obstabit 54. Nihil ortum inde Carthago premat Ausoniam : nihil urbibus inde 55. Quid juvit Enean evadere 57. Totque pericula Totque maris, vastæque exhausta pericula terræ, maris, vastæque terræ Dum Latium Teucri, recidivaque Pergama quærunt? fuisse exhausta, dum Non satiùs cineres patriæ insedisse supremos, 61. Miseris Teucris 55 Atque solum, quo Troja fuit? Xanthum et Simoënta 60 Cassandra impulsus furiis. Num linquere castra num credere muros puero? Num persuasimus ei agitare 65 70 NOTES. 54. Inde: hence-from Ascanius. He will not be in the way, or oppose the Tyrian city. 55. Pestem: destruction-ruin. 57. Exhausta: undergone-finished-exhausted to the very dregs. The verb esse, vel fuisse, is understood. 58. Recidiva. Davidson thinks recidiva, nere, means tottering again, or threatening a fall. But it also signifies, set up again after it is fallen, or rebuilt. Dr. Trapp takes it here in this sense. Commentators are not agreed upon the true import of the word. The whole speech of Venus is extremely artful, and well calculated to produce the desired effect. It is distinguished for its sweetness, tenderness, and pathos. 59. Non satiùs: would it not have been better for them to have settled upon, &c. The verb esset, vel fuisset, is understood. 62. Da, pater: grant, O, father, that they struggle again with the Trojan disasters; rather than continue in this state of suspense. These words, or words of the like import, appear to be requisite to complete the sense, and preserve the connexion. 63. Acta in the sense of impulsa vel agitata. 64. Obductum: in the sense of occultum. 67. Italiam petiit, &c. This speech of Juno is very different from that of Venus: the one is tender, persuasive, and pathetic; the other haughty, imperious, and sarcastic. In the beginning, she acknowledges that Eneas undertook his voyage at the direction of the gods; but she will have it, that it was particularly at the instance of Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, a prophetess whom nobody believed. Auctoribus: advisers-persuaders, or the first movers. 68. Furiis: this Ruæus interprets by vaticiniis. 70. Summam: the management-chief command. 71. Fidem, aut gentes, agitare, &c. This is a difficult passage, arising partly from the conciseness of the expression, and partly from the falsehood of the assertion. Commentators are generally agreed that fidem is to be taken for alliance or friendship, in the sense of fœdus. To connect agitare with it in that sense, we must take the verb in the sense of implorare, which it will hardly bear. But if we take fidem to mean the loyalty and allegiance, which the Tuscans bore to Mezentius their king; and there is no reason, why it may not; then agitare, in its common acceptation, to disturb, shake or unsettle, may be connected with it, as well as with quietas gentes. It was not true, however, that the nations to which Æneas applied for assistance were at peace. For both the Tuscans and Arcadians were at war with the Latins. Heyne takes agitare fidem, in the sense of solicitare societatem et fœdus. Quietas: at peace. 72. Quæ dura nostra: what rigid power of ours. This refers to the epithet dura, which Venus uses in relation to her, verse 44. Commentators generally take fraudem to mean detriment damage. Ruæus interprets it by damnum, and it may so mean here; for Juno, all along, reflects upon the false steps and bad management of Æneas. But it may also mean fraud, alluding to the attempt to draw the Tuscans from their allegiance to their king. Heyne takes fraudem in the sense of malum. Servius, in the sense of periculum. Davidson renders it Indignum est, Italos Trojam circundare flammis Est Paphos, Idaliumque tibi; sunt alta Cythera: NOTES. by the words "guileful measures," alluding 76. Pilumnus: a king of the Rutuli, and reputed son of Jove. He was one of the ancestors of Turnus, and was deified. Venilia: she was the sister of Amata, and mother of Turnus. She also was made a goddess. 77. Quid, Trojanos: what is it for the Trojans to offer violence, &c. Servius explains atra face, by savo bello. Dr. Trapp thinks this is an allusion to the story of Paris, whose mother dreamed she should bring forth a torch or fire-brand; he being the cause of the war, which proved the ruin of Troy. Fax, signifies the first motives or incentives to any thing. Fax belli, is therefore the commencement of war. Incendia belli, is a war when it hath come to its height, and lays every thing waste before it, like a devouring flame. Atrâ face: with black or hostile torches. Ruæus says, nigris tædis. 78. Premere jugo: to subjugate. Arva: in the sense of terras vel regiones. 79. Legere. Servius renders it, by furari. Hence they are called Sacrilegi, qui sacra legunt; i. e. furantur. Pactas: betrothed spouses; sponsas being understood, or perhaps it is implied in pactas. Legere soceros : to steal fathers-in-law; that is, to marry their daughters without their consent, and against their wills. Heyne says, eligere sumere. 80. Orare pacem: to implore peace with the hand, and to fix arms on the sterns of their ships. This refers to the olive boughs, which they held in their hands as a sign of peace when they visited the court of Lati nus. This is an invidious reflection of Juno, and entirely groundless. If it refer to the Latins, there was no crime in suing for peace, and being at the same time prepared for war. It was the most likely way to obtain it. If it relate to the Arcadians: they had no design of war upon them. Their arms were designed only to guard them against the insults of enemies on their passage to the court of Evander. 84. Nefandum est: it is a horrid crime for us, &c. The following line contains a most As if Juno had said: if severe sarcasm. Eneas, the general of an army, choose to be absent in so critical a juncture, and is not careful to inform himself of their state, let him, for aught I care, remain ignorant, and never return. 87. Urbem. The city Laurentum, to the government of which Eneas would arrive, by marrying Lavinia. Gravidam: potentem, says Ruæus. Aspera: in the sense of belli cosa. 88. Tibi. This is either redundant, or Phrygiæ. Juno here speaks in the present used in the sense of tua, agreeing with time, though reference is had to the Trojan war. This change of tense is often very elegant. It gives life and animation to the subject. Fluxas res. Ruæus says, fragile regnum, the frail power of thy Troy. 89. Qui. This refers to Paris, who was the cause of the Trojan war. Nos was it I, or was it not rather that Paris, who exposed the unhappy, &c. 91. Furto: here adultery, treachery Furtum also signifies any private, or secret act of wickedness. An allusion is here made to the rape of Helen, which was an act of the basest kind; a most pernidious crime. After this the Greeks, we mavpose, would 94 Tuis Trojanis Me duce, Dardanius Spartam expugnavit adulter? Talibus orabat Juno: cunctique fremebant Murmura, venturos nautis prodentia ventos. 95 Tum pater omnipotens, rerum cui summa potestas, 101 103. Posuêre flatum; Tum Zephyri posuêre; premit placida æquora pontus. pontus 107. Secat sibi factis, sive fuat Tros, Rutulusve, habebo eos 105 Accipite ergò animis atque hæc mea figite dicta. Quandoquidem Ausonios conjungi fœdere Teucris Haud licitum est, nec vestra capit discordia finem : Quæ cuique est fortuna hodie, quam quisque secat spem, Tros Rutulusve fuat, nullo discrimine habebo: Seu fatis Italûm castra obsidione tenentur, Sive errore malo Troja, monitisque sinistris. Nec Rutulos solvo. Sua cuique exorsa laborem Fortunamque ferent. Rex Jupiter omnibus idem. 113. Ille annuit per Fata viam invenient. Stygii per flumina fratris, Per pice torrentes atrâque voragine ripas 109. Seu castra Tro janorum tenentur flumina NOTES. have no further intercourse, or treaties, with the Trojans: which is the idea conveyed in solvere fœdera. Heyne takes furto, in the sense of raptu. 92. Expugnavit Spartam. History informs us that Paris did not carry off Helen in an amicable manner, but by violence and force. In her heart, however, she might not have been averse to it. This the Trojan prince effected in the absence of the Grecian king, who had entertained him in a very hospitable manner. Juno here calls him an adulterer, and represents him as an insidious enemy. Expugnavit: he assaulted, &c. 93. Fovi bella: fomented-caused wars through lust. Cupidine: unlawful desire, or love. 94. Nunc: this refers to the time of the rape of Helen. Here Juno is extremely severe. 95. Haud justis: in the sense of injustis. Jurgia: reproaches-complaints. 97. Vario assensu: with various assent; some approved of the speech of Venus, others of the speech of Juno. 98. Deprênsa: caught-pent up in the woods. Caca murmura: murmurs scarcely to be heard. Prodentia: intimating to, &c. 101. Infit: in the sense of incipit. 102. Solo. Whatever supports any thing may be called solum. Solum terra would be the foundation of the earth. Ruæus says, à fundamentis. 103. Premit: ievels-renders smooth. Ruæus says, st nit. 110 107. Quam spem, &c. Servius and some others take secat: in the sense of tenet vel habet. But Turnebus, in the sense of sumit; and Ruæus, in the sense of assumit: takes, or assumes to himself; as when one divides a thing into parts or portions. Heyne differs from most commentators in the sense of the verb secat. He takes it in the sense of incidere, vel perdere: to cut off, or destroy by their actions. 109. Fatis Italûm, &c. This is generally understood of the fates unkind or hostile to the Italians. Ruæus interprets fatis, by damno: loss or damage. Davidson thinks malis is to be supplied. 110. Malo errore: whether by a fatal error of Troy, and inauspicious presages repelling the assaults of the Italians: this is whether the Trojans shall be successful in whether the Italians should prove victorious expressed in the preceding line, seu fatis: or over the Trojans; these having been defatal error, in coming hither to find a perceived by false predictions, and led into a manent settlement. Annuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. NOTES. 136. Terebintho: the terebinthus, or turpentine tree. Its wood bears a resemblance to ebony. Oricia: an adj. from Oricum, a town of Macedonia in the confines of Epirus, where those trees abounded. 140. Armare: in the sense of ungere. Calamos: darts, or missive weapons in general. Generose: voc. agreeing with Ismare: nobly descended from a Lydian family. 142. Pactolus irrigat: Pactolus waters them with its gold-golden stream. This was a small river, on whose banks stood the famous city Sardes, the capital of Lydia. Here Croesus held his court. It empties into the Hermus, one of the largest rivers of Asia Minor, and with it flows into the sea near the city of Ephesus. They were both celebrated for their golden sands. The poet here supposes the water of the Pactolus to be of a golden hue. 145. Campanæ urbi. Capua, the capital of Campania. Here Hannibal took up his winter quarters. But the luxury and dissipation of the place, proved the ruin of his affairs in Italy. 148. Namque ut primùm digressus ab Evandro, et ingressus 150. Edocet quidve 157. Tenet prima loca, subjuncta quoad Phrygios leones rostro. 162. Jam quærit iter opaca noctis; jam quæ dura Eneas passus est Illi inter sese duri certamina belli : Contulerant mediâ Æneas freta nocte secabat. 150 155 Admonet, immiscetque preces. Haud fit mora: Tarchon Pandite nunc Helicona, Deæ, cantusque movete : Massicus æratâ princeps secat æquora Tigri : manus mille 170. Torvus Abas Unà torvus Abas: huic totum insignibus armis erat unà cum illo: huic Agmen, et aurato fulgebat Apolline puppis. totum agmen fulgebat Sexcentos illi dederat Populonia mater NOTES. 155. Lydia gens: after the expulsion of Mezentius, the Tuscans were forbidden by the fates to make themselves a king, unless he were a foreigner; or to march against him, unless under the command of a foreign general. They are free from this restraint, now that Eneas had arrived, and are at liberty to enter under his banner. The Tuscans were originally a colony from Lydia. Hence they are called Lydia gens. It is most likely, they had a fleet already prepared for an expedition. For in the short time Eneas was with them, they could not have built or even equipped one. 100 165 170 157. Subjuncta. The ship of Æneas had Phrygian lions yoked together, and placed under its prow or beak for its ensign. The lion was sacred to Cybele, who presided over Phrygia, and particularly over mount Ida, of whose pines Eneas had built his fleet. 158. Ida: the name of one of the galleys, commanded by Æneas in person. Super imminet: rises-towers above the rest. 161. Quærit: inquires concerning, &c. 165. Pelago: in the sense of fluvio. 167. Clusi. Clusium was a city of Tuscany. Hodie, Chiusi. 168. Cosas: the acc. plu. of Cosa or Cosa, a maritime town of Tuscany, near the promontory Argentarium. Cosas is put in apposition with urbem. Queis: whose weapons were arrows, &c. Queis: in the sense of quorum. 169. Coryti. Corytus is a word originally Greek, of the same import with pharetra, a quiver. 172. Populonia: an adj. from Populoni um, a city on the promontory of that name. It is called mater, in the sense that Italia is called parens. Populonia mater: simply, the city Populonium. 173. Ilva: an island to the south of Popu |