for the combat. At this juncture, Jove interposes in favor of Æneas. His first care is to withdraw Juturna from the contest. For this purpose, he despatches one of the furies to the field of battle, which, assuming the form of an owl, flies backward and forward before the face of Turnus. The hero knew the portentous omen. A shivering pervaded his limbs: coldness unnerved his arm. His reason left him: his speech forsook him. As soon as Juturna heard the whizzing of the fury's wings, she recognised the direful messenger; and in all the agony of grief and distress, and uttering the tenderest expressions of affectionate attachment to her brother, she fled from his sight, and plunged herself in the deep river. Eneas in the mean time urges on the attack, and calls upon Turnus no longer to decline the contest. He replied, "I fear not thee, nor thy boasting words: I fear the gods alone: I fear Jove, who is my enemy." At this moment, he seizes a huge stone that lay near him, and hurled it at Æneas; but it reached him not. The fury had deprived him of his wonted strength. His efforts, therefore, were unavailing. His knees sunk under him; and trembling seized his whole body. Eneas throws a javelin, which wounds him in the thigh, and caused him to fall upon his knee. In this situation, he acknowledges himself vanquished, and resigns Lavinia, the royal bride, to the victor. One favor he asked, on account of his aged father, that his body might be restored to his friends. Æneas, moved with compassion at the mention of his aged father, was about also to spare his life; when, discovering upon his shoulder tne belt which Pallas wore, he became indignant, and plunged into his bosom his naked sword. TURNUS ut infractos adverso Marte Latinos 3. Oculis omnium Attollitque animos. Pœnorum qualis in arvis Tum demùm movet arma leo; gaudetque comantes Impavidus frangit telum, et fremit ore cruento. NOTES. 1. Infractos: broken-disheartened. Mar te: in the sense of pugna vel bello. 2. Promissa: his promises that he would meet Æneas in single combat. 3. Ultrò. This word implies, that Turnus was impelled by some violent, but voluntary emotion. 4. Panorum: the Carthaginians, here put for the Africans in general. 6. Movet arma: he moves his arms-he prepares for the attack. Comantes toros: the shaggy, or bushy mane. Ille leo: a lion, by way of eminence. 7. Latronis: the hunter. Fixum: that had pierced his breast. 9. Gliscit: in the sense of crescit. 11. Retractent dicta: that they should retract their words. Eneas was the first who proposed to decide the dispute in single combat with Turnus; and he had pledged himself to accept the proposition: to this reference is made verse 2, supra. Quòd:, a conj. or in the sense of ob quod. 13. Fer in the sense of offer. Concipe: in the sense of sanci. 16. Refellam in the sens of avertam vel |