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Mantua vae miserae nimium vicina Cremonae-
Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni.'

Lyc. Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos,
Sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae;
Incipe, si quid habes. Et me fecere poëtam
Pierides; sunt et mihi carmina; me quoque dicunt
Vatem pastores; sed non ego credulus illis.
Nam neque adhuc Vario videor nec dicere Cinna
Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores.

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Moer. Id quidem ago et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse
voluto,

Si valeam meminisse; neque est ignobile carmen.
'Huc ades, o Galatea; quis est nam ludus in undis?
Hic ver purpureum, varios hic flumina circum
Fundit humus flores, hic candida populus antro
Imminet, et lentae texunt umbracula vites.
Huc ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus.'

Lyc. Quid, quae te pura solum sub nocte canentem
Audieram? numeros memini, si verba tenerem.

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45

Moer. 'Daphni, quid antiquos signorum suspicis ortus?

Ecce Dionaei processit Caesaris astrum,

Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo
Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem.

Insere, Daphni, piros; carpent tua poma nepotes.'

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28. Mantua is at a considerable distance from Cremona, but it became involved in its fate, as the lands attached to Cremona, which had taken the side of Brutus and Cassius, were found insufficient to satisfy the soldiery.-29. The Mincius abounded in swans. — 30. Lycidas intreats Moeris to sing him more of the songs of Menalcas. Sic. A word introducing a prayer for some good to another (tua, &c. fugiant, &c.) depending on a condition (incipe, &c.) Cyrneas, from Kúpvos, Corsica. Honey made from the yew, in which Corsica abounded, was said to be bitter. -35. Varius and Cinna were distinguished poets, and contemporary with Virgil.-40. Purpureus is an epithet applied to all objects glorious in their beautyas swans, the snow, bright eyes, and here the spring. See Georg. iv. 54; Aen. i. 590, vi. 490.41. Candida populus. This is our silver poplar. 43. Verbs of permission and willingness, and, in general, verbs that are followed by ut with the subjunctive, may also be followed by the subjunctive without ut. Here ut feriant sine. Zumpt, 624.46. Antiquos signorum ortus, equivalent to antiquorum signorum ortus. This change is exceedingly common. Georg. i. 52, 211; iv. 267; Aen. I. 169, iii. 411, v. 375, vi. 10, x. 426, xii. 199. Antiquos, long known.' 47. Dionaei. Dione was the mother of Venus, from whom Julius Caesar was said to be descended. In the year B. c. 43, a comet, probably that known in our time as Halley's comet, appeared during the celebration of the festival in honour of Julius Caesar, and was held to be his deified spirit. 50. Pear-trees ingrafted now, under this propitious star

See

Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque; saepe ego longos
Cantando puerum memini me condere soles:
Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina; vox quoque Moerim
Jam fugit ipsa; lupi Moerim videre priores.
Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas.
Lyc. Causando nostros in longum ducis amores.
Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes,
Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae.
Hinc adeo media est nobis via; namque sepulchrum
Incipit apparere Bianoris: hic, ubi densas
Agricolae stringunt frondes, hic, Moeri, canamus;
Hic haedos depone; tamen veniemus in urbem.
Aut si, nox pluviam ne colligat ante, veremur,
Cantantes licet usque-minus via laedet-eamus;
Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo.

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Moer. Desine plura, puer, et, quod nunc instat, agamus;

Carmina tum melius, cum venerit ipse, canemus.

will produce fruit for posterity. 51. Moeris laments his failing inemory.-52. Memini condere. See Ecl. i. 17. — 53. Oblita, used in a passive sense. — 54. Lupi, &c. A rustic superstition, that, to be seen of a wolf first, was to lose one's voice.-57. Tibi. The dativus commodi, to give you a better opportunity of being heard. 59. Adeo, exactly.' 62. Tamen, after all.'-64. Usque, all the while.' Licet eamus. See ver. 43. 65. Fasce. To induce the old shepherd to sing, he proposes to relieve him of the kids he is carrying. See ver. 62.66. Puer, long by the arsis.

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ECLOGA X.

C. CORNELIUS GALLUS, already mentioned by Virgil, (Ecl. vi. 64,) a man descended of poor ancestors, had, by his military skill and his amiable qualities, secured the friendship of Octavianus, afterwards Augustus Caesar. His lover, Lycoris-celebrated by Ovid, Propertius, Martial, and Gallus himself-had deserted him; and this Eclogue, said to have been composed in the spring of B. c. 37, at Naples, after Virgil had begun to write the Georgics, commemorates his grief. It consists of an introduction, 1-8; an account of the sympathy that things inanimate, shepherds, and gods felt for him, 9-30; the mournful strains of Gallus himself, 31-69; and the concluding declaration of Virgil's affection for the deserted lover.

GALLUS.

EXTREMUM hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede laborem:
Pauca meo Gallo, sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris,
Carmina sunt dicenda: neget quis carmina Gallo?
Sic tibi, cum fluctus subterlabere Sicanos,
Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam.
Incipe; sollicitos Galli dicamus amores,
Dum tenera attondent simae virgulta capellae.
Non canimus surdis; respondent omnia silvae.

Quae nemora, aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellae
Naïdes, indigno cum Gallus amore peribat?
Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga, nam neque Pindi
Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonie Aganippe.
Illum etiam lauri, etiam flevere myricae;
Pinifer illum etiam sola sub rupe jacentem
Maenalus et gelidi fleverunt saxa Lycaei.
Stant et oves circum-nostri nec poenitet illas,
Nec te poeniteat pecoris, divine poëta:
Et formosus ovis ad flumina pavit Adonis-
Venit et upilio; tardi venere subulci;
Uvidus hiberna venit de glande Menalcas.

Omnes, 'Unde amor iste, rogant, 'tibi?' Venit Apollo:
'Galle, quid insanis?' inquit; 'tua cura Lycoris

Perque nives alium perque horrida castra secuta est.'
Venit et agresti capitis Silvanus honore,

Florentis ferulas et grandia lilia quassans.

5.

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1. The nymph Arethusa (see Aen. iii. 694-6), pursued by the river-god Alpheius, was changed by Artemis into a stream, and flowing beneath the sea, rose again near Syracuse. An allusion here to the country of Theocritus. See Ecl. vi. 1.-4. Sic. Ecl. ix. 30. Fluctus, &c. See note to ver. 1. 5. Doris; a sea-goddess, wife of Nereus. See Ecl. vi. 35. - 10. Naïdes. The nymphs of rivers, lakes, and fountains. Generally Naiades. The allusion here is probably to the Muses, who are called Nymphae, Ecl. vii. 21. 10. Cum peribat; others read periret. See Zumpt, $ 579. — 11. Parnassi. A two-topped mountain (hence juga) of Phocis, above Delphi, a favourite haunt of the Muses. Pindi. A mountain range, forming the western boundary of Thessaly, another haunt of the Muses. 12. Aonie. The final e not elided. For the epithet, see Ecl. vi. 65. Aganippe. A fountain in mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses. 15. Arcadian mountains. 18. Adonis. A beautiful youth, beloved by Venus.-19. For opilio, upilio. — 20. Menalcas, a herdsman, was wet with the water in which he had soaked the acorns, the winter food of cattle as well as swine.-23. Comparing this line with ver. 47, we may infer that Lycoris had followed the army which, under Agrippa, marched into Gaul, and across the Rhine, in the early part of B. c. 37.-25. Quassans; that is, in capite.

Pan deus Arcadiae venit, quem vidimus ipsi
Sanguineis ebuli baccis minioque rubentem.
'Ecquis erit modus?' inquit; Amor non talia curat;
Nec lacrimis crudelis Amor, nec gramina rivis,
Nec cytiso saturantur apes, nec fronde capellae.'
Tristis at ille: 'Tamen cantabitis, Arcades,' inquit,
'Montibus haec vestris, soli cantare periti

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Arcades. O mihi tum quam molliter ossa quiescant,
Vestra meos olim si fistula dicat amores!
Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestrique fuissem
Aut custos gregis, aut maturae vinitor uvae!

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Certe, sive mihi Phyllis, sive esset Amyntas,

Seu quicumque furor-quid turn, si fuscus Amyntas!
Et nigrae violae sunt et vaccinia nigra→
Mecum inter salices lenta sub vite jaceret ;
Serta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas.
Hic gelidi fontes, hic mollia prata, Lycori,
Hic nemus; hic ipso tecum consumerer aevo.
Nunc insanus amor duri me Martis in armis
Tela inter media atque adversos detinet hostis:
Tu procul a patria-nec sit mihi credere tantum !
Alpinas ah, dura, nives et frigora Rheni
Me sine sola vides. Ah, te ne frigora laedant!
Ah, tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas!
Ibo, et, Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu
Carmina, pastoris Siculi modulabor avena.
Certum est in silvis, inter spelaea ferarum
Malle pati tenerisque meos incidere amores
Arboribus; crescent illae; crescetis, amores.
Interea mixtis lustrabo Maenala Nymphis,
Aut acris venabor apros. Non me ulla vetabunt
Frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus.
Jam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantis
Ire; libet Partho torquere Cydonia cornu

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Spicula. Tamquam haec sit nostri medicina furoris, 60
Aut deus ille malis hominum mitescere discat!

31. Ille; Gallus. Tamen. Referring to a suppressed idea of grief: yet, as a consolation.' See Aen. iv. 329, x. 509.-32. Cantare. The genitive. See Ecl. v. 54.44. Gallus was probably engaged in some of the military operations carried on under Octavianus Caesar. -46. Nec, &c. Gallus expresses a wish that he may have some ground to disbelieve a tale so strange. -47. See ver. 23. · 50. Gallus had written verses (see Ecl. vi. 72), in imitation of Euphorion of Chalcis.-57. Parthenios. Parthenius was a mountain between Arcadia and Argolis. -59. Cydonia, from Cydonia, a town of Crete. Both Parthian and Cretan archery was famous.

Jam neque Hamadryades rursus nec carmina nobis
Ipsa placent; ipsae, rursus concedite, silvae.
Non illum nostri possunt mutare labores;
Nec si frigoribus mediis Hebrumque bibamus,
Sithoniasque nives hiemis subeamus aquosae,
Nec si, cum moriens alta liber aret in ulmo,
Aethiopum versemus ovis sub sidere Cancri.
Omnia vincit Amor; et nos cedamus Amori.'
Haec sat erit, divae, vestrum cecinisse poëtam,
Dum sedet et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco,
Pierides; vos haec facietis maxima Gallo-
Gallo, cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas,
Quantum vere novo viridis se subjicit alnus.
Surgamus: solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra;
Juniperi gravis umbra; nocent et frugibus umbrae.
Ite domum, saturae, venit Hesperus, ite capellae.

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62. Hamadryades. See Ecl. v. 59.-64, &c. Gallus is hopeless of relief even in the colds of Thrace, where winter is severest (Hebrus, a river, and Sithonia, a district of Thrace), or in Aethiopia, even in midsummer. 69. Amor; long by the arsis.-"2. Pieria, in Macedonia, was said to be the birthplace of the Muses. Maxima, maximi aestimata. -74. Se subjicere, to raise itself up from under-to increase in height. "That Gallus was not either a violent or a dishonest man, the friendship of Virgil, who inscribed to him his tenth Eclogue, testifies.'-Becker's Gallus, p. 12.

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