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Quis globus, ô cives, caligine volvitur atrâ? Ferte citi ferrum, date tela, scandite muros. Hostis adest, eja. Ingenti clamore per omnes 39. Omnes Teucri con- Condunt se Teucri portas, et moenia complent. dunt se ingenti clamore Namque ita discedens præceperat optimus armis Eneas si qua intereà fortuna fuisset ;

per portas

41. Intereà siqua dura fortuna fuisset

:

Ne struere auderent aciem, neu credere campo :
Castra modò, et tutos servarent aggere muros.
Ergò, etsi conferre manum pudor iraque monstrat,
Objiciunt portas tamen, et præcepta facessunt;
Armatique cavis exspectant turribus hostem.

Turnus, ut antevolans tardum præcesserat agmen,
Viginti lectis equitum comitatus, et urbi
Improvisus adest: maculis quem Thracius albis
Portat equus, cristâque tegit galea aurea rubrâ.

51. O juvenes, ecquis Ecquis erit mecum, juvenes, qui primus in hostem? vestrum erit, qui primus En, ait; et jaculum intorquens emittit in auras, irruet in hostem me- Principium pugnæ; et campo sese arduus infert. Clamore excipiunt socii, fremituque sequuntur Horrisono. Teucrûm mirantur inertia corda:

cum!

56. Viros non dare se Non æquo dare se campo, non obvia ferre

æquo campo, non ferre arma obvia

40

45

50

55

60

Arma viros; sed castra fovere. Huc turbidus atque huc 57. Turnus turbidus Lustrat equo muros, aditumque per avia quærit. lustrat Ac veluti pleno lupus insidiatus ovili, Cùm fremit ad caulas, ventos perpessus et imbres, 64. Rabies edendi col- Nocte super mediâ: tuti sub matribus agni lecta ex longo tempore Balatum exercent: ille asper et improbus irâ fatigat eum, et fauces siccæ sanguine fatigant Sævit in absentes: collecta fatigat edendi Ex longo rabies, et siccæ sanguine fauces

eum

NOTES.

36. Globus: a troop, or multitude of soldiers. Quis: in the sense of quantus. Volvitur: is approaching. Ruæus says, accedit ad nos. But volvitur may be taken perhaps in the sense of involvitur: is involved, or concealed from us, in that thick cloud of dust. 37. Ferrum: here, must mean arms in general.

38. Per in the sense of intra. 40. Optimus armis : most skilful in the art of war-most valiant in arms.

41. Siqua fortuna: if there should be any danger or hazard during his absence, he directed that they should not, &c. If war should break out while, &c.

43. Modò: only-they should attempt nothing more. Aggere in the sense of munimentis.

44. Monstrat conferre: urges them to engage hand to hand-in close quarters, and on equal terms, yet, &c.

48. Equitum: gen. plu. for equilibus, to agree with lectis.

49. Albis maculis: of white spots. The prep. è vel ex is understood.

52. Intorquens jaculum: brandishing his javelin, he threw it into the air, as the beginning, &c. This is an allusion to the Roman

ceremony of throwing a javelin into the ene-
my's territory, as a signal of war. Princi-
pium: in the sense of initium.
54. Horrisono fremitu: with terrific shouts.
Excipiunt: they answer with acclamation
they second, &c.

55. Inertia: cowardly-fearful.

56. Obvia: in the sense of adversa. 57. Fovere castra: to cherish or hug their camp-keep close to it. This is an opprobrious expression. It is a metaphor taken from timorous mothers, who hug their children, and keep them close to their bosoms, when apprehensive of their being in danger. Turbidus: in the sense of iratus.

58. Per avia: in the sense of per inaccessa loca. Avia: of a priv. and via.

60. Cùm fremit: growls around the sheepcotes. Perpessus: enduring-suffering.

61. Super: until-as far as. Ruæus says, sub mediam noctem.

62. Ille asper: he fierce and outrageous with anger, &c. Absentes: the lambs shut up in the fold, and out of his reach. Exercent in the sense of emittunt.

63. Savil: in the sense of furit. Eos is understood.

64. Rabies edendi: a rage for eating

Haud aliter Rutulo muros et castra tuenti
Ignescunt iræ et duris dolor ossibus ardet;
Quâ tentet ratione aditus; et quâ via clausos
Excutiat Teucros vallo, atque effundat in æquor.
Classem, quæ lateri castrorum adjuncta latebat,
Aggeribus septanı circùm et fluvialibus undis,
Invadit; sociosque incendia poscit ovantes,
Atque manum pinu flagranti fervidus implet.
Tum verò incumbunt urget præsentia Turni,
Atque omnis facibus pubes accingitur atris.
Diripuêre focos: piceum fert fumida lumen
Tæda, et commixtam Vulcanus ad astra favillam.
Quis Deus, ô Musæ, tam sæva incendia Teucris
Avertit? tantos ratibus quis depulit ignes?
Dicite. Prisca fides facto, sed fama perennis.
Tempore, quo primùm Phrygiâ formabat in Idâ
Eneas classem, et pelagi petere alta parabat;
Ipsa Deûm fertur genitrix Berecynthia magnum

NOTES.

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65. Kuulo: to the Rutulian-to Turnus. 66. Dolor: indignation-anguish. 67. Qua ratione: in what way he may obtain access; and in what way he may dislodge the Trojans, shut up in their intrenchments, &c. It is much better to take via in the abl. than the nominative to the verb excutiat, with Heyne and Valpy. This obscures the sense, while the former renders it obvious. Ruæus and Davidson read quâ via. Heyne, quæ via.

69. Adjuncta: adjoining-near to. Ruæus says, admota.

70. Circum seplam: protected around. Ruæus says, defensam. Fluvialibus undis: by the waters of the river-simply, by the river Tiber.

71. Poscit incendia: he demands flames of his joyous companions. He orders them to take fire, and assist him in burning the ships. Verbs of commanding, &c. govern two accusatives.

73. Incumbunt: they exert all their strength-they spring to it earnestly.

75. Diripuere: they strip-plunder the hearths. Fert: in the sense of emittit.

76. Vulcanus: the god of fire, by meton. put for fire itself. Tada: a firebrand torch. Favillam: the sparks.

78. Depulit: in the sense of avertit. 79. Prisca fides, &c. There have been various conjectures upon the sense of this passage. Servius takes prisca in the sense of obsolete. It was once believed, but now is not; yet the report continues, and is likely to be immortal. This Dr. Trapp approves. Some take prisca fides facto, simply for priscum factum, with the addition of

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its being believed. But to put fides facto for factum, though with the addition of belief, is harsh and singular. Heyne takes facto, in the sense of facti, which makes the sense easier. The belief of the fact was ancient, but the report or tradition will always continue. Davidson renders the words: " ancient is the testimony of the fact, but immortal is its fame." Valpy says, "the fact was at first credited on good authority, but the tradition has been constant."

80. Tempore, quo, &c. By some critics, Virgil has been censured for this metamorphosis of the ships of Eneas into sea-nymphs. Dr. Trapp has considered this matter at some length in a note upon this place. In conclusion he says: Virgil we know was not the first who wrote of the coming of Æneas into Italy: and, among other traditions of his country, it is probable he found the story coined to his hand, and could not omit it without disobliging those whom it was his business to please. This appears probable, if we consider the judgment of this great poet, (who is not likely to be the inventor of a story which exceeds all Ovid's in improbability,) and also the hints which he gives of his own disapprobation of it. However, he does all he can to cover its absurdity. and deludes us as much as possible. He invokes the muses afresh; introduces it as a thing scarcely credible: it is dore by the greatest of the gods at the request of his mother. The story is short and elegant. But when all is said, the faulty image is not covered. Upon the whole, I am satisfied that Virgil was forced to insert it contrary to his judgment; or that he would have erased it, had he lived to perfect the poem. Alta: spatia is understood. 82. Berecynthia: a name of Cybele, who

arbores

Vocibus his affata Jovem : Da, nate, petenti,

Quod tua chara parens domito te poscit Olympo

85

85. Fuit in summâ Pinea sylva mihi multos dilecta per annos, arce pinea sylva dilecta Lucus in arce fuit summa, quò sacra ferebant, mihi per multos annos, Nigranti piceâ trabibusque obscurus acernis. nempe, lucus 88. Ego læta dedi has Has ego Dardanio juveni, cùm classis egeret, Læta dedi: nunc solicitani timor anxius urget. Solve metus, atque hoc precibus sine posse parentem, 90 91. Ut illæ naves ne Ne cursu quassate ullo, neu turbine venti vincantur quassate ullo Vincantur. Prosit nostris in montibus ortas. cursu, neu ullo turbine Filius huic contrà, torquet qui sidera mundi : venti: prosit is eas ortas esse in O genitrix, quò fata vocas? aut quid petis istis ? Mortaline manu factæ immortale carinæ

eulis maris tenebunt

Fas habeant! certusque incerta pericula lustret
Eneas? cui tanta Deo permissa potestas?

98. Ubi defunctæ peri- Imò, ubi defunctæ finem, portusque tenebunt
Ausonios; olim quæcunque evaserit undis,
Dardaniumque ducem Laurentia vexerit arva;
101. Eripiam huic Mortalem eripiam formam, magnique jubebo
Equoris esse Deas: qualis Nereïa Doto

mortalem

104. Annuitque id ra

tum esse per flumina

Et Galatea secant spumantem pectore pontum.
Dixerat: idque ratum, Stygii per flumina fratris,
Per pice torrentes atrâque voragine ripas,

* 108. Cùm injuria Tur- Annuit: et toturn nutu tremefecit Olympum.
Ergò aderat promissa dies, et tempora Parcæ
Cybelen depellere tædas Debita complêrant; cùm Turni injuria matrem

ni admonuit matrem

NOTES.

is said to have been the mother of the gods. See Æn. vi. 784.

84. Olympo domito. Jupiter had dethroned his father Saturn, and reduced all the gods to his obedience. The mention of this circumstance is emphatical. For kings are most likely to grant favors on their first accession to their thrones. And besides, it was peculiarly proper to be mentioned by her; for it was by her means that he was so advanced. He had been preserved by her from Saturn; and for the undisturbed possession of Olympus, he was indebted to his mother: Jove could not therefore refuse her prayer.

86. Lucus: put, in apposition with pinea sylva. Ferebant: in the sense of offerebant. Sacra: sacrifices.

87. Obscurus: darkened-shaded; agreeing with lucus. Arce summa: mount Ida, where Cybele was peculiarly worshipped. This mountain was sacred to her. Trabibus acernis: ash-trees. Trabs: the trunk, put by synec. for the whole tree.

88. Classis: gen. governed by egeret. 89. Urget: this is the common reading. Davidson reads angit.

90. Solve metus: dismiss my fears. Fear may be considered as a yoke in which a person is bound. Ruæus says, expelle. Posse hoc to obtain this by intreaties-to have ufficient influence with you to obtain, &c.

35

95

100

105

91. Ullo cursu: in any voyage-course. Turbine venti: a storm, or gale of wind.

94. Vocas: in the sense of vertis. Fata: the course-order of things. Istis: for those ships. Navibus is understood.

96. Immortale fas: an immortal privilege, or right. Lustrel: surmount-pass through. Certus: safe-secure from harm. For lustret, Ruæus says adıbit.

100. Laurentia arva: Italy-the land of Laurentum. The prep. ad is understood.

102. Doto-Galatea: the names of two nymphs of the sea, the daughters of Nereus and Doris. See Ecl. ii. 46.

104. Annuitque id ratum: he assented it should be granted-he bowed his head as a sign that it was granted to her. The gods were wont to swear by the infernal rivers, particularly by Styx; and if they did not perform, they lost their divinity for an hundred years. See Geor. in. 551.

105. Torrentes: in the sense of fluentes. Cybele had requested of Jove, that the ships of Eneas should not, under any circumstance, be overcome or destroyed. He intimates this to be a singular request. Could ships built by mortal hands, enjoy the privilege of immortality? was it certain, that Eneas would escape the dangers of his long and perilous voyage? what she demanded was out of his power to grant unconditionally. But if any of them should

Admonuit sacris ratibus depellere tædas.
Hic primùm nova lux oculis effulsit, et ingens
Visus ab Aurorâ cœlum transcurrere ninibus,
Idæique chori: tum vox horrenda per auras
Excidit, et Troüm Rutulorumque agmina complet:
Ne trepidate meas, Teucri, defendere naves,
Neve armate manus: maria antè exurere Turno
Quàm sacras dabitur pinus. Vos ite solutæ,
Ite, Deæ pelagi: genitrix jubet. Et sua quæque
Continuò puppes abrumpunt vincula ripis ;
Delphinumque modo demersis æquora rostris
Ima petunt. Hinc virgineæ, mirabile monstrum!
Reddunt se totidem facies, pontoque feruntur,
Quot priùs æratæ steterant ad litora proræ.
Obstupuere animis Rutuli: conterritus ipse
Turbatis Messa pus equis: cunctatur et amnis

Rauca sonans; revocatque pedem Tiberinus ab alto.
At non audaci cessit fiducia Turno.

Ultrò animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultrò:
Trojanos hæc monstra petunt: his Jupiter ipse
Auxilium solitum eripuit: non tela, nec ignes
Expectant Rutulos. Ergò maria invia Teucris,
Nec spes ulla fugæ rerum pars altera adempta est:
Terra autem in manibus nostris: tot millia gentes
Arma ferunt Italæ. Nil me fatalia terrent,
Si qua Phryges præ se jactant, responsa Deorum
Sat fatis Venerique datum, tetigere quòd arva
Fertilis Ausoniæ Troës. Sunt et mea contrà

NOTES.

escape the dangers of the sea, and arrive safe in Italy, he would grant to such, to become nymphs of the sea. This he promises in the most soleinn manner, and ratifies it by the usual oath.

109. Tadas: in the sense of flammas.

110. Hic primùm, &c. This implies, that Cybele had before been unknown in Italy: and now made her first appearance in that country, in favor of the Trojans. Oculis: in the sense of visui.

111. Nimbus: a bright cloud, or cloud of glory, the vehicle of the goddess. Aurora:

the east.

112. Idæique chori: her Idæan choir. These were the priests of Cybele, the Corybantes, Curetes, or Dactyli. They made a sound about the goddess on their brazen cymbals, as she passed through the sky. Horrenda: awful-inspiring dread.

113. Excidit: in the sense of emittitur. 114. Trepidate: in the sense of properate. 116. Vos ile soluta: go, ye, free, go, goddesses of the sea.

119. Modo: in the sense of more. Demersis: sunk-immerged. Like dolphins, they dive with their prows or beaks to the bottom of the sea.

121. Reddunt se, &c. The meaning is:

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120

120. Hinc totidem vir gineæ facies

126

130

130. Ergo maria sunt invia

133. Fatalia responsa Deorum, si qua Phryges jactant præ se

136. Et sunt mihi mea 135 fata contrà illa, nempe exscindere

after they had gone to the bottom, each one came up with a virgin face, and floated down the stream into the sea.

124. Turbatis: affrighted--alarmed. Cunctatur: stopt-delayed.

125. Raucà: an adj. neu. plu., taken as from the deep. an adv. Revocat pedem: recalls his current

127. Tollit animos: he rouses the courage of his men (militum) by his words, and re bukes their fears.

128. Petunt: in the sense of spectant. 130. Expectant: naves Trojanæ is understood.

131. Altera pars rerum: one part of the world is taken from them, now their ships have left them; namely, the sea: and the land is in our possession. There is no way for them to escape.

133. Arma: by meton. for the men who bear them. Ferunt: bring to our aid. Terrent nil, &c. This whole speech of Turnus, bespeaks him the soldier and intrepid commander. And to turn those very prodigies, which encouraged and animated his enemies, against them, marks his undaunte.] spirit. He calls them Phrygians by way of contempt.

Fata mihi, ferro sceleratam exscindere gentem, Conjuge præreptâ. Nec solos tangit Atridas Iste dolor; solisque licet capere arma Mycenis. 140. Sed dicetur, est Sed periisse semel satis est: peccare fuisset satis eos periisse semel: Antè satìs, penitùs modò non genus omne perosos fuisset satis eos peccare Fœmineum. Quibus hæc medii fiducia valli, antè, penitùs perosos esse non modò omne

Fossarumque moræ, leti discrimina parva, Dant animos. At non viderunt monia Troja, Neptuni fabricata manu, considere in ignes? 146. Sed vos, O lecti Sed vos, ô lecti, ferro quis scindere vallum viri, quis vestrum appa- Apparat, et mecum invadit trepidantia castra ? Non armis mihi Vulcani, non mille carinis Est opus in Teucros: addant se protinùs omnes 150. Ne timeant tene- Etrusci socios: tenebras et inertia furta

rat

bras

Palladii, cæsis summæ custodibus arcis,
Ne timeant nec equi cæcâ condemur in alvo.
Luce palam certum est igni circumdare muros.

154. Faxo ut haud Haud sibi cum Danais rem, faxo, et pube Pelasgâ putent esse rem sibi cum Esse putent, decimum quos distulit Hector in annum.

Danais

Nunc adeò, melior quoniam pars acta diei;
Quod superest; læti benè gestis corpora rebus

NOTES.

138. Conjuge præreptâ. Lavinia had been promised to Turnus in marriage: and he already considered her as his wife. She was taken (prærepta) from him, and transferred to Eneas.

139. Licetque Mycenis: nor is it lawful for Greece alone to take up arms. It is lawful for us too, in a similar cause. It is plain that the negation is to be continued, in this last member of the sentence.

140. Sed periisse semel, &c. This is a difficult passage; and it is so rendered by its conciseness. To make the sense, something must be supplied. There is a note in the Variorum edition upon this place, in these words: Verùm dicent Trojani se luisse jam Helena raptum. Respondet: desiissent ergò peccare: dedicissent odisse potiùs fœminas omnes, quàm vel unam rapere: quod quia in Lavinia faciunt, iterum pereant. Ex quo colligitur, quoties peccaverint, toties eos perire debere. Upon the words penitùs modo non, Dr. Trapp observes, the penitùs should be connected with perosos: and the modo non, he takes in the sense of propemodum, and joins them with omne genus, &c. That they should utterly hate almost the whole female sex. They could not hate all women; their mothers, sisters, and relations, must be excepted. Rumus makes the first clause an interrogation: which is incorrect. It is a supposed objection, to which peccare fuisset, &c. is the answer.

142. Quibus hæc fiducia: to whom this confidence of an intervening rampart, &c. give courage. The meaning of the passage is this: let them not presume on their forti

140

145

150

15',

fications and ramparts, that these will save them from death, since their former treachery was punished, when they were guarded by much stronger munitions, even those walls which were built by the hand of Neptune. Parva discrimina lethi: a small space, or feeble partition between them and death. Medii: intervening-between them and us.

144. At this is the reading of Heyne, and Valpy. The common reading is un. 147. Trepidantia castra: trembling-in terror and consternation, now their leader is absent.

148. Non armis opus est: either that he needed not arms made by Vulcan, such as Achilles had; or that he would not use his own sword, which was also the workmanship of the god of fire. See En. xii. 90.

151. Palladii, &c. Here is an allusion to the exploit of Diomede and Ulysses, who privately entered the temple of Minerva in Troy, and stole the Palladium, having slain the guards. Hence, inertia furta: such cowardly and unmanly conduct, Turnus disdains.

153. Luce palàm: I am resolved to surround, &c. Turnus promises the Trojans fair play, that he will not have recourse to those stratagems and arts, which the Greeks employed when before Troy. This bespeaks a manly and dignified spirit; one, truly becoming the hero. Luce palàm: openly— in the day.

154. Foxo: I will do or cause that, &c.

157. Rebus benè gestis. These words are to be taken absolutely. Things being favorably begun. This is the sense given by

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