with the German furt (Bessapara Besser-
Furt). It has struck even these latter
writers that the Thrakians called their short
broad-sword skálm (σkáλμn), and that the North-

men called theirs exactly by the same word
that for words like "bread,"
bonnet," &c., nay, for the very Korybantes,
the most obvious comparisons offer themselves
from Old Gothic, Norse, or German. I, on my
part, can show that, for words like "king,"
war,"
βάμβαλον, and so forth, the most
striking parallels from Gothic, Icelandic, Anglo-
Saxon, Old High German, and Modern English
or German dialects have hitherto been un-

accountably neglected, while far-fetched Slav
and Lithuanian comparisons have been at
tempted.
But, my space being so restricted, I conclude
by saying that, if Mr. Evans thinks the identity
of Getes and Goths reposes on nothing better
than "the usual tendency of historians in those
ages [at the time of Jornandes and his prede-
cessors] to fit on classical names to barbarian
tribes whose very existence had been unknown
to the ancients," he again forgets a notable fact.
Did not Tacitus mention Gothons among the
German tribes? and did not Pytheas, 400 years
before him, speak of Teutons and Guttons in
Germany ?

KARL BLIND.

NOTES ON ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY. MR. COLIN HUNTER has been elected an Associate of the Royal Academy.

THE Rev. W. J. Loftie's long promised Essay of Scarabs, of which only 125 copies are printed, may be expected this week. The book consists, we understand, of two parts-(1) the Essay of Scarabs, and (2) an illustrated Catalogue of Mr. Loftie's own unrivalled historical collection of these interesting amulets.

We understand that Mr. Vokins is going to have an exhibition of early water-colours in March. Miss Tatlock, the grand-daughter and heiress of Peter de Wint, lends her large col

lection of that artist's works.

REGARDING Shakspere's bust in Stratford church, Mr. Alfred Dawson-who has been working on a photograved plate by his process for the New Shakspere Society-writes to Mr. Furnivall::

ON Saturday afternoon, January 26, Mr. Charles
Hallé was again the pianist, and for his solo he GLIMPSES of GREEK LIFE and

Encores are

SCENERY. By AGNES SMITH, Author of "Eastern Pilgrims," &c. 1 vol., demy 8vo, with Illustrations and Map of the Author's Route, 158. [Next week, CONTENTS: An Atlantic Storm-First Impressions of Athens-in Athens Acro-Corinthus-Mycenae and the Argive Plain-In Sparta-Near Taygetus -On Ithome-Easter in a Monastery-From the Monastery to Kroki-In by Brigands-Difficulties-A Thunderstorm on Mount Parnassus-From parison of Syrian and Greciau Travel,

Sunium and Hymettus-Marathon and Aegina-The Isthmus and the

Olympia-From Olempia to Megaspelton-A Journey to the Styx-Captured
Parnassus to Corfu-Language and Character of the Modern Greeks-Com
VOLS. III, and IV. of COURT LIFE

BELOW STAIRS; or, LONDON UNDER the LAST GEORGES, 176)—
1830. By J. FITZGERALD MOLLOY, SECOND EDITION. Price is
Completing the Work.
"Mr. Molloy's style is bright and flaent, picturesque and animated, and

he tells his stories with skill and vivacity."-Athenaeum. WITHOUT GOD: Negative Science

and NATURAL ETHICS. BY PERCY GREG, Author of "The Devil's Advocate," "Across the Zodiac," &c. 1 vol., demy 8vo, 12.. "A powerful and instructive book. The author has given vý many diécussions of great subtlety and depth."-Spectator.

PEERAGE and

He was much applauded, and
chose Beethoven's Sonata in A (op. 2, No. 2).
came back
and played a favourite Schubert Impromptu.
now, unfortunately, the rule
at these Concerts; a pianist of Mr. Halle's
name and reputation might, we think, try
to help to abolish this inartistic and in-
convenient system. On Saturday the con-
The novelty was
placed at the end of the programme; and, of
cert was longer than usual.
the many who left before the last movement of
the final piece, it may fairly be presumed that
lateness of the hour. The Pianoforte Quartett
some were compelled to do so owing to the
in E minor by Z. Fibich, introduced by Mr.
Hallé last season at his fourth concert at the LODGE'S
Grosvenor Gallery, was played for the second
time at the Popular Concerts. It is a clever
and interesting work, and it is to be hoped that
Mr. Hallé will let us hear more of a composer stands at this day. It is a most useful publication. We are happy to hear
who certainly shows signs of originality. The
Quartett only contains three movements, the
middle one being an air with variations. The
opening allegro is the best portion of the work.
The first and last movements are both written
in triple time. Mr. Hallé was ably supported
by Mdme. Néruda and Messrs. Hollaender and
Piatti. The programme included Max Bruch's
Hebrew melody, "Kol Nidrei," for violoncello,
admirably rendered by Sig. Piatti; Sig. Romili's
accompaniment, however, did not please us.
Mr. E. Lloyd was the vocalist.

BARONETAGE for 1884. Under the especial Patronage of her Majesty. Corrected by the Nobility. Fifty-third Edition. I vol., rayal 8vo, with the Arms beautifully engraved, 3is. 6d., bound, gilt edges. "This work is the most perfect and elaborate record of the living and recently deceased members of the Peerage of the Three Kingdoms as it testimony to the fact that scrupulous accuracy is a distinguishing feature of this book."-Times.

THE NEW NOVELS.

MR. NOBODY. By Mrs. John Kent
ONLY YESTERDAY. By William

SPENDER, Author of " Godwyn's Ordeal," &c. 3 vols.

MARSHALL, Author of "Strange Chapman," &c. 3 vols.

ONE FALSE, BOTH FAIR. By

JOHN BERWICK HARWOOD, Author of "Lady Flavia," &c. 3 vols. "This work is a mild composing draught, which may be taken with con fidence and even comfort. It is pleasant reading. The scenes are very brightly and cleverly sketehed."-Acudemy.

DI

FAWCETT: a Year of Her

Life. By C. L. PIRKIS, Author of "A Very Opal," &c. 3 vols. "Di Fawcett' shows a remarkable increase of power. The narration is lively, the action natural and rapid, and the inain situation well introduced."-Athenaeum.

"This story is remarkably well told, and is without exaggeration. The plot is good, and each of the characters is well drawn The novel contains many of the attributes of an unusually interesting tale."-Post.

Mdlle. Marie Krebs appeared for the second time on Monday evening, January 28, and played with enormous success Bach's famous Prelude and Fugue à la Tarentella; her encore Mendelssohn. The programme included Schuwas the seldom heard "Perpetuum Mobile" of bert's favourite Octett (op. 166), played by A CHRISTMAS ROSE. By Mrs. Mdme. Néruda and Messrs. Ries, Hollaender, Lazarus, Wendland, Wolton, Reynolds, and Piatti. This work is generally a draw," but on Monday the audience was somewhat below the mark. Miss Santley was the vocalist.

RANDOLPH, Author of " Gentianella," &c. 3 vols.

"This capital novel will rank well beside the other works of the talented and amusing author."-Daily Telegraph. "Mrs. Randolph's new tale is a pleasantly readable, society novel. All

the characters are cleverly drawn."-Academy.

TO HAVE and to HOLD. By

SARAH STREDDER, Author of "The Fate of a Year," &e. 3 vols.

From time to time we notice inaccuracies in
the programme-book. It seems unreasonable
to find the date of the death of Bach on one CHEAP
page as February 28, 1750, and on another as
July 30 in the same year. Moreover, both
dates are wrong: Bach died on July 28, 1750.

[Next week.

EDITIONS.

Each Work complete in 1 vol., price 5s. (any of which can be had
separately), elegantly printed and bound, and illustrated by
Bir J. GILBERT. MILLAIS, HUNT, LEECH, POYNTER, FOSTER,
TENNIEL, SANDYS, E. HUGHES, J. LASLETT POTT, &c.

Mdme. Jenotha will make her first appear- HURST & BLACKETT'S

J. S. SHEDLOCK.

MUSIC NOTE.

"The mouth is in reality more finely modelled than
any other part of the face; but the colouring of the
lips red has, when taken with the very low light
of the chancel, prevented all chance of doing any-
thing like justice to it by the process of photo-ance this season next Saturday afternoon.
graphy. This is quite sufficiently attested by the
many smaller photographs of the monument about
the town of Stratford. I hope the result I have
got, and shall get, will do something to convey a
more just idea of the true modelling of the face,
but I may have to make another call at Stratford
to make all sure. I think the true modelling will
be best got by a three-quarter face in future,
which will properly represent the arch of the upper
lip. The character is, a finely arched upper lip,
and a remarkably soft lower lip; the mouth some-
what resembling, but in a softer manner, the
mouth of Esculapius in the large antique head in
the British Museum."

Mr. Dawson has been asked to engrave for the
New Shakspere Society a second plate, with the
three-quarter face view which he recommends.

WE are informed that the sale of the Dent Collection (looked forward to as the great print sale of the year) will come on before Easterprobably, indeed, about the end of March. The wealth of this famous cabinet of ancient prints does not require dwelling on now.

THE valuable collection of prints, pictures, &c., belonging to the late George Love, of Bunhill Row, will be sold by Messrs. Sotheby in two portions-the first this current month, the second in March.

HERR H. FRANCKE has made arrangements
for a series of twelve representations of German
Opera at Covent Garden during the months of
June and July next. Herr Hans Richter will
be the conductor. Negotiations are pending
with Mdme. Albani, Mdme. Pauline Lucca, and
other singers. In addition to Operas by Weber,
Wagner, and Beethoven, Stanford's "Savono-
rola'
and Liszt's "Holy Elisabeth" are
announced.

Fourth Edition, 2s. 6d., cloth.
CAESAR.-A COMPLETE DICTIONARY
to CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. With an Appendix
of Idioms and Hints on Translation. By ALBERT
CREAK, M.A.
ARRIAN'S ANABASIS.-First English Translation.
THE

ANABASIS of ALEXANDER ;
or, the History of the Wars and Conquests of
Alexander the Great. Literally Translated, with a
Commentary, from the Greek of ARRIAN the Nico-
median. By E. J. CHINNOCK, M.A., LL.B. Lond.,
Rector of Dumfries Academy. Crown 8vo, 78, 6d.
London: HODDER & STOUGHTON, 27, Paternoster-row,

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1884.
No. 614, New Series.

THE EDITOR cannot undertake to return, or
to correspond with the writers of, rejected
manuscript.

It is particularly requested that all business letters regarding the supply of the paper, c., may be addressed to the PUBLISHER, and not to the EDITOR.

LITERATURE.

Social Problems. By Henry George. (Kegan
Paul, Trench, & Co.)

THE new book by the author of Progress and
Poverty will doubtless be read with much
interest on this side of the Atlantic. The name
of Mr. Henry George is now a familiar one to
both sections of the Anglo-Saxon race, and
they really have no reason to be ashamed of
50 robust and genial a son, sadly misguided on
many points though he is. Enthusiasts there
will always be with an easy method of curing
social discontent-men who do not take suf-
ficient account of the difficulties and real con-
ditions by which life is circumscribed, and
who dream that by uttering a new formula
the gathering evils of the world can be
charmed away.
Naturally, it is to be re-
gretted that such men have not more of the
judicial faculty, which can see all the sides of
a complicated question. But enthusiasm and
the judicial faculty are seldom associated in
the same mind; and, as we cannot do without
the enthusiast, let us be thankful for Mr.
George, who is a sincere and noble man,
proclaiming earnestly what he believes to be
saving truth.

For those who may think of reading this book we hope it is unnecessary to state that Mr. George has no sympathy with the bloodred anarchy which seeks to overturn altar and family and all the existing institutions of civilised society. Instead of disturbing the sacred traditions, Mr. George is evidently a man of strong religious faith, who in all sincerity supports his theories of social reform with quotations from Scripture. Throughout his book there runs a vein of cheerful optimism; of the cynicism and scepticism which mark so many of the revolutionary class there is scarcely a trace. Nor can we agree with those who think that Mr. George's pet idea, which here re-appears, of the nationalisation of land by the confiscation of rent is a dangerous one. In a country like ours such a proposal is so extravagant and unpractical that it may be dismissed as harmless. The real danger seems to be of a very different hind-the danger, namely, that the colossal Blunder of Mr. George may hide from us the valuable truths or suggestions of truth that may undoubtedly be found in this book.

it is less laboured and controversial, and, it very unfair to relieve the great capitalist and
must be said, less sophistical. The book is impose such a tax as he proposes on the hard-
marked by the same eloquence, the same sym-working American farmer who owns his land.
pathy with the claims of labour, and the The small American landowner, he maintains,
same wide and often true insight into the will die out before the process of aggregation.
great industrial movements of our time. In His reasoning in support of this (chap. xx.) is
these qualities, and not in his theory of the very inconclusive, but there can be no doubt
land, lies the strength of Mr. George. He that Mr. George's scheme would accelerate
has evidently been a shrewd and sympathetic the process. Mr. George's great argument in
observer of the social condition of his own support of his scheme is that it would take
country and of ours. He is inspired with the the taxes off production, which would thus
poetry of labour, often tragic to a terrible greatly increase and afford scope for an
degree; he has felt its pathos, and knows its indefinite expansion of labour. In this
dreary monotony, and its subjection to vast country, however, our natural opportunities
economic influences over which it has no con- in other words, our land-is strictly limited.
trol-all the anarchy, in short, that results One cannot see that there is room in this
from the free play of individualism and of country for an indefinite expansion of labour;
unrestricted competition. Mr. George has and we have seen that every expansion of
watched with his own eyes the effects of the labour has been followed by an expansion of
most extraordinary development of industry population, which has gone far to deprive the
and population that the world has ever seen. working-man of any advantage that he might
While the people of the British Islands have otherwise have gained. In fact, now that Mr.
been carrying their energy to every part of George has gained the ear of the working-men, he
the world, their relatives in America have cannot do better than give them a few lectures
been overspreading a great continent teeming on providence, self-control, and other kindred
with resources untouched by human hands. virtues, by which the best of their own class
For a long time the belief was supreme, and the bulk of the middle classes have been
especially in America, that this movement, so able to raise themselves. Such commonplace
unfettered by the evil conditions of the old virtues do not afford a solution of the whole
society, would secure universal abundance and question. They are only part of the solution,
contentment over all the area which it em- but they are indispensable; and, as Mr. George
braced. This belief has in recent years has hitherto omitted to say anything about
received a painful shock. In America colossal them to his numerous readers, they will be
fortunes are growing up alongside the most good subjects for his next book.
hopeless poverty; combinations of capitalists
control not labour alone, but the Government
and the Press; labour is precarious, and has to
endure long hours and monotonous drudgery.
Industrial crises, leading to long-continued
depression and to railway war, have awakened
the Americans to the fact that the social mil-
lennium is not yet come. Under these circum-
stances it was natural that many should begin
to question the accepted theories, and to
listen favourably to a new social panacea.
Mr. George appeared as the spokesman of the
general discontent; and he is now the foremost
prophet of the revolt against the social and
economic principles which have prevailed in
Anglo-Saxon countries.

While it must be acknowledged that Mr. George is performing a most useful function in thus proclaiming the weak points of our social system, most of his readers must find in his great remedy a melancholy disproportion between the means and the end. Mr. George founds his land theory on the principle that all men have an "equal and unalienable right to the use and benefit of natural opportunities "—that is, to the land, in which such opportunities are embodied. He will not tolerate any half-way scheme for the regulation of the land system; that would be a weak compromise between right and wrong; he will have no private property in land. At the same time, he does not propose any equal Social Problems consists of twenty-two division of the land or any compulsory change chapters, each of which treats of a phase of in existing occupancy. "All it is necessary Car social condition. It is written from the to do is to abolish all other forms of taxation American standpoint, and a number of ques-until the weight of taxation rests upon the tions are discussed which can be rightly ppreciated only by those who have an inmate acquaintance with American affairs. But most of it will be quite as interesting to Paglishmen as to Americans. The treatment la more popular than in Progress and Poverty;

value of land irrespective of improvements,
and takes rent for the public benefit." His
scheme is substantially the same as in Pro-
gress and Poverty, and need not be further
explained here. Mr. George is in no way
deterred by the objection that it would be

It is to be hoped that the inadequacy of Mr. George's solution will not serve as an excuse for under-estimating the gravity of the problem. The question of the land and many other social questions are coming to the front, and the State will have to face them. We have been hitherto more alive to political than to social reform, the latter having been too frequently comprehended under the elastic formula of laissez faire, and so neglected. On all such matters, political as well as social, Mr. George is full of striking and suggestive observations. His pet theory of the land covers only a limited portion of his book; the reader moves profitably forward over many chapters of it without coming in sight of his eccentricities on that subject. Here is a passage from the chapter on "Political Dangers," which suggests a striking future for the American Republic:

"Forms count for little. The Romans expelled their kings, and continued to abhor the very name of king. But under the name of Caesars and Imperators, that at first meant no more than our boss,' they crouched before tyrants more absolute than kings. We have already, under the popular name of bosses,' developed political Caesars in municipalities and states. If this development continues, in time there will come a national boss. We are young, but we are growing. The day may arrive when the Boss of America' will be to the modern world what Caesar was to the Roman world."

This event is not so improbable as may appear at the first blush. The art which won the greatness of Rome was that of war; and it was natural that, when the final struggle for power came, the greatest military chief of the day should seize the highest place. In Anglo-Saxon America, on the other hand, money-getting is the supreme function which commands the possession of power and

portrait of "Atticus' is "altogether untrue," but he lays stress on the fact that nearly all the evidence in favour of the truth of the portrait comes from Pope himself, and so from a tainted quarter. Now this is not strictly the case. The strongest evidence on Pope's side is the fact that Addison's partisans, with all their admiration for his pure and spotless character, his serene and dignified temper, have never been able to blur a line of the satire by adducing from Addison's life one instance of warm unprejudiced praise, generous friendship, or straightforward hostility. The portrait is in thorough keeping with everything that we know about Addison; if it had been false, we can hardly believe that no inconsistency would have revealed itself. Addison gets too much benefit from the "moral twist" in Pope when the case against him is made to rest entirely on the evidence of this damaged witness. Pope's failings were really as superficial as Addison's virtues. De Quincey once declared that he had at his command the materials to show, when the opportunity presented itself, that Addison was more to blame and Pope more in the right than was commonly supposed. The opportunity never did present itself; but the materials are sufficiently on the surface to make it clear to anyone who thinks it worth while to follow the course of the quarrel that the last word on the subject has not been said by Mr. Elwin. Mr. Courthope takes a much fairer view of Pope's character than was done by his predecessor in editing, but he passes over too slightly the shabby attack which Addison allowed or encouraged a member of the "little senate" to make upon Pope in the Guardian. This is not generally regarded as an attack only because all the circumstances have not been focussed. There was more in it than mere "cold mention" of Pope, and " glowing panegyric," or, as I ould call it, shameless puffery, of Ambrose Philips. It was really, in all the circumFaces, an obvious attack, of the very kind Pope, in his satire, declared to be charteristic of Addison-the attack indirect and by implication.

the winner with his friends no longer "attends church and public places with ribands in the hat, as in elections." Whatever terrors are in store for a candidate for a seat in Parliament, he is happilyo longer required to celebrate his victory by wearing ribands when in church.

they had been familiar from their earliest
youth. The value of this work will lie in
the fact that it is a selection by a competent
critic of the personal observations of a set of
men who were scattered all over England,
and were engaged in noting the events which
passed under their own eyes. Mr. Gomme
has printed in his Introduction a list of the On the value of "Local Customs" Mr.
names of the chief writers whose contribu-
Gomme lays great stress as a subject hitherto
tions he has selected for the honour of repro- not properly recognised, and everyone will
duction, and has furnished a few details as to acknowledge that the fifty pages devoted to
their labours in other branches of literature. that section form not the least valuable
These particulars will prove of considerable portion of the book. Whether these rites,
use to the student, and might, we venture to most of which are practised at this day with
think, have been extended with advantage. undiminished solemnity, are the relics of
The ingenious note of John Carey on the customs once prevalent throughout the country,
"ancient game" of Ovid, as illustrated by or whether each of them was from the first
one still played in Ireland, would come home peculiar to the town or the district in
with more conviction to the mind of the reader which it is at this day celebrated, is still,
were he informed that its writer was well and is likely to remain, a subject for debate.
known in his day from his studies of the The Furry-day at Helstone, which was
writers of Rome and Greece. The com- described in the Gentleman's for 1790, and
munication from John Coleridge on the over the meaning of which its learned con-
customs of shepherds-a typical communica-tributors widely differed, has been chronicled
tion by a country student of 125 years ago during the past century in a score of peri-
would be read with more interest by anyone odicals, and its origin has formed a subject of
conversant with his relationship to S. T. anxious discussion. In the popular mind the
Coleridge.
custom of giving a flitch of bacon to the
happy married couple of a year and a day
is assigned to Dunmow, and to Dunmow
alone; but Mr. Gomme, in reproducing the
history of a similar gift which was formerly,
if not now, the practice of the lordship of
Wichnor, rightly remarks that this circum-
stance established for the famous flitch of
Dunmow "a more remote origin than me-
diaeval manorial law."

The selection of the articles in the Gentle

By far the most valuable section of the volume-it covers exactly fifty pages-relates to the series of City pageants which solemnised the entrance into the chief magistracy of the City of London of the successive Lord Mayors for nearly a century and a half. When Mr. John Nichols, the editor of the magazine, was collecting in his eightieth year the materials for his history of the progresses of the British Solomon, he was naturally led into an excursion on the City ceremonies, in which the man's in this branch of archaeology lies within Stuart Sovereigns often took the chief part. a reasonable compass, and they are not so He communicated his investigations to the numerous but that they can be reproduced journal under his charge, and by means of its without any curtailment. When Mr. Gomme columns was enabled to ransack the libraries or one of his colleagues comes to deal with of the principal book collectors of his day. the biographical and the genealogical articles, The result was the fullest description yet pub- the question will be surrounded with diffilished of the volumes, many of them of ex- culty, and it will probably be necessary to ceeding scarcity, which described these civic diminish their bulk, and to publish, in many entertainments. Their interest is widespread; instances, only a simple indication of the they illustrate the municipal and dramatic volumes in which anxious enquirers can obtain history of the times, as well as the varying the further particulars which they desire. If tastes and feelings which animated all classes the work which Mr. Gomme has happily of London society at different epochs. The began should be brought to a successful issue, earliest of these works were written by such and if these volumes should be supplemented authors as Peele and Middleton, and from with the ample index to the volumes of the their hands the task of composition gradually Gentleman's Magazine which the directors of the MR. GOMME must be congratulated on the passed in a descending scale into those of Index Society have projected, the obligations access which has attended the first volume Taubman and Elkanah Settle. With this to "Sylvanus Urban," which everyone must f his collection of extracts from the honoured exception, and with the omission of a short acknowledge, would be increased a hundrednthly of our grandfathers and great-grand- article on the cries of London-a subject on foll. Both of these undertakings are of fathers. The social manners and customs of which every well-educated child knows that great usefulness, and both have our best gone ages are subjects which he has studied poor Hone in his Year-books took especial wishes. teen well advised in beginning this series of and to our mind the description of the with enthusiasm for many years, and he has delight-the articles relate to country life; Classified selections from the Gentleman's with manners and customs of Herefordshire in volume in which his special knowledge of 1819 carries off the palm for interest. This the subject has led him to reject the worthless shrewd observer of the every-day life around to retain what is only of permanent him made good use of his opportunities, and ale. If the theories which its contribute knew how to describe with accuracy, but

W. MINTO.

The Gentleman's Magazine Library. Edited by G. L. Gomme. Manners and Customs." Elliot Stock.)

W. P. COURTNEY.

Native Life in Travancore. By the Rev.
Samuel Mateer. (W. H. Allen.)

Or all the native States of India there is none

Tolved have been not unfrequently rejected/ without malice, what he witnessed from day more interesting than Travancore, and few a more critical generation of antiquaries, to day. The large parties on Sunday after- less talked about. It occupies the extreme facts which they recorded for its columns noons to play at foot-ball or cricket have gone south of the Malyálam country, extending re the results of their own observation of out of fashion; but it is as true now in Wales along the Malabar coast from near Cochin to the people among whom they lived.

The and its borders as it was seventy years ago

the historic Cape Comorin. This secluded

oms which they chronicled had been their that in law-suits "the witnesses are much corner, cut off from the rest of Southern India

anions from youth to age; the manners

warped in their evidence, according to their

by the chain of Western Ghâts, has never felt

h they described were those with which respective affections for the parties," even if the successive waves of invasion which make

up the history of the greater part of India. The bulk of the inhabitants are, indeed, Hindus, though certainly not Aryans. There are a certain number of Mussulmans, but Christians are specially numerous, forming nearly a fifth of the total population. The great majority are Catholics either of the Syrian rite (the introduction of which into India is lost in the mist of tradition) or converts from it to Roman Catholicism. The reigning dynasty is of older date than the first landing of Europeans in India; and, though a Kshetriya origin is, of course, claimed for it, there can be no doubt that it really belongs to the Sudra caste of Nairs who form the aristocracy throughout the Malyálam

country.

was evident. The gaol superintendent's zeal
for discipline being untempered by a know-
ledge of the Malyálam language, I ventured,
as amicus curiae, to ask a few questions; and
I elicited that the cook was not a Malabar
Brahman, but an immigrant from the Tamil
country, which very material fact the gaoler
had omitted to mention.

The vacancy left by the elevation of the
Nairs has brought up a low-caste race to the
virtual position of Sudras. This race, called
Tiyens in Malabar, Chogans in Cochin, Ilavans
in Travancore, have, in the former part of
the country, where British rule has relaxed
social pressure, become almost undistinguish-
able from Nairs. Thus the hierarchy of the
four great caste divisions is now reconstituted:
(1) Nambūri Brahmans, (2) Nairs in place of
the Kshetriyas, (3) Mussulman Maplahs in
place of Vaisyas, (4) Tiyens in place of Sudras.
Both Nairs and Tiyens have thrown out
numerous branches of artisan and subservient
sub-castes, which, besides the usual trades,
furnish barbers, washermen, astrologers, musi-
cians, &c., to their respective stocks. Lastly
come the servile castes, classed as Chermens
(Pulayens and Pariens principally), who work
in the rice-fields, weave mats and baskets,
and appear to be an aboriginal race enslaved by
Parasuramen's colony of Nairs. The account
of these servile castes given by Mr. Mateer is
very complete, as may be expected from their
furnishing the majority of the converts to
Protestantism. I find no clear statement of
the proportion of the various castes among
the 60,000 Travancoreans claimed as Pro-
testant Christians; but there is an allusion to
the Pulayens as forming nearly half of the
converts belonging to one of the missionary
societies. There is no reason to believe that
these serfs, who have been legally free for
many years past, are oppressed more than
low-caste Hindus always are more or less.
They are in a very low state, addicted to
drunkenness, devil-dancing, and dirt; and the
pride of the well-born castes (bathed, shaven,
and white-clothed) thrusts the impure serfs
from off the highways. I do not believe
that the having to go off the road when
a man of higher caste passes is felt as
an oppression by the people of Malabar; it
Mr. is a custom. In South Malabar the servile
castes may attend markets, thereby entailing
a bath on every Tiyen before he can re-enter
his house. In North Malabar custom ex-
cludes them from markets and public
places, but the disability is gradually dying
out.

This caste, though, as Sudras, the lowest of the four well-born castes of Hinduism, occupies an exceptional position, owing to the virtual non-existence of the middle couple Kshetriya and Vaisya. The Nairs hold the place of the former, while that of the Viasyas, the mercantile caste, is filled by a race of semi-Arab traders. The status of this Mussulman section of the population is not so well defined in Travancore (which receives a large number of immigrants from the Tamil countries on the east) as in Malabar proper, where the Maplahs, as these semi-Arab traders are there called, have been virtually received into the national caste-system. The giving up of all trade to them is supported by a pseudo-prophecy in the legend of Malabar to the effect that no Vaisyas would be required in Parasuramen's colony, as traders would come from over the sea and settle there. A curious ceremony whereby the Zamorin of Calicut, on his investiture, accepts areca-nut and betel-leaf from a Maplah woman testifies to the recognition of this race in the Malyálam nationality. These Maplahs have also abandoned the ordinary Mussulman law of inheritance, and adopted the singular system of inheritance in the female line, called marumakkatáyam, which is the general custom of the country. It is probably this race whom Mr. Mateer speaks of, under the name of Tulukkans, as scarcely distinct from the Lebbies, a closely allied race belonging to the Eastern coast of India; but the status of this Mussulman folk is not clearly explained. Mateer is more at home in his description of the Hindu castes of Travancore. It is very minute, though it lacks a general introductory view of the subject. Acquaintance with the northern parts of the Malyálam country, where the nationality is less mixed with foreign elements, would have enabled a clearer conception of the subject to be taken. The complication of the 420 castes comprised in the population of about two and a-half millions is presented as an excuse for not giving a complete account of them, and only describing a few typical specimens. It will help those who wish to study the minute description of native life as given in this work if they will understand that there is a broad distinction between the castes of true Malyálam nationality and those of foreign origin and as yet unassimilated. No member of the true Malyálam castes can eat with a person of foreign caste, however high. In a Malabar gaol I once saw a Nair about to be flogged, on the report of the gaoler, for refusing his food; and, as the cook of his mess was a Brahman, the crime

Narrative of Events connected with the Publication of the Tracts for the Times. With an Introduction and Supplement extending to the Present Time. By William Palmer. (Rivingtons.)

THIS book has a pathetic interest. It is the swan song-shall we say the dodo song?—of the "old historic High-Church party," which one is sometimes tempted to take for a phantom of the imagination of the bishops and quarterly reviewers who call to it in vain. Seriously, Sir William Palmer's narrative is not as piquant as Mr. Mosley's Recollections of Oriel, not as moving as Cardinal Newman's autobiography, but as an historic document it is hardly less important. It lets us into the mind, not of the school with which the Tracts originated, but of the body to which the Tracts were in the first instance addressed. We are all apt to make the same mistake as Mr. Kingsley, and fancy that Newman's public for the ten years that he was the greatest spiritual power in England was made up of the young men who heard him at St. Mary's. If we keep clear of this we think of him as the prophet who prophesied to the dry bones of Anglicanism till they stirred and came together, and stood upon their feet an exceed ing great army. It is well to be reminded that to many of the best and most serious of his contemporaries he was but one among the watchmen who sounded the alarm when people who had never been quite asleep woke up to the danger, never very real, that they might be robbed of their Church. No doubt it was a false alarm, like the reports which came to Oxford that the Birmingham political Unions were going to sack and burn the colleges on their way to London. Liberals in high places had imagined such a device as they were not able to perform; Church people who valued the Church as it was had only to assert themselves. When William IV. assured the bishops in 1834 of his resolution to maintain the Establishment the danger was over so far as such dangers ever are. effort," the author says, "was wholly conservative. It was to maintain things that we believed and had and had been taught, not to introduce innovations in doctrine and discipline." Accordingly, this protest was supported, as it deserved to be, by Disraeli's patron, the Duke of Buckingham, who thought it a "blayguard thing" to go to church oftener than once a week. Of course, Sir William Palmer was a Churchman of a very different type, but still he records, not exactly in a tone of protest, the numerous The many opportunities which missionary remonstrances called forth by the early Tracts work must give for insight into native life for the Times, which seem to have very renders this book a valuable record of a fast seriously interfered with the success of the vanishing state of society. Its principal draw- Lay Address. He even gave hopes, soon desback is an excessive assumption of acquaintance tined to be dashed, that he (and his friends) with India, failing which the English reader had succeeded in stopping the Tracts altomay find himself at a loss to understand many gether, as the writers declined to submit descriptions. For instance, dates are con-them to the censorship of a committee. stantly given thus: "M.E. 1040," which is perplexing in the absence of any mention of writers: he valued the Fathers as a bulwark In fact, he differed radically from the Tract the peculiar Malyálam era, dating from the to the actual existing Church of England: foundation of Quilon, about A.D. 825. The they valued the Church of England for such work is illustrated; but no illustrations can witness as it still gave to primitive truth convey any idea of the beauty of this enchanting country, more fully, not to say more purely, set forth the only drawback of by the Fathers of the undivided Church; his which is the enervating effect of the steamy first object was to defend the Establishment climate. theirs to discover a principle on which, if EDWARD NICHOLSON. need be, to replace it. Still, as the Tractarians

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