Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus. Atque hic Æneam magnâ ter voce vocavit. Æneas agnovit eum, lætusque precatur : 875. Faciat, ut tu in- Sic pater ille Deûm faciat, sic altus Apollo, cipias Incipias conferre manum. 878. Autem ille Mezentius ait: 877. Æneas effatus Tantum effatus, et infestâ subit obvius hastâ. 884. Umbo Æneæ sus- Ingenti gyro: sed sustinet aureus umbo. tinet illa. adstantem 875 880 885 Ter circùm adstantem lævos equitavit in orbes, 885. Circum Enean Tela manu jaciens: ter secum Troïus heros 887. Immanem sylvam Immanem ærato circumfert tegmine sylvam. jaculorum infixam erato Inde ubi tot traxisse moras, tot spicula tædet 888. Tædet Eneam Vellere; et urgetur pugnâ congressus iniquâ : traxisse tot moras, et Multa movens animo, jam tandem erumpit, et inter 890 vellere tot spicula è cly- Bellatoris equi cava tempora conjicit hastam. peo Tollit se arrectum quadrupes, et calcibus auras NOTES. which Pierius consulted, he found uno corde: in one and the same breast. Heyne reads uno. The common reading is imo. Insania: rage-fury. 872. Et furiis. This verse is wanting in the ancient Roman manuscript. Heyne marks it as an interpolation. 876. Conferre manum: to engage with me, hand to hand. This address of Æneas to the gods is a fine contrast to the impiety of Mezentius, who acknowledges no other deity than his own arm: verse 773, supra. The prayer is short, but the approach of a furious enemy would not permit him to say more. 877. Subit: in the sense of occurrit. 878. Quid me terres, &c. Mezentius seeing Eneas coming up against him with his hostile spear, instead of discovering any signs of fear, appears hardened against the terrors of death, since his son, for whose sake he lived, was now taken from him, nato erepto. 880. Parcimus ulli: Ruæus says, reveremur ullum numen: I do not regard any of the gods. Some take parco in its usual acceptation, and understand by it that Mezentius would not have spared the gods themselves, had they appeared in the field against him he looked on them as his enemies, and would have discharged his wrath against them. Heyne takes parcimus in the sense of curo-vereor vel metuo. 883. Super. This word here is used in the sense of insuper, vel prætereà. Figit: in the sense of jacit, vel torquet. 35. Equitavit in lavos orbes: he rode about to the left, that he might reach the right side of Eneas, which was not protected by his shield; and in this way he turned quite about, forming an orb, or circle. But Æneas wheeled at the same time, and kept the same relative situation to his antagonist, as appears from the next verse: ter Troïus: thrice the Trojan hero, &c. 887. Tegmine: in the sense of clypeo. Immanem sylvam: this means the spears, or darts, which Mezentius had thrown at Æneas, and which stuck in his brazen shield. These he carried around with him as he turned, following his antagonist. Rumus says, magnum numerum jaculorum. 888. Traxisse tot moras: to spend so much time. 889. Congressus: being engaged in unequal fight. Mezentius being on horseback, and Eneas on foot, they were not on equal terms. 890. Movens: in the sense of revolvens. 892. Calcibus. Calces here doubtless is to be taken for the fore feet. The horse reared, or lifted himself upon his hind feet, and in that position buffetted the air. Posterioribus pedibus, says Heyne. 893. Ipse secutus: by the rearing and kicking of his horse, Meżentius was thrown (effusum) to the ground. The horse himself soon following, falls upon his rider, (equitem,) and lays upon his shoulder, as he was thus prostrate. By these means, he was unable to rise to meet his foe, or defend himself in any manner. For secutus Ruæus says, cadens. Implicat, ejectoque incumbit cernuus armo. super Et hæc Ubi nunc Mezentius acer, et illa NOTES. 894. Implicat: incumbers-presses him down. Cernuus: Ruæus says, pronus in caput, referring to the horse. 898. Vis: violence-impetuosity. Ut: when-as soon as. Ruæus says, postquam. 899. Suspiciens auras hausit. These words are capable of a two-fold version: as soon as looking up, he saw the light; taking cœlum in the sense of lucem, and supplying the word oculis. This Heyne prefers. Or, as soon as looking up, he drew in his breath; taking cœlum in the sense of spiritum. This is the sense of Ruæus and Davidson. Auras: the prep. ad, is understood. 902. Pepigit hæc agreed upon these terms with you for me. Venia: a favor. 904. Meorum: of my former subjects. 905. Defende hunc: avert, or forbid the indulgence of their furious resentment. Ruæus says, contine. 906. Concede: grant-permit. Mezentius desired to be buried in the same grave with his son. This he begged as a favor, not How does this book open? that he could claim it as a right. As they had not been separated in life, he wished not to be in death. It may here be remarked, that how wicked soever a person may have been in life, at the hour of his death, he earnestly desires the reward of virtue, and that in the future life, he may be a partaker with the righteous. 908. Diffundit: pours out his life. Undanti cruore: the blood flowing, or gushing upon his armor. It may be remarked here, that the poet differs widely from the current of historians. They say, that in a war which broke out between the Latins and Tuscans, over whom Mezentius was king, that Æneas was slain by him in a battle, fought on the banks of the river Numicus, whose waters carried his dead body into the sea, where it was never afterwards found. Hence it was believed, that he was taken to heaven and made a demi-god. This took place about three years after the building of the city Lavinium. See En. iv. 615 QUESTIONS. What is the conclusion of their deliberations? Were there any speeches made upon the occasion? What is the subject of the speech of Ve nus? What is the character of it? What is the nature of Juno's reply? What is the decision of Jove? Whom does the poet here imitate? What book of the Iliad? Where is mount Olympus? Why was it taken by the poets for heaven? Where was Eneas during the transactions of the preceding book? Having effected his object, does he make any further delay? What part of his allies did he send by land? By whom is he met on his way down the Tiber? Who was the chief speaker among those nymphs? Did she give him any particular information? What was that information? How was Turnus engaged in the mean time? On the arrival of Æneas, what course did Turnus adopt? Would this give him any advantage over the enemy? How did Æneas effect a landing? Into how many divisions were his troops arranged? Was any loss sustained in landing? Who assault him with fury? Why do the Tuscans attack him in this manner? What effect had their assault upon him? Dare any of them engage him hand to Who commanded that division of the hand? fleet? Did Turnus effectually prevent the landing of Æneas? What took place after the landing? Why were the Arcadians beaten by the What was the nature of the ground, where they were engaged? Upon this occcasion, what did Pallas do? What effect had his address upon his troops? What feats of valor did he then perform? Who commanded the troops opposed to Who was Lausus? What feats of valor did he perform? What were the ages of these young commanders? Why did not the poet make them engage each other? By whom were they slain? In what pious duty did Lausus meet his death? After the death of Pallas, what took place? Who was the principal agent in effecting this defeat of the Trojans? At this crisis, what did Æneas do to restore the fight? Why does he go in search of Turnus? By whom are the Trojans enabled to perform such feats of valor? What did Juno do in the mean time? What effect had her speech upon Jove? Does she give any assistance to the Latins? What then is she permitted to do for Turnus? How does she effect that object? Where does she conduct him? Does he finally put them all to flight' At this time, how stands the scale of victory? Eneas observed Mezentius thundering through the thickest of the enemy, putting whole squadrons to flight; and what did he resolve to do? Is Mezentius ready to meet him? Whom did it kill? Who was this Antores? Was he a valiant champion? Had the spear of Eneas any effect upon Mezentius? Was the wound mortal? Who succors him in this critical moment? What effect had the sight of him upon Does he make an address to him? Is it a source of regret to him, to kill so noble a youth? What becomes of his father in the mean time? Does he express any concern about his son? What does he do? After being informed of his death, what resolution does he take? Having arrived on the field of battle, does he challenge the foe? Is Æneas ready to meet him? What effect had his darts upon his antagonist? Where did Æneas direct his dart? Did he kill the faithful courser? What effect had the pain of the wound upon him? Did he throw his rider? And what did he do afterwards? Did Æneas kill Mezentius in this situa When he discovered the deception, what tion? effect had it upon him? What did he do? What was the character of that address? Is he in any way thankful for the favor of Juno? If he must die, where did he desire to do it? Who prevented him from killing himself in this state of distraction? Whither was he finally carried by the winds? Who succeeded Turnus in the command? Was this a fair trial of strength and dexterity? Did Mezentius beg any favor of the victor? Does the poet here agree with historians, in this particular? Do they inform us that Mezentius was slain by Æneas? Who then was the victor in the combat? What became of the body of Æneas? LIBER UNDECIMUS. THE death of Mezentius turned the scale of victory in favor of the Trojans, and their allies. This book opens with preparations for burying the dead, and performing the funeral rites to Pallas. A thousand men accompany his corpse to the city of Evander, in slow and solemn procession. In the mean time, ambassadors arrive from Latinus, praying for a truce, for the purpose of burying their dead. Æneas grants their request. While these things are going on in the field, fear and alarm pervade the city of Latinus. Here Turnus had arrived. Drances, an aged and influential counsellor, accuses him of being the cause of the war, and the author of their calamities; and urges him to decide the dispute by single combat. Turnus however has many friends, who recount his noble deeds of valor. At this juncture, the ambassadors, who had been sent to the court of Diomede (Lib. 8.) returned. Latinus calls a council of all his senators and nobles to receive the reply, and to consult upon the present state of affairs. Venulus, the chief of the embassy, gives a full account of the mission; of his reception by Diomede; of the opinion of that monarch concerning the war, and the reason of his declining any interference in it. Latinus gives his opinion in favor of peace, and proposes to send ambassadors with rich presents to Æneas, bearing proposals of peace and amity. Drances follows in a speech of much virulence and invective against Turnus, accusing him of flight and cowardice, and proposed, if he were the mighty champion he claimed to be, that he should decide the dispute by single combat with Æneas, and prevent further effusion of blood. Turnus replies in a manly strain: he repels the charge of cowardice by adverting to his noble achievements, to the thousands whom he had slain, and to the dismay which he had occasioned to the whole Trojan camp. He endeavors to allay their fears, and to inspire them with the hope of success. He recounts the valor of his troops; he mentions the cause in which they were engaged-the cause of their country: nor does he omit to mention the number, and fidelity of his allies. He concludes by observing, that he would not decline to meet the conqueror, if the common good required it; nor had he been so much abandoned by victory, as to refuse an enterprise of so glorious prospect, even though his enemy should prove himself a great Achilles. The whole of Turnus' speech bespeaks the soldier and the hero. A messenge now arrives informing of the approach of the Trojans. The council dissolves. All prepare to defend the city. Turnus gives commands to several of his officers, arms himself, and appears at the head of his troops. Here he has an interview with Camilla. He confers on her the chief command of the horse, assisted by Messapus, with direction to engage the Tuscan cavalry in close fight, while he, with a chosen body of troops, would lie in ambush in a woody vale, through which, according to his information, Eneas would, with the main body of his army, advance upon the city. The Tuscan horse in the mean time approach the city, and the embattled squadrons are arranged in order of battle in front of each other. The Trojans commence the attack and repulse the Latins, who rally, and in turn drive the Trojans. At length a most desperate conflict takes place. Camilla displayed distinguished skill and valor. She rode among the thickest combatants, and whole squadrons fled before her. Tarchon rallies his flying Tuscans, and renews the fight. Camilla is at last slain by Aruns; who also loses his life. The Trojans gain a victory. The expiring queen sends a messenger to inform Turnus of the event of the contest. He instantly leaves his retreat, and marches into the plain. No sooner had he done this, than Æneas, with his army, entered the defile, passed it, and reached the plain. The battle would have been renewed between the rival princes, but night approached. Both armies encamp in sight of each other, and wait the coming day. vebat vota Deûm primo Eöo, quanquam 7. Quod erat trophæum tibi, O magne OCEANUM intereà surgens Aurora reliqui 2. Eneas, victor sol- Æneas, quanquam et sociis dare tempus humandie res est est 5 10 Quod superest: hæc sunt spolia, et de regc superbo 15 16. Mezentius casus Primitiæ: manibusque meis Mezentius hic est. Nunc iter ad regem nobis murosque Latinos. Arma parate, animis et spe præsumite bellum : 19. Ne qua mora im- Ne qua mora ignaros, ubi primùm vellere signa pediat vos ignaros, sen- Annuerint Superi, pubemque educere castris, tentiaque tardet vos seg- Impediat, segnesque metu sententia tardet. nes metu, ubi primùm Intereà socios inhumataque corpora terræ Sic ait illachrymans, recipitque ad limina gressum: 3. Funere: at the death of Pallas. NOTES. 4. Primo Eöo. Eoüs here is taken as a substantive: with the first dawning light. The first business of the pious Æneas is to return thanks to the gods for his victory, although he wished to perform the last offices to his friends and companions in arms, and especially to Pallas. 6. Tumulo: on a rising ground. This trophy was consecrated to Mars, the god of war. It consisted of a trunk of a tree placed in the ground, with its branches cut off, and dressed in shining armor, the spoils (exuvias) of Mezentius, whom it was intended to represent. It had his waving plumes, his breast-plate, perforated in several places, his brazen shield bound to his left arm, and his ivory handled sword suspended from his neck. 8. Rorantes: besmeared with blooddripping with blood. 9. Petitum: struck, or hit. 15. Hæc sunt spolia. By the rex superbus here, some understand Turnus: from him he had won the spoils in general, to which he first points; then to the trophy representing ezentius, which he had just erected, and hung around with his arms. 20 25 Hic est: here 16. Primitia: the first fruits; put in apposition with hæc spolia. These Æneas here dedicated to Mars, the warrior god, in the same manner as the first fruits of the earth were offered to the gods. 18. Præsumite: anticipate. Bellum: in the sense of pugnam. 19. Ubi primùm Superi: when first the gods permit us, &c. They never raised or pulled up the standards to march, without first consulting the gods. 21. Sententia metu: resolution-purpose accompanied by fear. The same as dubia sententia. 23. Qui honos solus. It was the received not pass over the river Styx into the peaceopinion, that those who were unburied could ful abodes of the happy, till after the revolution of a hundred years; which time the shade or umbra, roamed at large along its banks, in anxious expectation of the appointed period. See En. vi. 325, et sequens. Acheronte. Acheron here is used for the regions below, in general. 25.Peperêre: gotten--obtained--procured. 29. Recipitque gressum. This alludes |