was his own remark afterwards, "it was the boys that kept me." His gains from this source soon stood at 7s. 6d. a week. His church raised him £11 a year, and some fund paid him £5. Well might he turn again to the last. He plodded once a fortnight to Northampton with his wallet on his shoulder, full of shoes going, and of leather coming back. Mr. Marshman insinuates that he was an indifferent workman; yet his own biographer vindicates his questioned honor on that point, and repeats a saying of his own in defense of it. Mr. Marshman, as if to meet this, has his anecdote also. Thirty years after Carey's ugly journeys under the wallet, he was dining with the Marquis of Hastings, Governor-General of India, and, overhearing a general officer inquire of an aide-de camp whether Mr. Carey had not been a shoe-maker, he stepped forward and explained: "No, sir, only a cobbler." Moulton was a memorable place to Carey, and through his name that of Moulton will never be forgotten. There he went deep into biblical study. There he broke above clown companionship into the society of kindred intellect. The venerable author of Help to Zion's Travelers, the father of Robert Hall, became his friend. Dr. Ryland was added to his circle; and one day, on descending from a pulpit, the pinched and tried village preacher had his hand grasped, his sentiments commended, his future friendship claimed, by the noble Andrew Fuller. But, above all, here was born within the soul of William Carey that idea which has already made his name renowned, and whence will come to it increasing veneration with every age that our race is continued on earth. It was in a poor cot, in that poor village, that, after reading Cook's Voyages, he was teaching some boys geography. Christendom was a small part of the world. The heathen were many. Was it not the duty of Christians to go to the heathen? It does not appear that he had received this idea from any one. His obscure position, and the absence of missionary spirit in his religious associates, kept him from all knowledge of what had been felt or done. God sent the thought direct from heaven into his own soul. It inflamed and filled it. It became his chief theme. With different sheets pasted together he made a kind of Map of the World, and entered all the particulars he could glean as to the people of the respective countries. Andrew Fuller found him, the fruitless school abandoned, working at his last with his map on the wall before his eye, which every now and then was raised; and while the hand plied the awl, the sage and glorious mind revolved the condition of that wide world, and its claims on those to whom Christ had made known the riches of his grace. A mission to the heathen! the Bible for the heathen! were the constant thoughts that filled the soul of the never-to-be-forgotten shoemaker of Moulton. We shall ever remember one Monday morning a few years ago, when-after a visit to the chapel of Dr. Doddridge, with its reminiscences of him and of Colonel Gardiner; and then to Weston Flavel, whence Hervey gave a voice to so many tombs we approached Moulton, attracted by the memory of a far greater man than either. In as common a cottage as can be found, not inviting by beauty, striking by ugliness, or picturesque by decay, just a common shoemaker's cottage, were as common a couple as need bc. And that was the spot where William Carey's soul received the spark from heaven which sped him to Bengal, and made him a shining light. We uncovered, and bowed, and said: "Blessed be the Lord, who can raise up his instruments where he will!" When At a meeting of ministers, Mr. Ryland called on the young men to name a topic for discussion. Up rose Carey, and proposed: "The duty of Christians to attempt to spread the Gospel among heathen nations." The venerable preacher sprang to his feet, frowned, and thundered out: "Young man, sit down! God pleases to convert the heathen, he will do it without your aid or mine!" All the old men of his denomination were steadily against him. By degrees the young were brought to his side. While he and his family were passing weeks without animal food, and with but short provision of other kinds, he prepared a pamphlet on this great theme. Mr. Marshman says that it displayed extraordinary knowledge of the geography, history, and statistics of the various countries of the world, and exhibited the greatest mental energy, under the pressure of the severest poverty." 66 At the age of twenty-eight, Carey removed to Leicester, somewhat improving his circumstances by the change; but, what was more to him, getting among good libraries and cultivated men. As his ample intellect laid in stores of knowledge, the internal fire turned all to missionary fuel. He was one of those grand enthusiasts who can wait, be foiled, and give due place to a thousand ideas beside the ruling one, yet never lose sight of the work resolved upon as that of their lives. The meeting of Baptist ministers in Nottingham, at the end of May, 1792, must ever be noted in the Church history of India, and illustrious in that of the Baptist denomination. The pastor of the Church at Leicester was appointed to preach. The fire which had burned under the constant musing of five years, to which books of travel, and maps, and histories had been daily fuel, prophecies and precepts oil, and the discouragement of sage and good men but covering that sent it deeper, had leave to burst out at last. The pinch of want, the wear of labor, the keen sorrow of inability to give a good cause an influential advocacy, had all wrought deeply on the soul of Carey in his long training. The pent-up feelings of five years, pregnant fountains of the events of many centuries, burst out upon the assembled ministers and congregation as if a geyser had sprung at their feet. Dr. Ryland said he should not have wondered had the people "lifted up their voice and wept." The burden of that ever-memorable sermon was: 1. Expect great things from God. 2. Attempt great things for God. Even after this, when the ministers came to deliberate, the idea of doing any thing cooled down before the difficulties. When they were about to separate, Carey seized the hand of Fuller, and cried in an agony: "Are you going away without doing any thing ?" That was the birthpang of the Baptist Missionary Society. They resolved: "That a plan be prepared against the next ministers' meeting at Kettering, for the establishment of a Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen." At Kettering they met in the parlor of Mrs. Wallis. After difficulties had again arisen, and again been vanquished by "Mr. Carey's arguments and the irresistible influence of his great mind, the ministers present were prevailed upon to pledge themselves in a solemn vow to God and to each other, to make, at the least, an atVOL. XLIX.-No. 1. tempt to convey the Gospel message of salvation to some part of the heathen world." A Society was formed, and a collection made, amounting to thirteen pounds, two shillings, and sixpence: and so the Baptist Missionary Society was brought into existence. Mr. Marshman does not say, but we gather, that the money was contributed by the ministers themselves. If so, it resembled the first collection made for Methodist missions twenty-three years before, in Leeds, by John Wesley and his poor itinerants alone; and thus the funds of two considerable missionary societies took their origin in the offerings of preachers of the Gospel, very poor, but rich in faith. But the early struggles of the mission cause among the Baptist Churches were carried on under discouragements unknown in the kindred body. The patronage of the Kettering meeting was not that of the Conference, and the unknown Mr. Carey was not an Oxford doctor of laws, with great influence and liberal fortune. Yet, while Dr. Coke's wonderful success rendered a society unnecessary till his death, Carey's want of fortune or influence turned to account in making it necessary to form a Society at once. moment the deed was done, his longbound soul felt free. The thirteen pounds were no sooner in hand, than he declared himself ready to go to any part of the world. "His mind," says Mr. Marshman, The I was imbued with that irresistible enthusiasm to which great enterprises owe their origin; and, notwithstanding the ridiculous contrast between the resources obtained and the magnitude of the enterprise, he was eager to enter upon it at once." In all London the provincial ministers who had originated this great work could find only one minister of their body to countenance them. "There was little or no respectability among us," said Mr. Fuller; "not so much as a squire to sit in the chair, or an orator to address him." But they were doing a work which made them greater than squires, orators, or the decent doctors who frowned upon their zeal. The mission was to be. But what country should be chosen as its field? A letter came from Bengal, written by a Mr. Thomas, asking for subscriptions towards spreading the Gospel there. He was a flighty ship's surgeon; one of those creatures who live in the tor 2 rid zone which skirts the rion of insan- | them would carry such combustibles as ity, full of great plans and noble zeal-of Christian missionaries. A director had crotchets, tempers, and talent. Yet this said that he would rather see a band of was the instrument used by Providence devils land in India than a band of misto open the Gospel commission among the sionaries. Thomas persuaded the captain Bengalees in their own tongue, and to of his own former ship to smuggle them turn to their shores the firm and well out, by taking them secretly aboard at the considered steps of Carey. He had landed Isle of Wight. There they went before at Calcutta, and found the only sign of her arrival; and Carey patiently waited Christianity to be the hoisting of the flag for a clandestine passage, with a companion on Sunday. He advertised "for a Christ- wh was constantly dogged by bailiffs, and ian." He also published in the papers a his family left behind. At last they were plan "for spreading the knowledge of on board, and hope opened for a moment. Jesus Christ and his glorious Gospel in But alas! the captain at the same time and around Bengal." This brought him had an anonymous letter, telling him the only two communications, and nothing consequences of secretly carrying objecresulted. On a second visit he found a tionable persons to India. They were put patron in one whose name is dear to every ashore, and much of their passage money friend of India. Charles Grant, in an age sacrificed-that precious money, bought of general skepticism and wild immora- with Carey's labors and Fuller's tears; ay, lity, almost alone among high officials tears; for, like Dr. Coke, he went from door avowed and adorned the Gospel of Christ. to door to beg for the heathen; and, when He forefelt the sense of responsibility as rebuffed by religious men in this cold, to India, which was afterwards to rest brick London of ours, he sometimes went upon the minds of Christians generally; into a by-street, and opened his full heart and, even with an unsteady though zeal with weeping. ous agent like Thomas, nobly gave of his fortune for missionary purposes. Under his auspices the latter spent three years laboring among the natives; but he quarreled with his best friends and came home. He arrived in time to lay his plans before the infant Society. It adopted him as its missionary, and appointed Carey to accompany him. This was done in a committee at which Carey was present, doubtless blessing in his heart the wonderful man who was the instrument of pointing out to him whither he was to go in his long-sought work. Mr. Thomas was unexpectedly announced. Carey sprang up, rushed into his arms, and they wept on each other's necks. Carey had reached the point at which he had steadily aimed for years; but, alas! he was not past his trials yet. His wife would not hear of being dragged with her four children to India. Either loneliness, or a retreat, was forced upon him. With a sore heart he said: "I could not turn back without guilt upon my soul." The comfort he did not find in his family, he sought in vain from his colleague. He was deeply in debt, and hunted by creditors. Then, as to a passage? the great question with every intending voyager. No ships but those of the East-India Company sailed to India; and none of From Portsmouth Carey saw the fleet of Indiamen set sail for the land where his faith would be, and he shed bitter tears. They came to London. Men of Thomas's cast, with a cracked and porous intellect, like cork, never sink. He bustled about till a Danish Indiaman was found. He plagued Mrs. Carey till she consented to go. He took passages for himself and her sister, who accompanied her, as servants, that the cost might not exceed the funds. On the thirteenth of June, 1793, the party embarked, and on the eleventh of November the soil of Bengal was first pressed by the man whose name will shine on the first pages of its Christian history. They had no money and no letter of credit. Their all was some goods, which worthy Mr. Thomas sold. He lived well while the money lasted. Carey, after various troubles, was indebted for shelter to a generous native, whom, twenty years after, when their lots had changed, he was enabled to place "in a situation of ease and comfort." His colleague was living in luxury, while Carey was struggling in a foreign land, "with a large family, and without a friend or a farthing." He wandered about, endeavoring, with an interpreter, to explain the Gospel, and returned to his hovel to encounter a wife and sister-in-law full of bitterness and reproaches. What was he to do? how and where can he find bread? | heart nor head, and at those studies and Along the shore of the Bay of Bengal is sacred labors for which he had such a a vast flat region of deadly jungle, inhab- heart and head as were hardly ever given ited by wild beasts, called the Sunder- to another man. He preached to his bunds. Here woodcutters resorted; and work - people constantly, and itinerated small patches were cleared for the manu- when he could. He had a taste and power facture of salt. Something possessed for one secular pursuit, and only oneCarey, in his distress, with the idea that horticulture. He loved plants and flowers; he could live by his labor here, and preach and, whether at Moulton or Serampore, at the same time. After miserable failures cultivated them ardently. He set up, in endeavoring to get money enough to while a factory manager, as an improver convey him from Calcutta, at last he reach of agriculture; and sent for implements ed a spot where more than twenty people from England. had been carried off by tigers in a few days. He and his large family were welcomed to the house of a European whom he had found. After a while he settled on a tract cleared from the jungle, and began to build a hut. His gun was his chief means of daily bread. Providence saved him from the fever, and permitted him to show that no weight of poverty, trouble, and hindrance will break down a real instrument of God's good will toward men. Thomas, who had been so often his plague, was again to open his way. He had renewed an old friendship, lost by his eccentricities, and obtained a situation as manager of an indigo factory. His excellent friend and employer, Mr. Udny, had another; and for it he recommended his forlorn and long forgotten companion in the Sunderbunds. This called Carey from starvation in a wilderness to a moderate income at the head of a large establishment of natives, to whom he could preach the Gospel. He at once wrote home to the Society, saying that he no longer needed to be paid from their funds, and requesting that what they would consider as his salary should go to print the New Testament in Bengalee. "At the same time," says this true-hearted missionary, it will be my glory and joy to stand in the same relation to the Society as if I needed support from them." Of his salary he devoted a fourth, and sometimes a third, to the purposes of his mission. "His time was systematically apportioned to the management of the factory, the study of the language, the translation of the New Testament, and addresses to the heathen." He was prostrated by fever; one of his children was carried off by dysentery, and his wife's reason fled, never to return. Still the servant of God worked on, worked at that secular duty for which he had neither But he was sowing wonderful seeds in England, while thus cultivating indigo at the unheard-of village of Mudnabatty. Dr. Ryland, in Bristol, received letters from Carey, and, knowing that Dr. Bogue and Mr. Stephen were then in the city, sent for them to hear the missionary news. When they were finished, they knelt down together, and prayed for a blessing on the distant evangelists.. Strange and wondrous then was a missionary's tale, though to-day happily familiar to our ears. The two Independents retired to speak of forming a Society in their own denomination. The London Missionary Society was the result: a noble plant sown by Carey's pen in the soil of that England which he had left forever. Carey had already had trials in most forms, and new ones arrived in the person of a colleague hot with politics, who abused every authority in India and England. He was splendidly rebuked by Andrew Fuller, with hearty English feeling and strong English language; but this could not save the missionary from the plague of a political colleague. Then his temporal prospects began to lower. The factory was not prosperous. The neighborhood was ill chosen, and the manager not well. He formed a plan for a missionary settlement of seven or eight families, living in little straw houses, and having all things in common: the details of which show that though he had been years in the country, he had no idea of how to arrange every-day affairs. But there was a matter which he understood. God's holy word was ready for printing in Bengalee. He obtained types. A wooden press was presented to the mission by Mr. Udny; and as it began to work at Mudnabatty, the natives of India, like those of Fiji in later days, declared that it was a god. He wrote home for a press and paper, adding: "If a serious printer could be found willing to engage in the mission, he would be a great blessing. Such a printer I knew at Derby before I left England." The factory was broken up, and he took one on his own account at Kidderpore. Meantime Mr. Thomas had gone round a circle of occupations, always the same queer being, but always a clever doctor and a zealous preacher. Carey, steady as a rock, yet acute as a needle, learned and labored and did good incessantly. "I preach every day to the natives, and twice on the Lord's day constantly, besides other itinerant labors;" yes, and besides ponderous labors in study and translation. And this while in secular employment! For five years and more had he followed his labors uncheered by success, tried at home, and tried by colleagues. At length a letter announced the arrival of four yoke-fellows; but they were forbidden English territory, and had sheltered under the Danish flag. The little settlement of Serampore, across the river from the Governor-General's country house, a few miles from Calcutta, had happily remained under Denmark. A Danish ship carried Carey out, when an English one would not; and now that an American one had brought him colleagues, Danish authorities defended them. The powers at Calcutta were disposed to take offense; but brave Governor Bie was staunch in his little possession, and his firmness made his flag and his guests respected. For that deed, the name of Colonel Bie will never cease to be mentioned while the Gospel is preached in India. Carey wrote urging his brethren to join him in the interior. But he was there as an indigo planter: they had avowed themselves missionaries, and dared not in that character settle on the territory of the East-India Company. One of them, protected by a Danish passport, set out to persuade Carey to come and settle in Serampore. This was no other than that very printer whom Carey had mentioned as having seen him at Derby, when, in his letter home, he had said how useful" a serious printer would be." William Ward had never forgotten the words Carey spoke to him, on a walk, before he started for India. He had become a popular newspaper editor, first in his native town, then in Hull; had imbibed republican principles, and advocated them till his writings had twice the distinction of being prosecuted by the state, and defended by Erskine. At Hull a religious change passed upon him. He joined the Baptists, devoted himself to the ministry, went to a college, and so completely broke with politics that for ten years after he had been at Serampore, he did not even take in a paper. It was with great excitement he jumped from his boat, and walked from the river to the house of the man whose influence had attracted him from the heart of England to the flats of Bengal. He met Carey with an outburst of affection, and exclaimed: "Blessed be God, he is a young man yet!" A letter followed him from Serampore, showing that the Company's servants were becoming even more threatening; and therefore Carey was forced to abandon his own plans, and come down to head his brethren on the one sheltered field where they might labor. At Serampore he found three brethren, of whom two were soon to rest from their labors, and the third was Joshua Marshman, whose name and reputation were to take a place beside his own, and out of whose family India was to welcome the pen of John Marshman, and the sword of Havelock. He had been a prodigy-boy quite as much as Carey; one of those greedy and vigorous minds, that gulp down knowledge of every kind, and digest it into good brain-blood, in spite of all probabilities to the contrary. His early history, as sketched by his son, is a touching piece of biography. He had a Huguenot, as Ward had a Methodist mother. He grew up among devout Baptists at Westbury Leigh. The powers of the Church were Farmer Bachelor, and other three deacons, who met weekly, and ruled strictly. Young Marshman was steady, serious, and in all lore more learned than ten dozen of the deacons, especially in Puritan divinity. But church government is church government, and here is the style in which it was administered by the excellent four. "They maintained that as a work of grace, once begun in the heart, could never become extinct, it was more advisable to postpone the admission to church fellowship even of those who might appear to be sincere, than to admit one unconverted person into the fold. "When Mr. Marshman sought admission into the Church, Farmer Bachelor and the other deacons remarked that he had too much 'head |