Adams, Jay, Hamilton, Knox and many of the Cincinnati. The second says nothing; the third is open. Both are dangerous. They pant after union with England, as the power which is to support their projects, and are most determined Anti-Gallicans.

Fenno died of yellow fever in 1798, in the same year with Bache of the Aurora. Mary Eliza Fenno, daughter of the editor of the Gazette, married Gulian C. Verplanck, of New York, in 1811. Verplanck, so well known in literary circles in that city, died there in 1870. William Cullen Bryant, in a eulogy on Verplanck, said that he had seen an exquisite miniature of Mrs. Verplanck, by Malbone, "taken in her early girlhood, when about fifteen years old-beautiful as an angel, with light chestnut hair and a soft blue eye, in the look of which is a touch of sadness, as if caused by some dim presentiment of her early death. I remember hearing Miss Sedgwick say that she should always think the better of Verplanck for having been the husband of Eliza Fenno."

Fenno was succeeded by his son, John Ward Fenno, in the management of the Gazette. It was subsequently conducted, at different periods, by Caleb P. Wayne, Elihu Chauncey, Enos Bronson, and Joseph R. Chandler. Bronson once, in an affidavit, reproachfully called Cheetham, of the American Citizen, "an Englishman and a hatter." Cheetham had a brother in business as a hatter in Chatham Street, New York. Bronson was a brisk journalist, boasting at one time of" seven prosecutions commenced within twelve months." He had more enterprise than any of his contemporaries. There was a paper published a short time in Philadelphia in 1820 styled the Mirror and United States Gazette, but it should not be confounded with Fenno's, and Bronson's, and Chandler's paper. But what became of the United States Gazette?

When the newspapers of New York experienced a revival in 1844, '45, and '46, the journals of Philadelphia partook of the excitement. Expensive and extensive expresses were run with European news from Boston and Halifax. They extended to the Quaker City. Governor William B. Dinsmore and Colonel E. S. Sandford, of Adams's Express Line, were ardently active in these enterprises. If they had not been in the express business, they would have made splendid journalists.

The most spiritedly managed newspaper in Philadelphia at that time was the North American. It was first issued in 1839, as already stated, absorbing the old Advertiser in that year. It afterward passed into the hands of Childs and Fry, taking in the Commercial Herald in 1840, and thence to the management of George R. Graham, well known as the publisher of Graham's Magazine, and Alexander Cummings, who subsequently published the Evening Bulletin of

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Philadelphia, and spent $200,000 in establishing the New York World on religious principles. On account of political differences between the publishers, the North American, standing firmly on the Whig platform, became the property of Graham and Judge R. T. Conrad, and then of Graham and Morton M'Michael. Both Conrad and M'Michael have been chief magistrates of Philadelphia. Conrad edited the Daily Intelligencer in 1832, and then the Philadelphia Gazette, with which the Intelligencer was united. Condy Ragout, the economist, was associated with him on the Gazette.

It was the North American that inspired the other journals of Philadelphia to great efforts, and helped to infuse more energy in the operations and enterprise of the Tribune of New York. The amiable George H. Hart, an old partner of Chandler's in the United States Gazette, made frequent visits to New York in the news competition of this period; but so largely increased had the expenses of the papers become by this fresh energy in their management, that the venerable Chandler felt constrained to retire from journalism, and in 1847 he disposed of his entire establishment to the proprietors of the North American for $45,000, and the two names and the two papers were merged in one. This closed the career of the United States Gazette. The intellectual power of the new concern was increased by the addition of Dr. Robert M. Bird, the author of Gladiator and the Broker of Bogota, and G. G. Foster, afterward the well-known "City Items" of the New York Tribune, and author of New York by Gaslight.

The North American is now owned and nominally edited by Morton M'Michael. It is made up of many papers and of the following material:

Ist. The Pennsylvania Packet, or the General Advertiser, established in 1771.

2d. The American Daily Advertiser, 1784.

3d. Gazette of the United States, 1789.

4th. Evening Advertiser, 1793.

5th. United States Gazette, 1804.

6th. True American, 1820.
7th. Commercial Chronicle, 1820.
8th. The Union, 1820.

9th. The North American, 1839.
10th. Commercial Herald, 1840.

Thus the North American and United States Gazette of the present day has absorbed no less than nine other papers, and if the good qualities of these nine are concentrated in one, that journal ought to be an excellent one. The North American can claim to be, by

purchase, the oldest daily paper, morning and evening, published in the United States, although its own age dates back to 1839 only, and its name and that of the original journal of the United States are entirely different.

The Impartial Intelligencer was established in Greenfield, Massachusetts, on the 1st of February, 1792, by Thomas Dickman. Six months subsequently this name was abandoned, and the paper became the Greenfield Gazette. Its publication was continued with various changes in name till 1841, when it was united with the Courier, and was thenceforward known as the Gazette and Courier, and is still published. It was passed over to John Denio, who had been apprentice to Dickman, by purchase, in 1801. He went to Albany in 1827, where he published the Morning Chronicle for several years. Buckingham, and many other prominent printers and journalists, commenced as apprentices in the office of the Gazette.

Remarkable Journals.

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CHAPTER XIII.

SEVERAL NOTABLE JOURNALS.

THE NATIONAL GAZETTE OF PHILADELPHIA. - ORGAN OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. THE CELEBRATED FRENEAU. - NEWSPAPERS IN NEW JERSEY.-THE MASSACHUSETTS MERCURY AND NEW ENGLAND PALLADIUM. - SHIPPING NEWS AND HARRY BLAKE, INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. - NOAH WEBSTER AND THE NEW YORK COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER. — COLONEL WILLIAM L. STONE.

ONE of the remarkable journalists that the creation of parties produced in this country was Philip Freneau. We have already mentioned him in these pages. In October, 1791, he started the National Gazette in Philadelphia, while he was a clerk in the State Department under Jefferson, a position which he obtained through the influence of Madison, who had been a classmate of his at Nassau College. Ten years previously he was connected, as a writer, with the Freeman's Journal. Three or four years of his time were spent on that paper. Other publications afterward received his contributions in numerous sharp paragraphs and satirical verses on the men, manners, and measures of that momentous period of our history. After being a sea-captain, he edited the Daily Advertiser of New York. When the national government went to Philadelphia he accompanied Jefferson, and became famous as the editor of one of the leading organs of the rising Democratic Party.

The National Gazette was a Democratic organ in every sense of the word. It violently assailed the measures of Hamilton and his adherents in the cabinet of Washington; it was vituperative on Adams, and boldly attacked Washington personally whenever he showed any leaning to the Federal side. The course of Freneau created trouble in the political family of the President. It would have been strange if it had failed to do this. Indeed, it was believed that the policy of the Gazette was inspired by Jefferson. Washington was of this opinion. Freneau at one time, on oath, made a statement that Jefferson did not suggest or furnish any of the contents of the paper at that period. This did not shake the belief of Washington, who repeatedly brought the matter up in cabinet meetings. The President had even requested Jefferson to administer some rebuke to Freneau for his conduct. In his Anas, Jefferson stated that, at a cabinet council, Washington remarked:

That rascal, Freneau, sent him three copies of his paper every day, as if he thought he (Washington) would become the distributor of them; that he could see in this nothing but an impudent design to insult him: he ended in a high

tone.

On another occasion, speaking of the President, Jefferson said:

He adverted to a piece in Freneau's paper of yesterday; he said he despised their attacks on him, personally, but that there had never been an act of the gov ernment, not meaning in the executive line only, but in every line, which that paper had not abused. He was evidently sore and warm, and I took his intention to be, that I should interpose in some way with Freneau, perhaps withdraw his appointment as translating clerk in my office. But I will not do it. His paper has saved our Constitution, which was galloping fast into monarchy, and has been checked by no one means so powerfully as by that paper. It is well and universally known that it has been that paper which has checked the career of the mon

ocrats.

According to Griswold, it was acknowledged by Freneau, in his old age, to Dr. John W. Francis, in New York, that Jefferson wrote or dictated the most offensive articles in the Gazette against Washington and his Federal friends. On one occasion he showed a file of that paper to Dr. James Meade, in which the alleged contributions of Jefferson were marked.

Shortly after the Presidential election of 1792, when John Adams and George Clinton were the candidates for Vice-President, the Gazette published a paragraph which we annex, and which was in full accordance with the views of Jefferson, as indicated in the above memoranda from his Anas:

The mask is at last torn from the monarchical party, who have, but with too much success, imposed themselves upon the public for the sincere friends of our republican constitution. Whatever may be the event of the competition for the Vice-Presidency, it has been the happy occasion of ascertaining the two following important truths :-first, that the name of Federalist has been assumed by men who approve the constitution merely as “a promising essay towards a well-ordered government;" that is to say, as a step towards a government of kings, lords, and commons. Secondly, that the spirit of the people continues firmly republican, and if the monarchical features of the party had been sooner held up to the public view, would have universally marked the division between two candidates (equally unassailed in their private characters) one of whom is as much attached to the equal principles of liberty entertained by the great mass of his fellow-citizens, as the other is devoted to the hereditary titles, orders, and balances, which they abhor as an insult to the rights and dignity of man.

Freneau was severe on Hamilton. He was so frequent in his attacks that Hamilton finally came out in reply, in which he charged that the National Gazette had been established for the special use of the Secretary of State. In the controversy, Jefferson assigned as a reason for sustaining Freneau the desire he had to have the news from the Continent of Europe translated from the Leyden Gazette, instead of having it come frittered through the English press to the American readers: all Jefferson did was to furnish the Leyden Gazette to Freneau !

The National Gazette continued to be the organ of the Republican