Equal parts by weight of water and alcohol, Isinglass, Yellow amber,. Hen's egg, fresh laid, Camphor, White wax, Tallow, Pearl, Sheep's bone, Ivory, Ox's horn, Lignum vitæ, Ebony, Mahogany, Dry oak, Beech, Wood. 1.19 .93 .92 .82 .74 1.24 to 1.30 geneous bodies, which may be divided 1.84 lengthwise into similar and equal parts, 1.22 the centre of gravity will be the same as the centre of magnitude. The centre of gravity of a parallelogram or cylinder, or any prism whatever, is in the middle point of the axis, and the centre of gravity of a circle, or any regular figure, is the same as the centre of magnitude. The common centre of gravity of two bodies, is a .71 point so situated in a right line joining the 1.03 centres of the two bodies, that, if the point 1.09 be suspended, the two bodies will equi.94 ponderate and rest. Thus the point of .91 suspension in a balance or steelyard, where 1.61 the two weights equiponderate, is the common centre of gravity of the two weights Gravity, in music, is the modification 1.15 of any sound, by which it becomes deep 1.11 or low in respect of some other sound. 1.45 1.08 1.33 1.18 .38 .24 GRAY, Thomas, a distinguished English poet, was the son of a money scrivener in 1.05 the city of London, where he was born in .99 1716. He was sent to Eton, and there laid .97 the foundation of his future intimacy with .94 Horace Walpole and Richard West. In 2.75 1734, he removed to Cambridge as a stu2.22 dent of St. Peterhouse, where he early ob1.92 tained some reputation for literature and 1.84 poetry. He quitted college in 1738, and entered himself at the Inner Temple, with a view of studying law, but was easily induced to accept the invitation of Mr. Walpole to accompany him in his tour of Eu93 rope, towards the close of which they .85 separated, in consequence of some dis.84 agreement. Gray finished the expedition by himself, and returned to England .80 to .60 in 1741. His father soon after died, and .57 to .50 leaving but a small property, Mr. Gray returned to academic retirement at Cambridge. Here he occupied himself several years in laying literary schemes and plans .00302 of magnitude, which he admirably com.00164 menced, but wanted energy to mature. .09134 So slow was he to publish, that it was not .00121 until 1747 that his Ôde on a distant Pros.00098 pect of Eton College made its appearance; .00008 and it was only in consequence of the Gravity, Centre of, in mechanics, is a printing of a surreptitious copy, that, in point within a body, through which, if 1751, he published his Elegy written in a a plane pass, the segments on each side Country Church-yard. In 1757, on the will equiponderate; that is, neither of them death of Cibber, the office of laureate was can move the other. Hence, if the de- offered to Mr. Gray, who declined it, and scent of the centre of gravity be prevented, the same year published his two principal or if the body be suspended by its centre odes, On the Progress of Poesy, and The of gravity, it will continue at rest in equi- Bard. In 1759, he removed to London, librium in any position. The whole grav- where he resided for three years. In 1768, ity, or matter, of a body may be conceived the duke of Grafton presented him with united in its centre of gravity; and, there- the professorship of modern history at fore, it is usual, in demonstration, to sub- Cambridge; in consequence of which he stitute the centre for the body. In homo- wrote the Ode for Music, for the installa Cork, tion of that nobleman as chancellor of the university the following year. It was the intention of Gray to do something more than his predecessors, who had made the office a sinecure, although affording a salary of 300l. per annum ; but, his health soon after declining, he proceeded no farther than to sketch a plan for his inauguration speech. He died of the gout in his stomach, on the 30th July, 1771, in his fifty-fifth year, and was buried with his mother in the church-yard of Stoke Pogeis in Buckinghamshire. As a poet, Gray is splendid, lofty, energetic and harmonious. Although lyric poetry was what he chiefly cultivated, he would have excelled in the didactic, if a judgment may be formed from his noble fragment of An Essay on the Alliance of Education and Government. As a writer of Latin verse, he is surpassed by few, and his letters are admirable specimens of the epistolary style. In his disposition he was peculiarly fastidious, which gave an air of effeminacy and timidity to his manners, subjecting him to much ridicule, at the same time singularly contrasting with the manly strains of his poetry. His general acquirements were uncommon, but his want of energy and perseverance rendered his extensive research little effective. (See Memoirs of his life, &c. by Mason.) GRAY, lady Jane. (See Grey.) GREAT BAHAMA. (See Bahamas.) GREAT BAHAMA BANK. (See Bahama Bank.) GREAT ST. BERNARD. (See Bernard, Great St.) GREAT BRITAIN, Geography and Statistics of Great Britain is the largest of the European islands, and constitutes the chief part of the British European dominions. It includes the countries of England, Scotand and Wales, each of which, as well as Ireland, has a separate article. The present article treats only of what properly relates to the BRITISH EMPIRE. The island of Great Britain is situated to the west of the continent, and stretches from about 50° to 584° N. lat., and from 2° of E. to 6° of W. lon.; being about 580 miles in length from north to south, and 370 in its greatest breadth along the southern coast. The English channel and the German ocean flow on the south and east between it and the continent, to which it was probably formerly joined; the narrowness of the straits of Dover, and the perfect analogy between the chalky cliffs of the opposite shores, seem to prove this supposition. The North sea washes its northern shores, while the Irish sea, St. George's channel and the Atlantic ocean, complete the circle, and separate it from Ireland on the west. The shape of Great Britain is irregular, the outlines being much indented by the sea. This gives it a great extent of coast, and many excellent harbors, in proportion to its superficial area. Including these windings, the circuit has been estimated at 1800 miles, and the whole surface at 87,000 square miles. According to the census of 1821, the whole population of Great Britain was 14,391,631. This gives 165 persons for each square milea greater comparative population than that of any of the large European states, except the Netherlands. If we adopt that of G. Britain for unity, the ratio stands thus: Great Britain, Netherlands, France,. Germany, Austrian Empire, Prussia, Spain, 1,000 1,297 ,873 ,824 ,661 ,555 ,352 The first census was taken in 1801, when the population was found to be 10,942,646; in 1811 it amounted to 12,596,803. The census of 1821 gives 2,429,630 houses, occupied by 2,941,383 families, of which 978,656 were employed in agriculture, 1,350,239 in manufacture or trade; families not included in the two preceding classes, 612,488; males, 7,137,018; females, 7,254,613. The number of acres in Great Britain is 57,952,489; of these, cultivated, 13,454,794 unprofitable. 34,397,690 are cultivated, 10,100,000 unThe following calculations of baron Dupin, show the comparative amount of animate and inanimate forces applied to agri culture and the arts, in Great Britain and France, based on a population of 15,000,000 for the former, and of 31,800,000 for the latter. total inanimate commercial and manufacturing force of the United Kingdom is 8,750,000 equivalent to 20,842,667 men; nearly four 13,750,000 times that of France. The total popula2,132,446 tion of the British empire is estimated as follows: Total animate agricult'l force, 24,632,446 The total human force applied to agriculture in G. Britain is, therefore, to the total agricultural force, nearly as 1 to 12; while in France, the ratio is as 1 to about 4. We obtain similar results from an examination of the animate force applied to manufactures and commerce. The human force in France is 4,203,019 working men; 300,000 horses employed in these branches, carry the whole animate force to 6,303,019 men. In G. Britain, the human force is 4,264,893 men; allowing for the power of 250,000 animals, the whole animate force is 6,014,893. The total animate force of France is 43,581,057 men; of Great Britain, 30,647,339, or of the whole United Kingdom (allowing for Ireland an agricultural force of 7,455,701 men, and a commercial and manufacturing force of 1,260,604), 39,363,644 effective laborers. To these animate powers should be added, in both countries, the inanimate powers, or the force supplied by wind, water and steam. The total number of mills in France has been computed at 76,000, of which 10,000 are wind-mills; the total force of hydraulic machines employed for forges, furnaces, and machinery of every kind, is equal to the third part of that of the 10,000 wind-mills; the wind employed in navigation is equivalent to the power of 3,000,000, and the steam engines to that of 480,000 men turning a winch. Besides the wind-mills, hydraulic machines, &c., the steam engines of Great Britain are calculated to exert a moving power equal to that of 6,400,000 men. We have, then, the inanimate powers of the two countries as follows: The kingdom of Hanover, with a population of 1,582,000, belongs not to the British empire, but to the male line of the present royal family. Thus her authority extends over two thirds of the globe in reference to longitude; and it is literally true that the sun never sets upon her possessions; for within this vast range, various places have noon and midnight at the same moment. Stretching also from the arctic circle to the 33d degree of south latitude, the four seasons are experienced within her dominions at the same time. "This ambitious power," says Dupin, "presents a spectacle unexampled in history. In Europe, the British empire borders on Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and France, in the north; on Spain, Sicily, Italy and Turkey, in the south; it commands the outlet of the Black sea and of the Baltic. In America, it touches Russia and the United 1,500,000 States, and stands in presence of the 253,333 new republics of the south. Between 3,000,000 these two continents, and on the route from 480,000 both of them to Asia, she holds the rock where her hands have chained the modern Prometheus. In Africa, she holds in check the Barbary powers, and watches over the safety of the negro nations. Beyond, 1,200,000 where the Portuguese found only a water240,000 ing place, and the Dutch constituted a plan12,000,000 tation, she has created a new British peo6,400,000 ple. The conquests of her merchants in Asia begin where those of Alexander ended, and where the Roman Terminus never reached. From the banks of the Indus to men. 5,233,333 men. 19,840,000 If we add to this 1,002,667 for Ireland, the the frontiers of China, the country is ruled by a mercantile company, in a narrow street of London. Thus, by the vigor of her institutions, and the perfection of her arts, an island, which, in the Oceanic Archipelago, would hardly rank in the third class, extends the influences of her industry and her power to the extremities of four divisions of the world, and, in the fifth, peoples and civilizes regions, which will follow her laws, speak her language, adopt her manners, her commerce, her arts and her literature. This immense dispersion of colonies, which would ruin any other nation, constitutes the strength of the British empire." This supplies her with raw materials, consumes the manufactured arti cles, into which her industry converts them, and maintains that immense commerce, which, in 1823, employed 165,473 sailors, and 24,542 ships of 2,506,760 tons. British commerce began to rise into importance during the reign of Elizabeth, and now surpasses all that has been recorded of any nation in the annals of mankind. The number of vessels employed in the coasting trade is very great, and lately exceeded 10,000, carrying a burthen of more than 1,250,000 tons. No very correct estimate can be formed of the internal commerce. The following table, from parliamentary documents, shows the amount of imports and exports for the three years designated: The number of vessels entered inwards and cleared outwards in 1829 (including the repeated voyages), was as follows: 13,436 2,094,357 | 4,955 634,620 || 12,248 2,006,397 | 4,405 608,118 The exports to India and China for the same year amounted to £5,212,353; the imports from those countries, to £11,220,576. The number of horses in Great Britain is reckoned at a million and a half; of cattle, five millions and a half. The number of sheep in England and Wales has been estimated at 26 millions; their annual produce of wool at 400,000 packs, of 240 pounds each. Adding those of Scotland, the total number in Great Britain is about 35 millions. The amount of wool imported in 1827 was 15,996,715 lbs; in 1828, 29,142,290; in 1829, 30,246,898, of which Germany supplied about one third and Spain one tenth. The articles imported to the greatest amount in 1821, 1822, 1823, were wood for building, tallow, tea, coffee, indigo, flax, raw silk, wool and cotton. The principal articles of export for the same years were iron and copper, cotton manufactures, cotton yarn, cutlery, refined sugar, linen and woollen goods. The most valuable mineral productions are found in the western and northern parts of the island, while the southern and eastern parts, being composed of secondary formations and alluvial soil, do not present any valuable substances. Iron, lead, copper, and particularly tin, are the VOL. V. 50 principal metals. The latter is found in the south-western part of the island, and employs about 10,000 persons, to whom it yields a yearly value of half a million. Coal is the most valuable and abundant of the productions of the mineral kingdom in Great Britain. The whole property created annually in the U. Kingdom from mines and minerals, has been estimated by doctor Colquhoun at nine millions. The chief manufactures of Great Britain are of wool, cotton, linen, silk, leather, glass, pottery and metallic wares. The fabric of woollens, of different kinds, is the most ancient, and may be considered as the staple manufacture of the country. Its prosperity may be dated from the reign of Edward III. It is chiefly confined to the southern division of the island, and, including the various articles made of wool, is stated to employ half a million of people, while the value of the articles annually produced is about £18,000,000. The cotton manufacture affords an example of unparalleled rapidity of success. Unknown till the middle of the 17th century, and of not one hundredth part of its present extent at the commencement of the 18th, it is now unrivalled in any other nation. Manchester, Glasgow and Paisley may be considered as the principal centres of this branch of industry. The application of machinery has carried it to such an extent, that, notwithstanding the cheapness of the articles produced, the total value is estimated at £20,000,000, and the number of individuals employed at from 500,000 to 600,000. Linen was early established as a staple manufacture of Great Britain, but has now been superseded, in a measure, by that of cotton, the annual value of the whole not exceeding £2,500,000. Great Britain is more celebrated for hard ware, and metallic articles in general, than for any other branch of industry. These and the woollen manufactures employ great quantities of native materials, while others, as cotton and silk, depend wholly on the growth of other countries. The total annual value of the metallic manufactures is estimated at about £18,000,000, employing 400,000 people. Large quantities of silk goods are made in London, and other places near the centre of England, estimated to be worth annually £4,200,000, and to employ 70,000 people. Leather is another important branch of industry, and, including the articles into which it is wrought, has been stated to amount to £10,000,000 annually, and to employ 300,000 workmen. Glass, earthen ware, paper, hats and porcelain, are important articles of industry. Breweries, distilleries, salt-works, copperas manufactories, &c., with those above mentioned, carry the annual production of the manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom to the amount of £114,000,000. In addition to these sources of industry, the fisheries employ great numbers of sailors, and are estimated to yield the annual value of two millions, exclusive of the colonial fisheries of Newfoundland. The total amount of new property annually created, has been estimated, by doctor Colquhoun, thus: 556,171 £47,619,101 47,472,659 The revenue, for the year ending January 5, 1829, was £55,187,142:-total expenDividends, interest and manditure, 49,336,973; principal items agement of the public funded debt, and interest on exTrustees for naval and milichequer bills, . . . . . tary pension money, and for bank of England, Civil list, Army, · Navy, Ordnance, Miscellaneous, &c., £28,095,506 1,692,870 1,057,000 8,084,042 5,667,969 1,446,972 3,292,612 (For an account of the poor rates,-in 1827, £7,784,351,-see Poor Rates.) The funded debt, January 5, 1829, was £772,322,540. At the close of the great European war (1815), the army immediately belonging to the empire amounted to 640,000 men ; the total number in British pay exceeded a million. The navy, at the same period, included more than 1000 vessels, manned by 184,000 seamen. The army, in 1828, consisted of 90,519, of which 26,888 were in Great Britain, 40,579 in the colonies, and 23,112 in Ireland. The E. India company has 276,281 troops. The naval force, in 1829, consisted of 610 vessels; of which 131 were ships of the line, 149 frigates, 172 corvettes, 155 brigs. 179 of these ships were in service. The personnel was composed of 48 admirals, 65 vice-admirals, 68 rear-admirals, 487 captains, and 30,000 sailors.-The members of the different religious denominations in the United Kingdom, in 1821, were,— £216,817,624 Episcopalians; with 6 arch9,000,000 bishops, 42 bishops; 11,736 114,230,000 parishes, 31,500,000 Presbyterians; 69 presbyteries, 839 parishes, 13,561,219 1,800,000 5,200,000 46,373,748 Catholics; 4 archbishops, 23 . 12,000 ... 5,000,000 The universities are those of 430,521,372 Members in 1828. The net revenue, for the years ending October 10, 1828 and 1829, was as follows: Oxford, . . founded 1229. 1279 1581. |