Charles of Austria, succeeds Ferdinand, ii. 43.
Charles the Bald, i. 218; his grant to Robert
the Strong, 219; hereditary character of
benefices recognized by, 224.

Charles I., failure of marriage alliance with
Spanish infanta, ii. 250; his training, 253;
attitude on the constitutional and religious
conflicts, 253; promotes Laud, 254; mar-
ries the French princess, Henrietta Maria,
255: entanglement with France, 255; his
obstinacy and duplicity, 255; speech to his
first parliament, 256; dissolves parliament
to save Buckingham, 258; excludes parlia-
mentary leaders by making them sheriffs,
258, 259; resents attack on Buckingham,
259, 260; assumes the actions of Bucking-
ham as his own, 260; violates the privi-
leges of the house of lords, 260; dissolves
his second parliament, 262; uses benevo-
lences, 263; attempts to revive ship-money,
265, 266; threatens parliament, 266; pro-
mises to observe the Great Charter, 269;
assents to the Petition of Right, 272; ex-
plains his idea of Petition of Right and
prorogues parliament, 273; asserts his right
to lay impositions, 274; assumes personal
direction of government on death of Buck-
ingham, 275; offers to yield the right to
levy customs, 276; refuses to permit cus-
toms officers to be questioned by parliament,
276; attempts to adjourn house of com-
mons resisted, 277, 278; charters the Mas-
sachusetts Bay Company, 279; asserts the
right to convene and prorogue parliament,
281; prosecution of Eliot and the parlia-
mentary leaders, 281-284; insists upon his
right to levy customs, 284, 285; manner of
securing revenue without parliament, 285,
286; ship-money, 286-290; supported by
Wentworth, 291, 292; forced to sign the
treaty of Berwick, 297; forced to call the
Short Parliament, 298; failure of war against
Scots, 300; accepts the reforms of the Long
Parliament, 306, 307; makes important
concessions to Scotch to gain their assist-
ance against parliamentary party, 309;
Grand Remonstrance of the commons on
his government, 311; issues warrant for
the arrest of the five members, 315; in the
house of commons, 316, 317; refused ad-
mission to Hull, 319; fixes his residence at
York, 320; issues commissions of array,
320; parliamentary terms of reconciliation
rejected, 320; standard raised at Notting-
ham, 320; forces defeated at Marston Moor
and Newbury, 326, 327; negotiations with,
by the peace party, 331, 332; defeated at
Naseby, 332; stands out for episcopacy, 333;
takes refuge in Scotland, 334; seeks to se-
cure discord among his enemies, 334, 335;
rejects terms proposed by the presbyterians,
335; surrendered to parliament, 335; seized |

by the army, 336; escape and reimprison-
ment, 337; plans a second civil war, 337,
338; tried by the high court of justice,
339; executed, 339; hostility of Europe to
his execution, 344; the Eikon Basiliké, 345.
Charles II., proclaimed by the Scots, ii. 344;
his declaration from Breda, 357, 359; re-
called to the throne, 357; his treatment of
the regicides, 359, 360; treatment of Crom-
well, Bradshaw, and Ireton, 360; appro-
priation for his support, 361, 362; tries to
conciliate factions, 363, 364; his Decia-
ration of Indulgence. 365; forced by par-
liament to banish Catholic priests, 365;
revives the Privy Council, 369; secretly
declares himself a Catholic, 370; treaty
with Louis XIV. of France, 370, 371;
issues second Declaration of Indulgence,
370; postscript to Danby's letter to Mon-
tague, 374; trouble with his parliaments
over the succession question, 384-388; pub-
lishes his motives for the dissolution of
parliament, 387; treatment of the Whig
leaders, 388; attack on corporations, 388,
389; strengthens the guards, 391; professes
the catholic faith, 391; death, 391.
Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks,
his grant to Rolf, i. 220.

Charter, the Great, character of, i. 380; au-
thorities on, ib.; its constitutional provi-
sions, 381 et seq.; guarantees for enforce-
ment of, 391; signification of the sign-
ing of, 391, 392, 426, 590; annulled by
Innocent, 393; reissues of, under Henry
III., 394-396; provisions omitted in first
reissue, 421, 466, 486; provides that mer-
chants shall only pay ancient and just cus-
toms, ii. 14; as to personal freedom, 380,
381.

Charters, struggle for, ii. 2.
Chatham, Earl of, William Pitt, Sr., aims to in-
culcate noble political aims, ii. 475; a mid-
dle-class man, 475; taunted by George II.,
475; declares himself accountable to the
people, 475, 476; first to advocate a reform
of the representative system, 476; opinion
of Frederick of Prussia on, 476; forced
from power, 479; recall of, 501; becomes
earl of Chatham, 501; makes the house of
lords the stronghold of property, not of
blood, 541.

Chester, battle of, i. 149; submits to William,
235

Christ Church founded, ii. 52.
Chronicles, English, their account of the Eng-
lish conquest, i. 121; on the so-called Bret-
waldadom, 153.

Church of England, wills originated by, i.
137, 411; conveyancing introduced by, 140;
accepts Christianity in its Latin form, 155,
159; organized by Theodore, 160; its unity
the model for unity of the state, 161; its

councils the first national gatherings, 161;
effects of the Norman Conquest on, 258 et
seq., 338, 351, 355; its relations with Rome,
259, 338, 347; its distinct courts and coun-
cils, 260, 264, 339-347; policy of William
towards the clergy, 260, 261, 287, 304, 339;
parliamentary representation of clergy, 264,
343, 480; relations to the state regulated
by the Constitutions of Clarendon, 287-
289, 340; position of clergy in the system
of estates, 337; legislative power, 344; de-
fends the rights of the nation against the
crown, 349, 363, 371, 372; patriotism of the
clergy, 379; free elections guaranteed to
the clergy by the Great Charter, 383; re-
fuses subsidy to Edward I., and clergy prac-
tically outlawed, 419; claims the right to
tax itself in convocation, 481; claim re-
nounced, 481; clergy acquire right of vot-
ing for members of the house of commons,
482; relations of, with Henry IV., 537, 539,
571; statutes against heresy, 539, 540, 571;
growing wealth and influence, 571; privi-
leges of clergy confirmed by Richard III.,
586; clergy assert their right to grant
money only in convocation, ii. 50; laws
protecting from foreign interference, 59;
mortuary fees, 63; informations against
clergy as abettors of Wolsey, 66; tries to
buy pardon from Henry VIII., 66; juris-
diction of courts limited by parliament, 68;
bishops forbidden to pay annates, 68; for-
bidden to legislate in convocation without
royal license, 69; Act of Submission, 69;
convocation to hear appeals in causes touch-
ing the king or his successors, 70; convoca-
tion decides for the king in divorce question,
71; attempts of Cardinal Morton to reform
clergy, 80; the Ten Articles drawn up, 87;
Ten Articles expanded into the Institution of
a Christian Man, 87; statement of doctrines,
87; attempts to unite doctrines of Luther-
anism with, 88; the statute of Six Articles,
91-93; benefit of clergy taken away in
many cases, 99; becomes a mere depart-
ment of state, 100; its forms of worship
fixed by royal authority, 101; attempts of
clergy to gain representation in parliament,
119; marriage of priests declared to be
lawful, 120; question of the communion,
120; Book of Common Prayer adopted,
120; high church prayer-book of 1549, 120;
attack upon that of 1549, 125; Prayer-Book
of 1552, 126; completed liturgy, 126; the
Thirty-nine Articles become the standard
of doctrine, 128; origin of exemptions,
143; criminal jurisdiction in church courts,
143, 144; procedure in church courts, 144;
readoption of the low-church prayer-book
of Edward VI., 156; inferior clergy do not
resist Elizabeth's religious reforms, 158;
treatment of clergy by Elizabeth, 161;|

efforts to secure a "new" English clergy,
165; right of clergy to marry not admitted
by Elizabeth, 170; absence from established
church punishable, 166; government under
Elizabeth, 174; regulations for clergy
called "Advertisements," 171; claim of the
crown of the right to legislate for, 206,
207; Henry VIII. assumes the govern-
ment of, 206; rise of separatists, 279, 280;
Laud and his reforms, 292-298; convoca-
tion declares the divine right of the king,
299; the Et Cetera Oath, 299; failure to
secure the abolition of episcopacy, 313;
Charles I. stands out for episcopacy, 334,
335; its abolition, 335; right of taxing
clergy and right of suffrage conceded, 362;
James II., attack on, 399, 400. See also
Bishop; Clergy; Convocation.

Church, Roman Catholic, restoration of, de-
manded, ii. 121; reëstablished in England,
141; protests of the catholic clergy against
Elizabeth's innovations, 156, 160; outward
conformity to the English state church de-
nounced by the pope, 161; act of 1563
against, 162; scheme of catholics to de-
pose Elizabeth, 163; uprisings of catholics
suppressed, 164; persecution of, under Eliz-
abeth, 165-168; founding of colleges at
Douay and Rome by, 165; moderate cath-
olics give their allegiance to the state
church, 173; hopes from James I. tolera-
tion, 219; increase of catholic population,
219; renewal of persecution, 219, 224;
Gunpowder Plot, 224; Catholic League
formed, 243; tendency toward catholicism
denounced, 277, 278; Charles II.'s efforts
to secure toleration for, 365; Charles II.'s
efforts to reestablish, 370,371; passage of the
Test Act against, 371; fear of its influence
strengthened by the story of Titus Oates,
376, 377; impeachment of five catholic
lords, 377; bill disabling catholics from
sitting in parliament, 377; legislation against,
384-386; Charles II.'s profession of faith
to, 391; catholic officers in the army ap-
pointed by James II., 396; government by
a catholic prince declared unsafe, 413;
catholics excepted from the Toleration
Act, 429; catholics disabled from inherit-
ing and purchasing land, 429; Roman
Catholic Relief Act, 429; act of 1700
against, not enforced, 429, 430; relief act
of 1791, 430; emancipation act of 1829,
430; repealing acts of 1844 and 1846, 430;
Gordon riots against, 498; condition of, in
Ireland, 512, 515.

Church-membership, test for suffrage in New
England, ii. 280, 281.
Church-rate, changes from a voluntary con-
tribution to a fixed amount, ii. 186, 187;
levied according to the visible profitable
property of each household, 187.

Church-wardens, elected and removed by
parishioners, ii. 186; summon the vestry
meeting, 186; impose the church-rate, 187;
collect contributions for the care of the
poor, 188; given the administration of the
poor relief system with the aid of the over-
seers, 189; accountable yearly to two jus-
tices of the peace, 190.
Cinque Ports, the, i. 548.

Circuit court, reproduced in American col-
onies, i. 48, 74. See also under Assize.
City, commonwealths in Greece, beginnings
and development of, 3-5; Greek conception
of, i. 4, 5, 8; difference of its history in
Italy, 5, 6, 8; idea of, never dominant
among the Teutonic nations, 8, 95, 101,
125; first parliamentary representation of
cities, 403; as "counties corporate," 457;
electors of, 473; efforts to enfranchise, ii.
524, 525.

Civil list, origin of, ii. 420; definition of,
551; deficits in, made up by parliament,
551; amount fixed, 551, 552; parliamen-
tary control over, made absolute under
Queen Victoria, 552. See also Royal

Revenue.

Civitas of Cæsar and Tacitus, i. 7, 95, 96,

124, 191.

Clair-on-Epte, peace of, i. 220; its analogy to
peace of Wedmore, 225.
Clan, its origin, i. 3.

Clarendon, assize of, i. 286, 306; constitu-
tions of, 287-289, 301, 307-309, 340.
Clarendon, Earl of. See Hyde, Edward.
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, i. 513, 556.
Clarke, Baron, on king's right to lay imposts,
ii. 226.

Classes, the middle, rise, ii. 200; freeholding
knighthood the backbone of, 200; removal
of feudal restraints upon alienation aids in
the creation of the middle class, 201; effect
of the new spirit of liberty upon, 202;
under Edward VI., 202; relied upon by the
younger Pitt, 507; effects of the industrial
revolution on, 507, 508. See also Com-
mons; Nobility.

Clergy, treatment of the commonwealth clergy
after the restoration, ii. 361; on taking the
oath of allegiance to William and Mary,
ii. 430, 431; Whig ministry forbids discus-
sion hostile to house of Hanover by, ii. 458.
See also Church.

Clericis laicos, papal bull, i. 419.
Closure, applied to obstruction, ii. 564.
Clovesho, annual councils at, i. 160.
Cnut, son of Swegen, driven out of England,
i. 214; returns and wars with Eadmund,
215; chosen king, 214; defeats Eadmund,
ib.; chosen king of all England, ib.; his
division of the kingdom, ib.; his hunting
code, its authenticity doubtful 313.
Coat and conduct money, imposed, ii. 299.

Coinage, i. 361; its debasement, ii. 123.
Coke, Sir Edward, Institutes, i. 4, 14; Re-
ports, ii. 175; on king's right to lay im-
posts, 226; on the ordaining power of the
crown, 232; on James I.'s benevolence, 239;
on Peacham's case, 240; pressure from the
king resisted, 241; dismissed from the chief-
justiceship, 241, 242; in the house of com-
mons, 245; imprisoned, 247; imprisonment
bill, 267; attacked by the solicitor-general,
267; gives form to the Petition of Right,
268; on the creation of peerages, 546.
Colet, John, ii. 34; protests against the spirit
of conquest, 42.

Colonial assemblies in America, English sys-
tem reproduced in, i. 43, 44, 71; limitations
of, 46.

Colonial rights, English law the basis of, i.
22; American theory of, 25, 26; English
theory, 26.

Columba founds the monastery of Iona, i.
157.

Colvill, Robert, case of, ii. 228.
"Comes," use of the word, i. 131, 176.
Comitatus, described by Tacitus, i. 110-112,
131; the germ of feudalism, 111, 133; na-
ture of, 176, 177.

Commendams, case of, ii. 241.
Commendation, feudal system of, i. 180, 223;
united with the beneficium, 224.
Commissioners of array, used by Henry
VIII., . 198; for ecclesiastical causes,
established, 400.

Committee of two kingdoms, supersedes the
committee of safety, ii. 326.

Common law, its growth, i. 413; courts of,

conflict with the court of high commission,
175; writs on personal freedom, ii. 381.
Commoners, enter the king's council, ii. 441,
555-

Commons, estate of, i. 355-357; Continental
and English use of the term, 356, 385,
445; representation of, 356, 357; privileges
guaranteed to, 386; their struggle for a
share in administrative power, 444; repre-
sentation of, in parliament, 445.

Commons, house of, its representative origin,
i. 430, 443; distinguished from house of
lords, 433, 434; permanently instituted, 445;
divided from house of lords, 479; office
of speaker of, 480; growth of its admin-
istrative power, 482, 492-494, 500, 517;
revolts of, 508, 509; its privileges, 521,
523, 526, 528; its right of conference with
the lords, 534, 535; growing influence of,
540, 541, 545; how affected by limitations
of the franchise, 573; accusation against
clergy, ii. 62; in the hands of the king, 100;
growing influence, in the reign of Henry
VI., III; petitions Queen Mary as to her
marriage, 138; interference in elections of,
by Philip II., 140; asserts the right to pun-

ish a person not a member, 203; claims the|
right to release a member by authority of
the mace, 203, 204; claims the right to de-
termine contested elections, 203; claims
the right to punish its members, 203; claims
the right to punish bribery at elections, 204;
defends its exclusive right to originate
money bills, 204; discusses the marriage of
Elizabeth, 205; first links the question of
succession with that of supply, 205; Eliza-
beth assaults the right of deliberation in,
205, 206; attempts to assume the initiative
in regard to church affairs, 206, 207; growth
of privileges under Elizabeth, 208, 209; at-
tacks monopolies, 208, 209; reasserts the
right to try contested elections, 220; free-
dom of arrest of members vindicated, 220;
introduces bills against purveyance and
wardship, 211; refuses to confer with con-
vocation as to religious question, 221; on
the union of England and Scotland, 221;
protestation entitled "A Form of Apology
and Satisfaction to be delivered to His
Majesty," 222; refuse to grant a supply,
223; debate over commissioners' scheme of
union between England and Scotland, 227;
expels Pigott, 227; discussion of Scottish
naturalization in, 227-229; all legislation
hostile to Scotland conditionally repealed,
228; discussion of the Great Contract, 230;
debate over king's right to levy impositions,
230; discusses purveyance and wardship,
231; discusses the abuse of the ordaining
power, 231; asks for the exemption of four
Welsh counties from the jurisdiction of the
president and council of Wales, 232; fails
to secure a redress of ecclesiastical griev-
ances, 232, 233; revives the subject of im-
positions, 237; impeachment of Mompes-
son, Mitchell, and Yelverton, 245, 246;
impeaches the king's minister, Bacon, 246;
attempts to act as a court in Floyd's case,
246; resists the effort of James I. to pun-
ish parliamentary misdemeanors, 247, 248;
protests against the attempt of James I. to
abridge right of deliberation, 248; its privi-
leges and liberties declared a matter of
kingly favor, 248; the protestation of De-
cember, 1621, 249; grants conditional sub-
sidies to James I., 250; requests Charles
I. to enforce laws against catholics, 256;
votes two small subsidies, 256; prose-
cutes Richard Montague, 256; distrusts
Buckingham, 257; protests its loyalty to
Charles I., 258; lectured by Charles I.,
259; impeaches Buckingham, 259; re-
fuses to transact business until Eliot and
Digges released, 260; its remonstrance
ordered destroyed by Charles I., 262; nu-
merous persons imprisoned by Charles re-
turned as members, 266; resolution denoun-
cing taxation without parliamentary consent,

268; subsidies voted in committee, pending
redress of grievances, 268; preparation and
adoption of the Petition of Right, 269–273;
impeaches Manwaring, 273; withholds sub-
sidy while Charles I. refuses to listen to
remonstrances, 273; claims a breach of
privilege in the Rolle case, 275, 276; calls
customs officers to the bar, 276; resolu-
tions introduced against Arminianism, 277;
Charles I.'s efforts to adjourn resisted,
277, 278; Eliot's resolutions on taxation
and religion, 278; refuses to discuss sub-
sidies before the question of grievances,
298, 299; secures the execution of Went-
worth and Laud, 302-304; all proceedings
concerning ship-money annulled, 304, 305;
secures acknowledgment that the taxing
power is vested in the king in parliament,
305; the Triennial Act, 305, 306; redresses
grievances resulting from the conciliar sys-
tem, 306-308; proposal for a responsible
ministry, 311; the Grand Remonstrance,
conflict of parties over, 311, 313; case of the
five members, 315-317; struggle with king
over control of the militia, 317, 318; swears
loyalty to Charles I., 322; swears to the
Scottish Covenant, 325; appoints Cromwell
lieutenant-general, 328; efforts of the peace
party in, to come to an understanding with
Charles I., 331, 332; the remonstrance of
the army presented to, 338; Pride's purge
of, 338; declared sovereign by the Rump,
338, 339; as constituted by William of
Orange, 410, 411; employs the philosophy
of Hobbes in the deposition of James II.,
412, 413; regulation of membership by the
Act of Settlement, 425; method of coer-
cing refractory ministers, 440; system of
party organization in, adopted, 441; ques
tion of the right of ministers to sit in, 441-
444; new election of members required
after appointment to office by crown, 443,
444; attempt to impeach ministers in 1701,
446; addition of Scotch members, 448;
becomes a real representative body, 453,
454; increase in membership under Henry
VIII. and Charles II., 465; reasons why
representation in, was not representative,
463-470; number of persons choosing
members small, 470, 471; bribery in, 471,
472; abuse of the trial of contested elec-
tions, 472; secrecy in, 473, 474; press for-
bidden to publish its proceedings without
permission, 474; votes and proceedings
printed under direction of speaker, 1680,
474; rise of a public opinion destined to
make commons independent and representa-
tive, 475; right to commit for publication
of parliamentary debates lost, 485, 486;
publication of division lists, 1836, 486; ac-
tion on the withdrawal of strangers, 486;
efforts for the reform of representation, 519-