GEORGIA, GULF OF; a large gulf of the North Pacific ocean, between the continent of North America and Quadra and Vancouver's island; about 120 miles in length from north to south; the breadth varies greatly in its different parts, from six miles to twenty. It contains several clusters of islands, and branches off into a great number of canals. It communicates with the ocean, on the north, by Queen Charlotte's sound, and on the south by the strait of Juan de Fuca.

GEORGIA (in Persian, Gurgistan; in Russian, Grusia, Grusinia; by the natives called Iberia); a country in Asia, which is bounded by Circassia, Daghestan, Shirvan, Armenia and the Black sea, and is divided by mountains into Western and Eastern Georgia. Russian Georgia, or the province of Teflis, contains 17,638 square miles, with 390,000 inhabitants. Turkish Georgia, or Cartuel (Zemo Kartli), belongs to the pachalic of Tchaldir, and contains 5045 square miles, with 200,000 inhabitants: its capital is Akalzike. Separated from Russian Georgia is the Russian province Imirete or Imiretta, containing 13,370 square miles, with 270,000 inhabitants. This province comprises the following divisions:-Imiretta, the native country of the pheasant, with the capital Kotalis (Cotais), Mingrelia, Guriel, with Poti at the mouth of the river Fash (Phasis), and Awchasa on the south-western declivity of the Caucasus. Mingrelia and Guriel continue to be governed by Greek hereditary czars, tributary to Russia. The former czar of Georgia (Cachetia and Cartalinia), Heraclius Timourasovitsch, acknowledged, in 1783, the sovereignty of Russia, for himself and his descendants. In 1784, the czar of Imiretta followed his example. In 1801, the emperor Paul declared himself, at the request of the czar, Georgius Iraklivitsch, sovereign of Georgia, and the emperor Alexander formally united Georgia with the empire by a proclamation proceeds are estimated at $10,000. The Coker creek mines have more recently been discovered. Here the particles of gold are very small, and from the defective machinery, which, as yet, has been employed, they have not been found very profitable, though the mines are believed to be quite rich. At a few of these, where good ma chines for washing, &c., have been procured, and where the laborers are diligent, they average one dollar a day. At these mines, also, a large number of hands is employed, and the number is rapidly increasing. These are in the Cherokee nation, within the limits of Tennessee, and are about 70 miles from Knoxville. They are on the north side of the Unicoy mountains. From the mines on the Blue Ridge, to those on the Unicoy mountains, the whole country abounds with the strongest indications of gold.

of Sept. 12 (24), 1801. The princes still living received a pension, and Teflis (q. v.) was made the seat of government. In the Awchasa, the Russians occupy several fortresses on the shore of the Black sea for instance, Anapa. The inhabitants of Awchasa are Mohammedans, and independent: they pay no tribute. Christianity was introduced, in 370, from Armenia into Georgia, the only Caucasian country in which it has entirely maintained itself. The Georgian czarina, Tamar, endeavored, in the second half of the 12th century, to propagate Christianity among the mountaineers. The Greek religion, the predominating faith, is rigidly observed, with a number of ancient national superstitious customs. The Georgians are very tolerant towards other religions. Under the eparch of Georgia are 12 archbishops and bishops and 13 archimandrites. The country was, for centuries, the object of contest between Turkey and Persia, was plundered by both, and its inhabitants carried away as slaves. The Georgians are considered the finest race of men, after the Circassians, and Georgian women are the chief ornament of Turkish and Persian harems. Though the disposition of the people has suffered by heavy and continued oppression, valor and generosity are still traits of their character. The country is mountainous, being bounded on the north by the Caucasus, but is rich in wood, grain, cattle, silk, fruits, &c. (See Güldenstadt's Journey to Georgia and Imretta, with Notes, by Klaproth, Berlin, 1815.) Major-general Chatow has published a new general map of Georgia and the adjacent parts of Persia, in 10 folio sheets, in the topographic bureau of the imperial general staff at Petersburg. The Travels of Gamba (Paris, 1826) has shed much light upon these countries.

GEORGIC (from the Greek yn and ¿pyev, to work); a rural poem; a poetical description of agricultural pursuits, applied particularly to a didactic poem of Virgil.

GEORGICON; a celebrated agricultural institution, founded by count Festetics, of Tolna, at Kestzhely, in Hungary, where over 300 pupils are instructed in all the sciences relating to agriculture, and in practical agriculture itself. Natural philosophy, natural history, chemistry, the Veterinary art, mathematics and surveying, architecture, book-keeping, &c., are taught here. Here is a forest academy (see Forests) and a riding school. Gardens, fields, meadows, vineyards, forests belong to the institution, and cattle, horses, sheep, bees

and silk-worms are raised.

GEORGIUM SIDUS. (See Planets.) GEPIDE; a German tribe of the family of the Goths. According to Jornandes, this name signified indolent, and originated from the circumstance, that when the whole nation passed from Scandinavia in three vessels, one of them, sailing slower than the others, was called Gepanta, signifying, in the Gothic tongue, slow. Hence the name of Gepanta or Gepida, which was, at first, a term of reproach. They first lived on the banks of the Vistula, made conquests in the south, and advanced to Galicia and Lodomiria, but were defeated by the Goths, whom they afterwards joined in their irruptions into the Roman empire. Lands were subsequently assigned them in Thrace by Probus. Ŏf Attila's army they formed a considerable part. After his death, they shook off the yoke of his successor, became allies of the Romans, and remained, for a long time, quiet. In the year 550, a quarrel arose between them and the Lombards, and, in 570, they were defeated, with great slaughter, by these enemies, and thenceforth lived in subjection to the Lombards, the Huns, &c.

GERANDO, Joseph Marie de, baron von Ramzhauser, was born at Lyons, about the year 1770. He was the son of an architect, and, from his youth, a friend of Camille Jourdan, with whom he went to Paris, in 1797. After the 18th Fructidor, his friend, who was a member of the council of 500, having been proscribed, he accompanied him to Germany, where he became intimately acquainted with German literature, and wrote a Mémoire sur l'Art de penser, which obtained a prize from the institute. Napoleon having become sensible of his worth, de Gerando was made secretary-general in the ministry of the interior, afterwards member of the committee of regency in Rome, and, in February, 1811, counsellor of state. In 1812, he was intendant at Barcelona. In April, 1814, he declared in favor of the Bourbons, and, in July, was placed in the council of state by the king. Napoleon, in 1815, left him in his office, and sent him, as commissary-general extraordinary, into the eastern departments. Here he acted with prudence and moderation. After the second return of the king, he entered again into the council of state, in the department of the interior. With Laborde and Lasteyrie, he endeavored to introduce the Lancastrian method of instruction into France. This philosopher has written Des Signes et de l'Art de penser considérés dans leurs Rapports mutuels

(1800, 4 vols.); Vie du Général CaffarellıDufalga; Eloge de Dumarsais, &c. His chief work is Histoire comparée des Systèmes de Philosophie relativement aux Principes des Connaissances humaines (1803, 3 vols., 2d revised ed., 4 vols., Paris, 1823; the 4th vol. closes the history of scholastic philosophy). It is the best work which the French possess on the history of philosophy. His essay on the philosophy of Kant received the prize of the national institute. De Gerando, together with Villers, has contributed much to make his countrymen acquainted with the literary researches of Germany, particularly since, in his comparative history of the different philosophical systems, he has given a survey of the doctrines of Kant, Fichte, Schelling and other German philosophers. His last work, Du Perfectionnement moral ou de l'Education de soimême (Paris, 1826, 2 vols., transl. Boston, 1830), is based on self-knowledge as the foundation of self-government. It is much esteemed.

GERANIUM; a genus of plants, containing a vast number of species, many of which are cultivated on account of the elegance of their flowers. The calyx is persistent, of five leaves; the petals are five, alternate with the calyx leaves; the stamens are ten, more or less connected at the base; the style single, terminating in five stigmas. The species are herbaceous or saffruticose, with the younger stems articulate. Most of the cultivated species belong to the subgenus pelargonium, and are natives of Southern Africa, where they are exceedingly numerous, and form a striking feature in the peculiar vegetation of that region. They are of easy cultivation, and may be raised from seed sown in the spring; but in the winter they require protection. Three species of geranium proper inhabit the U. States.

GERARD, Francis, a painter, of the modern French school, born in Rome, in 1770 (his father was a Frenchman, his mother an Italian), must be called the most distinguished pupil of David, if he is not to be placed by his side as himself a master. His paintings are distinguished by loveliness and grace. His drawing is as correct as his coloring is brilliant and natural. His first instructer, the statuary Paiou, wished to confine him solely to drawing, but Gérard secretly procured colors, and, in his 14th year, executed a picture representing the plague. picture breathes a noble, ardent mind, as well as a deep sense for antique beauty. Under David's guidance, Gérard made

This

rapid progress. He was, in the beginning, a zealous partisan of the revolution, and was made a judge in the revolutionary tribunal, In order, however, not to partake in the process of the queen, he feigned sickness. In his portraits, Gérard is very unequal. His historical paintings are few, compared with his portraits. In the branch of portrait-painting, he has no rival but Rob. Lefebvre. For a portrait of a private person, he commonly receives from 1500 to 2400 francs; for every full-length picture of a member of Bonaparte's family, he received 30,000 francs. Among Gérard's historical paintings are his Belisarius, exhibited in 1795. The composition is extremely simple. No less distinguished are his Ossian, his Cupid and Psyche, the Four Ages of Life,and his Daphnis and Chloe,exhibited in 1825. The Battle of Austerlitz he painted with reluctance, and only at Napoleon's command. Gérard painted king Louis XVIII, the emperor Alexander, the king of Prussia, the king of Saxony, the duke of Orleans, and many of the princes assembled in Paris at the time of the occupation of the city. His Entrance of Henry IV into Paris, finished in the year 1817, 30 feet in breadth and 19 feet in height, was the first work of art ordered by Louis XVIII, after his return. It was engraved by Toschi, in 1826. This work procured Gérard the title of the first painter of the king. He is also a member of the orders of St. Michael and the legion of honor, as well as of the academies at Paris, Vienna and Florence.

GÉRARD, count; an able officer, born in Lorraine, in 1774. He served in the early campaigns of the revolution as aid-decamp to general Bernadotte, and reached the rank of brigadier-general during the Prussian campaign, in 1806. Very soon after this, he was made commander of the legion of honor, and placed at the head of the staff of the French army in Denmark. In 1808, he received the Danish order of Dannebrog. In the campaign of 1809, he distinguished himself at the combat of Urfar, in front of the bridge of Lintz, and particularly at the battle of Wagram, in which he commanded the Saxon cavalry. His conduct in 1812, at the battles of Valentina and Borodino, and, indeed, on every occasion, induced Napoleon to give him the command of the division of general Gudin, who had been killed. At Frankfort on the Oder, Gérard, with a small body of troops, defeated 2000 Russian cavalry, which intercepted his passage to Berlin. In the campaign of 1814, he gained great reputation at Dienville, at

Nangis, and especially at Montereau, at which latter place he took 5000 Austrians prisoners. After the restoration of Louis, Gérard was sent to Hamburg to bring back the French troops, and, on his return, was made a knight of St. Louis, and received the grand cordon of the legion of honor. When Napoleon reascended the throne, he appointed him general-inchief of the army of the Moselle, and, at the head of that army, Gérard carried the position and village of Ligny, and contributed greatly to the defeat of Blucher. His corps next formed a part of the army of Grouchy, which manoeuvred on the Dyle, during the battle of Waterloo, and in this service he was wounded. Since then, count Gérard has not been employed, until the revolution of 1830, after which he was made minister of war, and, together with Lafayette and admiral Duperre, a marshal of France. (See France.) General Gérard commanded, July 29, 1830, the body which took the Tuileries, after Lafitte and other deputies had their interview with marshal Marmont. (See France, History of.)

GERHARD, Paul, born in Saxony, 1506 or 1507, died in 1676, contributed largely to the great stock of German hymns. Some of his hymns are very popular in Germany, and often quoted. He was all his life an officiating clergyman, very pious and attentive to his parochial duties.

GERMAIN, St.; the name of a number of places in France, among which is St. Germain-en-Laye, a town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, over two leagues north from Versailles, and four leagues west north-west from Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. It contains 11,011 inhabitants. The most remarkable building there is the royal palace, commenced by Charles V, in 1370, and embellished by several of his successors, including Henry IV and Louis XIV. Its site is fine, and the apartments very beautiful. On the first Sundays of August and September, fairs begin to be held in the forest near St. Germain, each of three days' continuance. They are real fêtes champêtres, and many Parisians go there. Under Louis XIV, the castle was the asylum of James II and his family. James II died here in 1701, his daughter in 1712, and his wife in 1718. Charles IX, Henry II, and Louis XIV, were born here. The manufactures of St. Germain are inconsiderable.

GERMAIN, Count St.; a famous adventurer and alchymist, whose name and origin are unknown. He sometimes called

himself Aymar, or marquis de Betmar, and was probably a Portuguese by birth. Cagliostro (q. v.), on his first journey to Germany, became acquainted with him in Holstein, and learned new arts of deception under his instructions. St. Germain was versed in chemistry and other sciences; but his irresistible inclination for magic did not permit him to seek reputation in the usual paths. He spent his time in travelling about, and, by his impudence and cunning, he imposed on the credulity of the weak, and even gained access to several courts. According to his own account, he was 350 years old, and had in his album a sentence written by the celebrated Montaigne. He always had in his possession a powerful elixir, which would restore youth to the old, and which always preserved his strength. On his second voyage to India, which he pretended to have made in 1755, he succeeded, as he said, in gaining the chief object of all adepts, namely, the making of precious stones; and it is reported, that, in 1773, while with the French ambassador at the Hague, he broke to pieces a valuable diamond of his own manufacture, after having sold a similar one for 5500 louis d'or. Nor were the secrets of futurity hidden from his eyes. He foretold to the French the death of Louis XV. His power extended even to brute animals; he inspired serpents with a sensibility to the charms of music. He possessed, we are told, the rare power of being able to write with both hands at the same time, on two different sheets of paper, whatever was dictated to him, so that it was impossible to distinguish the hand-writings. He played in so masterly a manner on the violin, as to produce the effect of several instruments. In short, he was neither destitute of talents nor of knowledge, and he would have become famous, if he had not preferred to become notorious. New light has been thrown on his history by the Mémoires de Mad. Duhausset.

GERMANICUS, Cæsar; a Roman general, celebrated for his victories over the Germans, son of Claudius Drusus Nero, and the younger Antonia, a niece of Augustus, justly esteemed for her virtues, which her son inherited. Tiberius, his paternal uncle, adopted him. He afterwards administered the questorship, and was made consul before the lawful age. Augustus died while Germanicus, with Tiberius, was at the head of the armies in Germany. Tiberius succeeded to the government. Germanicus was invited by seve

ral rebellious legions to assume the sovereign authority, but he refused. He then crossed the Rhine, and, surprising the Marsi in a drunken riot, made a horrible slaughter among them, and destroyed the temple of Tanfana. In a similar manner he defeated, in the following year, the Catti, and, after having burnt their city of Mattium (according to Mannert, Marburg), he victoriously returned over the Rhine. Here some deputies of Segestes appeared before him, soliciting, in the name of their master, his assistance against Arminius, the son-in-law of Segestes, by whom the latter was besieged. Germanicus hastened to his rescue, delivered him, and made Thusnelda, wife of Arminius, prisoner. Arminius then prepared for war, and Germanicus collected his forces on the Ems. A battle ensued. The Roman legions were already receding, when Germanicus renewed the attack with fresh troops, and thus happily averted the rout that threatened him. Arminius retreated, and Germanicus was content to regain the banks of the Ems, and retired with honor from a contest which his army could no longer sustain. After having lost another part of his troops during his retreat, by a violent storm, which wrecked the vessels in which they were embarked, he reached the mouths of the Rhine, with a feeble remnant of his army, and employed the winter in making new preparations for war against the Germans. He built a fleet of 1000 vessels, in order to avoid the difficult route by land through forests and morasses, and landed at the mouth of the Ems. Proceeding thence towards the Weser, he found the Cherusci assembled on the opposite bank, with the intention of contesting the passage. Nevertheless, he effected it, and fought a battle, which began at day-break, and terminated to the advantage of the Romans. On the succeeding day, the Germans renewed the contest with fury, and carried disorder into the ranks of the Romans, but Germanicus maintained possession of the field. The Germans returned into their forests. Germanicus reëmbarked, and, after having experienced a terrible storm, by which part of his fleet was dissipated, went into winter quarters, but not until he had made another incursion into the country of the Marsi. This expedition was his last in Germany. Tiberius, jealous of the glory of the young hero, called him home under pretence of granting him a triumph. In order, however, to get rid of a man whose popularity appeared dangerous to him, he sent him, invested with almost