boldness." But Jeffrey, a short time later, of the trials and triumphs through which that ness. 66 Though Mr. Hayward could sneer at the conduct of a politician or the attempt of a lady to get into a position in society to which she had no claim, his conduct towards his struggling brethren in literature was full of kindFifty-two years ago Carlyle, not yet rich and not yet famous, found to his surprise that Mr. Hayward, whom he happily characterised as "a small but active and vivacious man of the time," took to him by a strange impetus, and introduced him to the rising young men of the day. A week or two later Hayward induced Dr. Lardner to promise that Carlyle's History of German Literature-the work over which there had been so much disappointment-should be published in the Cabinet Encyclopaedia; and, although the promise came to nothing, Carlyle wrote that for Hayward's kindness, then and always, he was heartily grateful." When Thackeray was slowly progressing in the walks of literature, Hayward gave him a helping push by a kindly article in the Edinburgh (January 1848) on the Irish Sketch-Book, the Journey from Cornhill to Cairo, and the earlier numbers of Vanity Fair, and prophesied that Thackeray would soon become one of the acknowledged heads of novel-writing in England. To have aided Carlyle while he was in poverty, and to have befriended Thackeray while he was comparatively unknown, are merits in Mr. Hayward's literary career which may far outweigh a few faults. The possessor of unrivalled knowledge in his own sphere, and the master of a graceful literary style, he leaves no one behind him to fill his place. He was born October 31, 1802, and died February 2, 1884. W. P. COURTNEY. JOHN HENRY PARKER died at his house in Turl Street, Oxford, last Thursday, in his seventy-eighth year. For more than half a century he had won the regard of successive generations of university men as bookseller and as antiquary. He took an active part in the MAGAZINES AND REVIEWS. "Teribus This ye teri THEOLOGY. RAWICZ, M. Der Traktat Megilla nebst Tosafat, vollständig ins Deutsche übertragen. Frankfurt-a-M.: Kauffmann. 2 M. 50 Pr. HISTORY. BERGBOHM. C. Die bewaffnete Nentralität 1780-$3. MATZAT, H. Römische Chronologie. 2. Bd. Berlin: PUYMAIGRE, A. de. Souvenirs sur l'Emigration, l'Em- Herren v. Schack. I. 300 Schack-Estorff'sche Urkunden aus der Zeit von 1162 bis 1303. Berlin: Baensch. 10 M. PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. ABHANDLUNGEN zur geologischen Specialkarte_v. Preussen u. den Thüringischen Staaten. 5. Bd. 1. Hft. Berlin: Schropp. 4 M. 50 Pf. HOERNES, R., u. M. AUINGER. Die Gasteropoden der Meeres-Ablagerungen der ersten u. zweiten miocänen Mediterran-Stufe in der österreichischungarischen Monarchie. 4. Lfg. Wien: Hölder. 16 M. JAEGGI, J. Die Wassernuss. Trapa natans L., u. der Tribulus der Alten. Zürich: Schmidt. 1 M. 60 Pt. LENHOSSEK, J. von. IN the Antiquary for February Mr. Cornelius Soire et la R Beiträge zur Geschichte der Grafen u THE Archivio Storico italiano begins its issue 1367. SELECTED FOREIGN BOOKS. PERRIER, E. La Philosophie zoologique avant Darwin. Paris: Alcan. 6 fr. ZOPF, W. Zur Kenntniss der anatomischen Anpassung der Pilzfrüchte an die Function der Sporenentleerung. I. Mechanik der Sporenentleerung be Sordarieen. Halle: Tausch. 7 M. CORRESPONDENCE. THE LATE LORD LYTTON. 17 Hill Street, W.: Feb. 2, 1884. I venture to solicit your good offices in relation to the following circumstances:-About six weeks or two months ago, I was favoured by a communication from a gentleman, whose letter I have unfortunately mislaid, and whose to place at my disposal certain published refername I cannot recall, but who kindly offered for a biography of the late Lord Lytton, which ences to my father, collected by him as materials engaged upon the same task. The loss of my he had abandoned on hearing that I was myself correspondent's letter has deprived me of the means of privately communicating to him my thanks for his obliging offer, and my desire to hear from him again on the subject of it. If, therefore, you will be so good as to accord to this expression of my wishes a place in the ciated. LYTTON. revival of Gothic architecture in the third and fourth decades of this century, and the cause of excavation at Rome owes more to his enthusiasm than to that of any other single man. In 1867 the university conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.A., and three years later he was appointed the first Keeper of the Ashmolean BISMARCK: Zwölf Jahre deutscher Politik (1871-83). ACADEMY, the service will be gratefully appre He Museum under the new arrangement. SIR JOHN BARNARD BYLES died at Harefield House, near Uxbridge, on February 3, aged eighty-three. His reputation as a judge lies outside our province; but we may note that two of his works in literature, a volume on bills of exchange and a pamphlet on the sophisms of free-trade, enjoyed a great reputation. THE biographer of another eminent judge died, at 16 Montagu Street, on January 26. This was Miss Emma Leathley, of The Hall, Datchet, the only daughter of Mr. William Leathley, who married, in December 1810, Emma Maria Maule, a sister of Sir William Henry Maule. Miss Leathley published in 1872 a Memoir of the Early Life of the Right Hon, Sir W, H, Maule-a bright little record BELOT, Ad. La Tête du Ponte. Paris: Dentu. 3 fr. geschichtlichen Entwickelung. Wien: Gerold. 5 M. LIAS, B. de Saint-Pol. Chez les Atchés: Lohong. Paris: Plon. 4 fr. NEUBAUR, L. Die Sage vom ewigen Juden. Leipzig: THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY. London: Feb. 1, 1881. The duty of the English-speaking public all over the world towards this great national work is (1) to buy it, in order to enable the Clarendon Press Delegates to bear the heavy cost of its production, which is far greater than was at first estimated-unless ten thousand RAMBERT, E. Alexandre Calame : sa Vie et son Euvre, copies of each part can be sold, it is doubtful d'après les Sources originales. Paris: Fischbacher. whether the work can be carried on on the scale 7 fr. 50 c. RODBERTUS-JAGETZOW. C., Aus dem literarischen on which it has been started; (2) to complete it Nachlass. II. Das Kapital. 4. Berlin: Putt (a) by a certain number of folk helping, as subTHOMAS, A Francesco da Barberino et la Littérature editors, to arrange each kammer. 8 M. some part of the provençale en Italie au Moyen-âge. Paris: Thorin. TOPFFER, R. Caricatures et Paysages inédits, Paris : enormous mass of slips sent in for the work, 5 fr. and to fill up the gaps which occur in the material-the slips sent in are capricious: for Fischbacher, 50 fr. "the army "not one extract was sent in, and I and other searchers have had to hunt up the slips required for it; (b) by noting fresh words and meanings not in the Dictionary, and earlier instances of those which are there. For the last few weeks I have kept back the "a-ant" slips I have by chance collected. These give only five words not in part i. of the Dictionary:-"abusant," adj. ("in tearmes abusant," circ. 1630, A Scottish Pusquil, p. 6); accoucheurship," n. ("The resident appointments consist of Five House Physiciancies. one Accoucheurship," 1883, Daily News, September 18, p. 1, col. 7); “amorce," n., toy percussion-cap ("purchased a dozen boxes of amores... These toy pistol caps. were made of a very dangerous explosive," 1883, Birmingbra Weekly Post, December 15, p. 7, col. 5); "Anglo-Saxonising," adj. ("that great AngloSaxonising amalgamating mill, the United States," 1883, Lord Lorne, in Pall Mall Gazette, November 14, p. 6, col. 2); " amalgamationist," .. an advocate of marriages of negroes with whites (You are an amalgamationist!' cried she. I told her that the party term was new to me" 1838, Harriet Martineau, Western Travel, i. 29. Of earlier instances, I have "accidious," slothful, from the Pore Caitiff, before 1400, | against the Dictionary's "1731, Bailey's Dictionary;" "admitting," n., 1557, against the Dictionary's 1598; "adverse," n., an adversary, opponent, in 1593, against the Dictionary's 1550; "addressor," the signer of an address, in 162, against Dictionary's 1690; "aghastness," 1870, against Dictionary's 1881. 66 Of slightly differing senses I have, perhaps, one or two instances; 1883, an aldine dolphin spouts water into a basin; "the alphabetical gunboats sent out to China," &c.; but nothing important. My slips are mere chance ones, as I have said; but if folk will only collect deliberately, and send their slips to the editor, Dr. Murray, Mill Hill, N.W., I have no doubt that they will enable a very valuable Appendix to the Dictionary to be made. Such a work can never bentirely complete. I can only express my surprise how near completeness part i. is-nineten out of my thirty-three slips were anticipated in the Dictionary-and I heartily contulate Dr. Murray and the Philological Nasty on the result. Our twenty-five years' work has not been in vain. The Dictionary is -I say it deliberately-far and away better than any other of any living language. F. J. FURNIVALL. Mr. Burke, in his speech of the 29th December [it really December 28, 1792] used the following Daggers are ordered at Birmingham: how many exportation, how many for home consumption, I know not. But I have reason to believe that they e meant to introduce French fraternity into the arts of Englishmen, for there! there! [throwing Larger upon the floor of the House] there is the uity of Frenchmen; there is the fraternity xh they wish to bring to the bosom of our king, of every honest, every virtuous Englishman loyal to his sovereign, and who worships his Beware then, O my countrymen, of the eral kiss of France; beware of the smiles of Famen: their kiss is treason, and their smile Avoid them, O my countrymen, as a ence, as a banditti of assassins, as a nation of rs; as monsters practising every evil; as cath. THE STORY OF THE PELICAN FEEDING ITS Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop: Jan. 15, 1881. The pictures in old emblem-books and the I should be obliged for any information on W. HOUGHTON. the subject of this letter. THE MOON AND THE HARE. After I think there is some evidence to show that our English word pelican was not always restricted in its use to denote the water-bird of that name. The old story about the pelican feeding its young with its own blood is not a classical one, as generally believed; Greek and Latin classical writers make no mention of the myth, neither is the pelican (water-bird) the original bird of the story-which seems to have originated in Egypt-but the vulture. Horapollo (i., cap. 11) says that a vulture symbolises a compassionate person, because during the 120 days of its nurture of its offspring, if food cannot be had, it opens its own thigh and permits the young ones to partake of the blood, so that they may not perish from want. That the vulture was considered a very affectionate bird is an idea shared by the Hebrews, who called it râchâm, "the affectionate bird;' among classical authors the love of the vulture for its young was proverbial. The ecclesiastical fathers, in their annotations on Scriptures, transferred the story from the vulture to the pelican, unless under the word TeλEKAV, pellicanus, they meant the vulture. But oddly enough, and concurrently with the idea of the pelican being the bird of the myth, appears the actual representation of a bird feeding its young ones with its blood in architectural church ornaments, on tombstones, and in old books of emblems; and the bird is always, I believe, not a pelican, but a vulture or eagle. In an old book of emblems, entitled A Choice of Emblems and other Devices, by Geffery Whitney, 1586, there is a woodcut of a vulture or eagle piercing her breast with her hooked beak, in a nest surrounded by her young ones, whose mouths are open to receive the flowing blood. Underneath are the following lines:"The pellican, for to revive her young, Doth pierce her breast, and give them of her tarch calls "the face in the Moon" and we blood. the Then searche your breste," &c. In London: Feb. 4, 1884. Mr. Brown's letter on Moon and Hare myths is interesting, as it shows just the places where the untutored anthropologist is compelled to part company from the true scholar. observing that 'the connexion between the Moon and the Hare is familiar to mythologists," Mr. Brown says, "we may safely conclude with Gubernatis that the mythical Hare is undoubtedly the Moon." Distinguo, says the anthropologist. Persons who are connected are not necessarily identical-Lewis is not Allenby. In the myths referred to by Mr. Brown, the story commonly ends in the Moon striking the Hare and inflicting on him his hare-lip, or in the Hare being transported to the Moon, or in someone marking the Moon's face with the figure of a hare. Now surely we may distinguish thus:-When the Moon marks the Hare it is in " origin of death myths. The Moon, having to tell men that they, like her, are reborn after apparent death, sends a swift beast as a messenger. But the swift beast loiters, or forgets: le lièvre perd la mémoire en courant. The Moon hits him on the face, and hence the hare-lip. But how do we learn that the Moon is the Hare? the other myths, Aztec, Indian, and what not, the object is to account for what Plu"the Man in the Moon." Apparently, many races have recognised a Hare where we see a Man; the spots in the Moon are just as like one as the other. We have a Sabbatical story to explain how the Man got into the Moon, and Aztecs and Indians have a story to explain how the Hare got into the Moon. But what one objects to is the inference that "the mythical Hare is the Moon." Another point. Mythologists of Mr. Brown's school are apt to differ in their interpretations. Mr. Brown recognises in Aeetes, Lunus (Myth. of Kirkê, p. 52), a male Moon. Sir George Cox goes in the air" (Mythol. Ar. ii. 150). for something connected with the "motion of Mr. Brown's Medea is the Moon, like his Hare. Sir George's the Dawn. Now, the Great Hare of all mythic Medea, at least in one passage, appears to be Hares is Michaboz, the Algonquin Hare hero, whose mantle, I suspect, has fallen on Ole Brer Rabbit. Well, this Great Hare ought to be the Moon, I presume; but Dr. Brinton, both in his Myths of the New World and his American Hero Myths, says that the Great Hare is the Dawn, or the Light. Moreover, he gives philological reasons for this opinion. At home we know Hares best (mythologically) as the animals into which witches prefer to turn themselves. This is a long letter, but perhaps I have made it clear that persons" connected are not necessarily identical; while it must be admitted that wholly different explanations of the same myths-explanations equally facile and plausible- -are often put forward by mythologists of the prevailing school. But while one scholar sees the Dawn where another sees the Moon, and a third, perhaps, the Cloud, or the Wind, they are all united against the dull person who thinks that, when mythopoeic man spoke of a Hare, he probably meant a Hare sans phrase. A. LANG. PS.-I have not replied to Mr. Taylor's invitation to "name some half-dozen Greek myths which the orthodox or historic method (that of Bréal and Kuhn) has failed to explain." If Kuhn is orthodox, so am I. Mr. Taylor's quarrel with me is that I illustrated a Greek myth by a Maori parallel. Has Mr. Taylor forgotten that Kuhn does precisely the same thing? In Kuhn's case the myth is the Vedic one of Urvasi and Paruravas. Mr. Max Müller saw in this myth the Dawn and the Sun; Kuhn sees in the tale a myth of Fire. These two scholars (as usual) give different interpretations of the names of the hero and heroine. Kuhn buttresses his opinion by adducing Maori parallels. That in the scholar is "historic" and "orthodox" which in me is "the Hottentotic heresy. Now, if it is historic and But orthodox in Kuhn to adduce a Maori variant of the Vedic myth, why is it heretical in me to adduce a Maori variant of a Hesiodic myth? Perhaps I need scarcely add that the anthropologist sees neither a Dawn-myth nor a Firemyth in the central incidents of the story of Paruravas, though the story was hitched into the fire-ritual of India. A NEW DEPARTURE IN CRITICISM. London: Feb. 5, 1884. Your contemporary the Spectator is a journal which I have always looked upon with the greatest respect. Its high moral fervour is well known, as well as its freedom from religious bias; but I think the world knows little of its wonderful catholicity in matters of literary criticism, of which I have just furnished the Standard with a remarkable illustration. In case your readers have not seen my letter, I should explain that the facts are as follow:On December 15 last, a novel from my penThrough the Stage Door-was reviewed in the Spectator, not merely adversely, but in terms of strong abuse; described as "trashy," altogether "repulsive," and such a book as was a discredit to the sex of its author. Last Saturday, February 2, the same novel was again reviewed in the Spectator, in terms of cordial praise; described as a lively and pleasant story, and warmly recommended to the reader as, above all, "sound and wholesome." Now, when all is said and done, nothing can be more kindly meant than this method of reviewing, which enables an editor to box your ears with the one hand and pat your cheek with the other. "Miss Jay," he cries, "is a loose and degraded scribbler; but "-here I fancy I can see his oracular smile as he adds, "audi alteram partem"! The method, however, is so new that it is at first a little bewildering To make it quite perfect, the two opinions ought to be printed, not with an interval of several weeks, during which the author is kept in agony, but in the same number. HARRIETT JAY. APPOINTMENTS FOR NEXT WEEK. MONDAY, Feb. 11, 5 p.m. London Institution: "The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century" (repeated), by Prof. Ruskin. 8.30 p.m. Geographical: "My Recent Visit to the Congo," by Sir F. J. Goldsmid; "Notes on the Lower Congo," by Mr. E. Delmar Morgan. TUESDAY, Feb. 12, 3 p.m. Royal Institution: "Scenery of the British Isles," III., by Dr. A. Geikie. from an Early Cemetery at Wheatley nd near 8 p.m. Anthropological: "Exhibition of Objects J. Park Harrison; "A Human Skull found Southport," by Dr. G. B. Barron; Traces of Commerce in Prehistoric Times." by Miss A. W. Buckland; "Some Palaeolithic Fishing Implements from the Stoke Newington and Clapton Gravels," by Mr. J. T. Young. 8 p.m. Society of Arts: "The Portuguese Colonies of West Africa," by Mr. H. H. Johnston. 8 p.m. Civil Engineers: "Speed on Canals," by Mr. R. F. Conder. 8 p.m. Colonial Institute: "The Australasian WEDNESDAY, Feb. 13, 8 p.m. Society of Arts: "New Dominion," by Mr. R. Murray Smith. Process of Permanent Mural Painting, invented by Adolph Keim, of Munich," by the Rev. J. A. Rivington. 8 p.m. Geological. 8 p.m. Microscopical: Annual Meeting. THURSDAY, Feb. 14. 3 p.m. Royal Institution: "Music for the Pianoforte," V.. by Prof. Pauer. 7 p.m. London Institution: "Modern English Sports, their Use and Abuse," by Mr. F. Gale. 8 p.m. Royal Academy: Ancient Egyptian Architecture," II., by Mr. R. S. Poole. Telegraph Engineers: "Some New Instruments for indicating Current and Electromotive Force," by Messrs. R. E. Crompton and 8 p.m. Gizbert Kapp. 8 p.m. Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts: "Science and Singing," elucidated by vocal and other illustrations, by Mr. Lennox Browne. 8 p.m. Mathematical: "The Relations of the Intersections of a Circle with a Triangle," by Mr. H. M. Taylor; The Difference between the Number of (4n+ 1) Divisors and the Number of Glaisher; (4n+3) Divisors of a Number," by Mr. J. W. L. "A General Theory including the Theories of Systems of Complexes and Spheres," by Mr. A. Buchheim. FRIDAY, Feb. 15. 8 p.m. Society of Arts: "State Monopoly of Railways in India," by Mr. J. M. Maclean. 8 p.m. Philological: "Extracts from my Dialect Glossaries," by Mr. F. T. Elworthy. 66 8 p.m. Civil Engineers: Light-Draught Launch," by Messrs. Cowan and Fawcus. 9 p.m. Royal Institution: "The Chemical Work of Wöhler," by Prof. Thorpe. SATURDAY, Feb. 16, 3 p.m. Royal Institution: "Life and Literature under Charles I.," V., by Prof. Henry Morley. SCIENCE. The Epinal Glossary, Latin and Old English, of the Eighth Century. Photo-lithographed from the Original MS. by W. Griggs, and Edited, with a Transliteration, Introduction, and Notes, by H. Sweet. (Trübner.) (First Notice.) THE student of philology will hail with the greatest satisfaction this excellent reproduction of a most remarkable MS. Some delay has been caused by the editor's laudable endeavour to obtain a photo-lithographic reproduction of the MS. free from all touching-up by hand. The result is that the less distinct portions are not always clear; but a great deal of it can be most exactly made out, and some pages of it (e.g., pp. 6 and 11) are beautifully distinct in every letter. It is most fortunate that the difficult task of editing the MS. has fallen to Mr. Sweet, whose care and accuracy are thoroughly proved by the minuteness with which he enters into details in his valuable Introduction. It is also most fortunate that Mr. Sweet has not confined his attention solely to the Epinal Glossary, but has studied, word by word, and letter by letter, the other important Glossaries of a similar type. This is the true key to the whole matter. He would be a rash man who should attempt, except in tolerably easy cases, to explain the words, whether Latin or English, which this most important MS. contains. This can only be done with certainty by collating all the older Glossaries with one another; and even the later Glossaries, such as those printed in Wright's volumes of Vocabularies, will be found to give some assistance in many cases. We are met by difficulties of many kinds. Some of the words characters, and explained by Latin glosses. are really Greek words, written in Roman Many of the Latin words are of a rustic or Low-Latin type, and the spellings are such that not even Ducange's Dictionary will always help. Again, the scribe not unfrequently misspells words, or adopts a method of his own. And, when all the elements of uncertainty are taken into account, the student soon discovers that he will need all the help he can get in order to decipher the sense, for the gloss is sometimes as obscure as the word which it is supposed to explain. There are cases in which the Latin word explains the English one; and there are also cases in which it is the English word which explains the Latin one, as the scribe intended that it should. On the very first page we find amsanti glossed by undique scanti, which is not very helpful at a first glance; and, again, before we can understand what is meant by axungia, glossed rysil, it is necessay to be aware that rysil is the Old-English word for fat or grease, unless, indeed, one happens to know the sense of axungia (used by Pliny) without looking it out in Lewis and Short. It is, moreover, extremely easy to be misled. segnas. Thus, on p. 2, we find aquilae: It might be thought, at first, that aquilae means eagles; but the gloss shows that it means not the birds, but the famous Roman ensigns that so often led the soldiers to victory. On p. 22 we find rumex: edroc, whence it might be thought that edroc means a dock (plant); but, as Mr. Sweet proves at p. xi. of his Introduction, rumex is miswritten for rumen by confusion with the preceding plainer by the following gloss in Wright's word remex; and the English edroc is made Vocabularies (i. 54)—viz., “Ruminatio, ciwung [a chewing], vel edroc, vel aceocung." glosses of the class to which the Epinal MS. Mr. Sweet thoroughly discusses all the belongs. They are all of high importance, and are known respectively as the Epinal Glossary, the Erfurt Glossary, the Corpus Glossary, and the Leiden Glossary. These four MSS. really furnish us with six Glossaries, which Mr. Sweet distinguishes as(1) Leiden; (2) Epinal-Erfurt, a glossary contained in the Erfurt Glossary and agreeing with the Epinal Glossary; (3) the Second Erfurt Glossary; (4) the Third Erfurt Glossary; (5) the First Corpus Glossary; (6) the Second Corpus Glossary. It thus appears that the Erfurt MS. really contains three, and the Corpus MS. contains two, distinct glossaries; and they must be considered accordingly. We have no space here to show how the editor, in his patient and masterly treatment of the whole subject, explains the way in which the alphabetical glossaries were com piled, how certain glosses came to be repeated what books were the sources of them, and how certain class-glossaries must have bee already in existence before they were com piled. By class-glossaries we are to under stand glossaries in which "names of beasts birds, fishes, minerals, and other natura objects, were collected in separate groups. Such a glossary is the well-known Elfric Glossary, printed by Somner and reprinted b Wright. Mr. Sweet next considers in deta "the structure and relation of the variou texts," and minutely discusses the variou readings and occasional errors. His "sum mary" is so important to a clear understanding of the whole subject that we must do him the justice to quote it in full, premising that by "a-order" is meant an order in which words are may at once help the student to remember that the letters n and r, however different in form at other periods, were at this period almost indistinguishable. On p. 25 (col. b) arranged alphabetically we find gundaesuelgiae, in which an r has according to their initial letter only, while by been dropped, precisely as if we were, at the "ab-order" is meant an order of words col-present date, to write goundsel for groundsel. lected according to the first two letters. All the glossaries are based on interlinear glosses, Latin and English, in Latin books, and on Latin-English class-glossaries, probably at Canterbury, other English glosses being afterwards added in the process of copying and compilation. "Various independent glossaries were compiled from these sources, at first non-alphabetical. Two or more of them were afterwards fused together in various later digests, a-order being often made into ab-order. "The Leiden MS. is a German copy of an English non-alphabetical collection of literary and class glosses. All the others are in the later_alphabetical order, but are not based on the Leiden copy, though they all (except, perhaps, the first part of the Corpus glossary) have drawn partly from the same sources. "The Epinal and First Erfurt copies are independent copies of probably the same MS., the latter by a German scribe. This MS. was compiled partly from non-alphabetical glossaries, partly from ab-order ones, the former being thrown into ab-order, the two groups being kept apart under each letter. The second part of the Corpus glossary is a copy of a MS. which was compiled partly from the original of the Epinal and Erfurt MSS., partly from a group of other alphabetical, literary, and class-glossaries, including the originals of the Second Erfurt and probably of the Third Erfurt glossary. That this Corpus glossary was not compiled directly from the original of Epinal and Erfurt, is proved by its often having the correct reading against both the Epinal and the First Erfurt glossary." The last sections of the Introduction conen the palaeography, the orthography, and language. From a consideration of these Mr. Sweet concludes that "their combined idence points most decidedly to at least the inning of the eighth century." In this result we thoroughly agree with him, notwithstanding some opinions to the contrary. The archaic spellings of the MS. are above picion, and could never have been imitated no conceivable reason) by a ninth-century be; on the contrary, the forms which car in it mark it as older than the famous Corpus Glossary, which is usually considered undoubtedly belonging to the eighth century. Few The transliteration faithfully adheres to the my method of any value, in that it exactly produces all the errors of the scribe. To retouched up the spellings would have en a worse error than even a touching-up of the photo-lithograph, of which we were, in the first instance, in some danger. things are more instructive than a knowledge of the nature and range of scribal errors, yet y editors endeavour to withhold such owledge from us with a persistency which -it be better employed. But here there has no such tampering with the original, and facsimile is, fortunately, at hand to prove 4 Certainly some of the mistakes are curious Logh. On p. 1 (col. c) we find abilina: Art The word meant is hnutu, "nut," as years from other glosses; and this example On the same page (col. a) we have scrirpea for scirpea. The scribe was not always sound as to his initial h; perhaps haues for aues, "birds" (in 5 d), is not surprising; but it is shocking that an Englishman should call a hazel "a azel," as he practically does when he gives us auellanus: asil (2 b 31). Colera (8 a 2) is repeated as calera in the same column (1. 29). Calear (8 c 34) is glossed by spora, "spur," and is therefore miswritten for calcar. Litura: a limendo should clearly be a liniendo (13 f 26). Oria: misteria bachi (17 c 39) is probably meant for orgia; the spelling oria could hardly have been intentional. We find uaser: uersutus (28 e 7); and, only two lines below, we have uauer: callidus. The forms uaser and uauer that u already had the sound of v. are both founded on uafer; the latter shows The former is due to confusion of "long 8" with f, yet it is a little surprising to find that the scribe writes uaser with the "twisted 8;' this is just one of those points where the facsimile so greatly helps us. All these, and many more such, are errors of the scribe, so that the interpretation demands much care and patience. We have not observed any misprints in the transliteration, except that the in bridils (5 f 37) and the r in receptator (22 e 27) have dropped out at press, leaving a blank space-things which editorial care is powerless to prevent. Mr. Sweet has greatly increased the value of the MS. to the English student by marking the English words with an asterisk; in this matter, we think, there are just three accidental oversights. Interpositi (11 f 26) is marked as English, but we should call it Latin; while loca (9 f'28) and gabutan (18 f 25), which are not so marked, are given in Anglo-Saxon dictionaries. There is yet one more gloss (21 a 11) which is worth considering in relation to this questionviz., panibus: sol. It is not easy to see how panibus can be explained by sol if sol means the sun. If phonetic laws will admit of it, we would suggest that sol may be English; and, if so, a variant of Anglo-Saxon sufl, Icelandic sufl, Danish suul, which actually means a kind of food. The Northern-English word is still sool, and is duly discussed in the notes to "Piers Plowman" (Early-English Text Society), p. 374. The Glossary abounds with forms of much interest and of great importance for the etymology, not of English only, but of the Romance languages also. We hope to give some examples of this in a future notice. WALTER W. SKEAT. B.C. " procession of the equinoxes discovered. These twenty-eight constellations are arranged from west to east, and Spica Virginis has always been regarded as the first. My own idea is that this nasch, the seventh star in Ursa Major, and may was simply because it lies underneath Benettherefore be considered as the gate of the heavens. Several of the stars in this zodiac are mentioned in the Yau tien, which is found in Legge's Shoo King, "Sacred Books of the East, vol. iii., and professedly belongs to 2350 the present pole star and bisected, we get If a line be drawn from Benetnasch to one of the stars in that region to represent the approximately the pole of that period. Taking pole star, we find that Benetnasch, the leading star of the Bear, instead of being forty degrees from the pole, is only twenty or thereabouts. But Spica lies below this star, and would be drawn up with it into a correspondingly higher altitude. In that age, whenever the Bear passed round on the south of the pole, Spica would be seen a few degrees north of the equinoctial line near the meridian. Speaking roughly, the Bear would then subtend an angle of ninety degrees, say, from Spica to Castor and Pollux, instead of, as at present, about forty-five degrees. My hypothesis is that here lay the reason for Spica being made the first star, and that it was called "heavens' gate" because it lay in a line with Benetnasch and the pole. M. Terrien de La Couperie explains the selection of Spica as the first star in the zodiac by a shifting in the geographical horizon recorded in a Babylonian tablet recently deciphered by Mr. T. G. Pinches (ACADEMY, September 1, 1883). Prof. Schlegel, of Leyden, supposes that Spica was, when selected to lead the shining train of the twenty-eight constellations, actually near the vernal equinox, and he believes years old. that the Chinese astronomy is about 16,000 think, simpler than either. An argument in My hypothesis is, I venture to its favour is found in that peculiarity of the Chinese zodiac which respects its fourfold allocations among the cardinal points and the seasons. Virgo, Libra, and Scorpio are called the blue dragon of the east; Sagittarius, the dark Capricornus, and Aquarius are Taurus are the white tiger of the west; Gemini, warriors of the north; Pisces, Aries, and Cancer, and Leo are the red bird of the south. The order is spring, winter, autumn, and summer. How is this to be explained? We have to do with the annual movement from west to east when we group the zodiac in twenty-eight divisions. But when we have our thoughts directed to the diurnal revolution into four groups, we take them in the contrary from east to west, and part the zodiacal stars direction. Let us suppose ourselves to be looking at the stars on March 23 after sunset. We see Aries, Taurus, and Gemini stretching from west to south, and then Cancer, Leo, and Virgo. Spica is in the east. The Chinese early observers considered where it would be best to begin their zodiac. They decided on the east, because of the position of the Bear, which southern groups were before them in the seemed to require this. Then the western and heavens. The eastern group was coming up as the western went down, and would be followed by the northern after another six hours. A line drawn from the old pole through Beta of Ursa Major would, speaking roughly, pass near Cor Hydrae, the meridian star, the "bird of the time of Yau. It is unfortunate that this group of seven is much too wide. With the pole where it is at present, the south group covers nearly 120 degrees, instead of 90, as it should do; and this compels us to a certain indefiniteness in any hypothesis on the subject. But, looking at the position of the stars in a rough way, the Bear nearly covered the "bird of the south palace," then seen in the south; PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.-(Friday, Feb. 1.) DR. J. A. H. MURRAY, President, in the Chair.Mr. H. Sweet read a paper on some of the hard words in the Epinal MS. Some, like "cearruca, senon," he could not yet explain; others, by com. and Yau's astronomers marked out "bird" (Cor Hydrae) as on the meridian on that evening, and naturally enough looked on the group to which it belonged as the constellation of the south and of summer. They would not begin the zodiac with the first point of Aries, because it was hidden in the sun's rays, and, being in the west at the time, it seemed unsuitable. The cycles of ten and of twelve have in old Chinese foreign-looking names. But I fear that they are not yet found in the Accadian language. As Mr. Pinches gives the Accadian numerals, the sounds do not agree. The Chinese symbols of the cycle of ten should, I think, be read kap, (t)it, pam, tam, gu, ki(t), kam, tin, nim, ku(k). These sounds are required by the laws I which relate to their printers. Either, if carried liciendo, tyctaend, inlex," "anbinliciendi" was have attempted to prove in my Introduction to the Study of the Chinese Characters. tallow; 66 66 cocunung, quadripertitum," was shown, by comparison with "aceocung, ruminatio," to be a cocung," choking-up, chewing the cud, by a ruminant' which has four stomachs. In "anbinquentia," was a miswriting for "wood;" (inlex) "ab inliciendo; " boot, facundia uel el99 "An-re stigan uel faestin [a fastness] termofilas" was co Thermopylae, a one-path place, in which men could march only one by one, a defile; "dros, auriculum,” was ear-wax. The "lud" of "ludgaet, seudoterum (pseudo- false), must mean twiggen or wicker (and not King Lud's), from the root of "leod" people, meaning to grow. Other ex amples were cited from the Erfurt and Corpas Glossaries of corruptions of Greek, Latin, and Anglo-Saxon words. been found with five flint flakes and some frag- The pronunciation of the constituent members of the cycle of twelve I should expect to find, if they had been written alphabetically, tik, t'ok, in, mo, din, zi, go, mi, shin, (d)uk, tit, gak. The periods when we may suppose Baby-done lonian influence to have reached China are 2350 B.C., the age of Yau; 1100 B.C., the commencement of the Chow dynasty; 1000 B.C., the age of the Emperor Mu wang, who is said to have travelled in the West; 550 B.C., the age of Cyrus when Bactria was conquered by the Persians, and the time when Li lau tan is said to have gone to the West; 140 B.C., the age of Chang 'Mien, who visited the Dahae and the Greek kingdom of Bactria. All through the time of the Persian empire, from 550 B.C. downwards, the silk trade, which then existed, would render the communication of Babylonian knowledge possible in China, as the Greek settlements in Bactria afterwards rendered it possible for the Chinese to become acquainted with the astronomical period of Callippus, as we know from their early historical works, which contain this cycle. JOSEPH EDKINS. SCIENCE NOTES. THE Nation reports on good authority' that Sir William Thomson has accepted an invitation to deliver a course of some twenty lectures at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, beginning on October 1. This would fit in with the visit of the British Association to Baltimore this year. PROF. C. H. F. PETERS, the astronomer in charge of the well-known observatory at Hamilton College, New York, who is on a visit to Europe with the aim of preparing an accurate edition of the star catalogue of Ptolemy, has been fortunate enough to find, both at Venice and Florence, several MSS. (Greek, Arabic, and Latin) of the Almagest which have never been properly collated. He is at present working in the Vatican Library. A GEOLOGICAL survey of Russia was organised in 1882, and the first budget of its Reports has recently arrived in this country. Field-work is being actively prosecuted, and a detailed geological map of the empire will eventually be prepared. Meanwhile, a number of descriptive Reports and memoirs will be published periodically under the direction of the committee entrusted with the development of the work. The Reports recently received are printed in Russian, but French or German abstracts of the more important papers will be duly issued. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.-(Monday, Jan. 28.) J. W. CLARK, Esq., President, in the Chair.-Mr. A. G. Wright, of Newmarket, exhibited a rough gray British terra-cotta vase, six inches high, and five inches and a-half wide at the top, which had several of the embellishments with those of There was also an SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.-(Thursday, Jan. 31.) maps; FINE ART. I 66 Claude Lorrain, sa Vie et ses Œuvres, d'après des Documents inédits. Par Mdme. Mark Pattison. (Paris: Librairie de "L'Art.") CONFESS I rather resent upon a title-page d'après des documents inédits." Justified, no doubt, in the present case by the studentlike attitude and the substantial discoveries of Mrs. Pattison, the phrase yet generally implies either the undue parade of that virtue of research the possession of which should be taken for granted, or, what is worse, the actual belief that some successful burrowing among forgotten archives is an achievement so invaluable that it makes literature unneces sary and original thought of nothing worth The difference between the true writer an the mere scholarly burrower is often shown by the store that is set upon a document inédi The true writer finds it, uses it, says ver little about it; it is wrought into the body his work, whose general execution owes n much, and whose conception owes nothing all, to the fortunate discovery of an indu trious afternoon. The mere scholarly by rower, on the other hand, has got in 1 his fame. document inédit that wherewith to establi He sets forth his discovery, 1 with style-for style would be only 'f writing" to the person who did not understa it but crabbedly, with involvement, w deep self-satisfaction. In the days w literature counted for more than it d to-day, and science counted for coterie-even a reading public possessed could do it only in the privacy of learning without taste would have thou little of the performance-but now the less. |