The Indians are a very interesting class of people to study. Years ago they were at war most of the time. Now they are more peaceful and imitate civilized people.

(f) MODES OF TRANSPORTATION. In the absence of wheeled vehicles, transportation by land during the summer months was on the backs of men and women. The dog lent a meager aid as a pack animal, carrying about onehundred pounds. In winter sledges drawn by dogs and men were the primitive bearers of burden. The first passenger train of the continent was a procession of Indian women with their children strapped on their backs on cradle boards. The canoe of birch bark was also used.

(g) INDIAN AMUSEMENTS. The Indian home life is a constant round of dancing, feasting and playing games. Some of the dances, formerly common, had no special significance; some were religious, others of a pantomimic or dramatic character. Throwing or shooting at a target with tomahawk, knife, bow and arrow, and later with guns or pistols, was much practised. There were numerous games played with bones. Among the boys, shooting with the bow and arrow, walking upon stilts, throwing stones from slings,

were common amusements.

4. Books for Teachers. Besides periodicals, three classes of books are valuable to the teacher of geography-books of travel, books suitable for the pupils to read and books on methods of teaching the subject. Those of the first and second classes are so numerous that no list of them is attempted, but a few of those most helpful to the teacher are here given:

Seven Little Sisters; Ten Boys on the Road from Long Ago to Now. Jane Andrews. Ginn & Co., Chicago.

Home Geography. H. W. Fairbanks.

Co., Chicago.

Child and Nature.

Educational Publishing

Alexander Frye. Ginn & Co., Chicago.

Stories of Great Americans for Little Americans. Baldwin. American Book Co., New York, Chicago.

Principles and Methods of the Teaching of Geography. Holtz. MacMillan Co., New York, Chicago.

5. Type Studies. Children in the primary grades are easily interested in primitive life and one of the best means of developing a permanent interest in history is the history story, including biography. The stories should be simple and confined to such facts and events as the pupils of these grades can understand. The following stories are designed to assist the teacher in the application of this method of teaching history in the primary grades.

(1) Study the story until you can tell it freely, and in an animated and interesting style.

(2) If the story is too long for one lesson, divide it logically into sections and tell one section at a time.

(3) Follow the telling of the story with questions to bring out the principal points.

(4) In review ask the pupils to tell the story, but do not make this exercise tedious.

THE STORY OF DANIEL BOONE

(a) BOYHOOD. Long before the beginning of the Revolutionary War, when nearly all of what is now the United States was a wilderness, where no white men lived, a baby was born on the banks of the Delaware River, near Philadelphia, whose name was to become known and honored all through the country. This baby was Daniel Boone. When he was only a young lad, Daniel attracted attention. He liked to steal away into the woods where he would remain for hours with the trees, wild flowers, birds and wild animals for company. Before he was ten years of age, he would take his rifle and wander far in the forest without any thought of fear, or of being unable to find his way back to his home. He usually returned with a good supply of small game, such as squirrels and rabbits, and occasionally he shot a fierce panther. So great was his love for the forest that he built a little log cabin in the wilderness three miles from any house and there he would stay for days, with nothing but his rifle for protection.

When Daniel was about thirteen years of age, the family moved to Holman's Ford, on the Yadkin River in North Carolina. Here, in the midst of beautiful, yet rugged mountain scenery, Daniel grew to young manhood. He often gazed longingly at the lofty summits of the mountains between him and the setting sun and wondered what sort of a country lay beyond. He went on long hunting excursions, from

which he returned laden with furs. Other families came and the little settlement grew from year to year. Boone married Rebecca Bryan, the daughter of one of their neighbors. He built a log cabin some distance from the settlement, and here he dwelt with his wife, but his heart longed for the depths of the forest.

(b) EARLY EXPEDITIONS. Boone was a quiet affectionate man, and was beloved by his family. He had cleared a good farm out of what was forest and all the wants of the family were abundantly supplied. He was now thirty-five years old and is spoken of as a man of even temper, never sad, and never over joyous, but always wearing a pleasant smile. He was looked upon as a leader in everything about the great forest. Absolutely without fear, with a knowledge and skill in woodcraft. far beyond those of any Indian, and perfectly at home in the wildest mountain regions, he was held in high esteem wherever he was known.

DANIEL BOONE

One day John Finley, a man who had crossed the Allegheny Mountains, came to his home, and told of the wonderful country to the west. For several years Boone had been restless. He longed to go farther into the forest and dwell apart from men. Now his sons were old enough to help care for the farm, and, fired by the stories told by Finley, he determined to explore the great region beyond the mountains. A company of six men was organized with Boone as leader. Their outer garments were made of deer skin, their underclothing was of coarse woolen cloth and moccasins covered their feet. They were to depend upon wild game for food, but they must take with them a good supply of powder and bullets which had to be carried on their backs, because there were no paths over the mountains that horses could travel.

With this simple outfit, on a beautiful morning of the first of May, 1769, this little company set out on their 500-mile journey into the wilderness. They had no fear of wild beasts nor Indians, neither did they have any dread of the long journey before them. Whenever night overtook them, they built a simple shelter with their axes, made a bonfire over which they cooked their evening meal, and then lay down upon a bed of leaves and moss and slept soundly until morning. After several weeks, they reached the summit of the Cumberland Mountains

and looked down upon the beautiful country which is now a part of the state of Kentucky.

They went down the western slope of the mountains to the banks of a little stream, now called the Red River. Here they built a hut and passed the summer. Bears,

buffalo and deer were plentiful, and birds of endless variety were found in countless numbers. From time to time, the men made long excursions in different directions to examine the country, with the view of returning for their families and forming a settlement there. They had seen no Indians since leaving home, but one day in December, Boone and John Stewart went on an exploring trip and were suddenly captured. The Indians kept the men prisoners seven days, during which time Boone, by his good nature and apparent friendship, won the confidence of the Indians to such an extent that they became less watchful over their captives. The seventh night of their captivity was unusually dark and at midnight, while the Indians were sleeping soundly, Boone and his companion quietly stole from the camp and fled into the forest. With the instinct of a bee, Boone made a straight line towards their hut, which they reached without further adventures. They found the camp plundered and deserted, and nothing was ever learned of the four men whom Boone and his companions had left when they started on their trip.

ESCAPE FROM THE INDIANS

But these two brave men had no idea of leaving the country. Fearing that the Indians might have discovered the former camp, they built another in a more secret spot and remained in it for several weeks. Here Daniel's brother, Squire Boone, found them in January and brought them a good supply of powder and bullets. We may well wonder how this brother and his companion found this lonely camp, hidden away in a pathless wilderness where it could not be reached from the settlements except by a journey of several weeks' duration.

(c) RESCUING THE SURVIVORS. In the war between the French and English for possession of the country most of the Indians were on the side of the French. Boone had become famous because of his knowledge of the forest and his sagacity in dealing with the Indians, whom he could outwit on all occasions. Soon after his return from the first expedition into Kentucky it was learned that the Indians were planning a general war on all the English settlements. Lord Dunmore, gover

nor of Virginia, had sent a company of surveyors to survey land along the Ohio River. These men were wholly ignorant of the Indian uprising and were in great danger. Lord Dunmore selected Boone to find the surveyors and lead them back to the settlements. This was a task of unusual danger and difficulty, yet Boone set out on his mission without any hesitation, found the men and led them safely back, notwithstanding the many bands of hostile Indians lurking in the forest.

Boone was then appointed to the command of three companies of troops and given the difficult task of defending the frontier settlements in Virginia and North Carolina from attack by the Indians. His scouts were everywhere, and the Indians were unable to surprise a single settlement under his protection.

(d) BOONSBORO. After the war, Boone and a few followers built a log fort on the banks of the Kentucky River and named it Boonsboro. The fort was near the present city of Winchester. Boone and several of his neighbors brought their families to the fort and Boonsboro became the first permanent settlement in Kentucky. The Indians attacked this fort many times but never succeeded in capturing it, and it finally became an object of superstition and dread to them. During the years that followed Boone was captured a number of times by the Indians and had many narrow escapes in his contests with them. He was adopted by one tribe, and the ceremony consisted in plucking out all his hair except a scalp lock and giving him a thorough washing in the river to wash away his white blood.

His even temper never deserted him, and he always appeared perfectly at home and contented when a captive. In time the Indians believed that he was contented to remain with them, and ceased to watch him. When Boone was sure that the Indians fully trusted him, he started out on a hunting trip one morning and failed to return. Before the Indians realized that he had escaped, he was so far away that they could not overtake him and he reached Boonsboro unharmed. His family, thinking that he had been killed, had returned to his old home in North Carolina. Boone followed and soon returned with them and a still larger number of settlers.

Boone was both respected and feared by the Indians. They respected him for his courage and skill and his fair dealing with them. They feared him, because they knew that he could outwit and outgeneral them, so they decided that, at all cost, he must be killed and many attempts were made upon his life. In the border warfare his brother and two of his sons lost their lives, but he escaped.

With the aid of his sons he cleared the land for a farm on which he raised abundant crops to supply all the needs of the family, and this was done during the years in which the Revolutionary War was being fought, and all frontier settlements were subjected to the danger of