£4 17s. 6d.

Ar the annual meeting of the Faculty of Advocates held last week, the Report of the Keeper of the library was submitted. The total number of separate pieces received during 1883 was 21,269, being an increase of 2,558 on the previous year. The grand total was thus classified :-volumes, through London agent 4,800, direct from publishers 460, by purchase or presentation 159; pamphlets, 2,453; parts of periodicals, 10,703; pieces of music, 2,256; maps, 306. The number of volumes issued to readers was 85,621; of MSS., 558. The expenditure on binding was £242. The chief work undertaken during the year was the testing of the books on the shelves by the Catalogue, and the completion of a duplicate copy of the MS. slip catalogue of accessions. AMONG the additions to the Philadelphia public library during the past six months we notice a complete set of the Rolls series; the publications of the Early-English Text and the New Shakspere Societies; the Catalogue of the Bodleian Library; and a copy of the first edition of Sir W. Stirling Maxwell's Don John of Austria.

THE Nation records an amusing incident at a book sale at New York. The owner of the collection gave 5,000 dollars (£1,000) to ten several public libraries to be spent at the sale. The natural result was that the libraries bid against one another, and many of the books were run up to nearly double their market price. The chief benefit, therefore, would seem to have accrued to the auctioneer.

THE Bibliothèque nationale has recently made a statistical inventory of its contents. Of printed books it contains 2,500,000; of MSS., 92,000; of medals and coins, 144,000; of prints, &c., more than two millions, kept in 14,500 volumes and 4,000 portfolios; in the "Galerie de la Réserve " are preserved 80,000 of the most precious volumes; the total number of readers in 1883 was 70,000, as compared with only 24,000 fifteen years earlier.

AMERICAN JOTTINGS.

THE subject of international copyright is again being taken up in America, from which country the initiative must, of course, come. Mr. Dorsheimer, of New York, has introduced a Bill into the House of Representatives providing that, when any foreign Government shall accord to American authors the same rights that native authors enjoy, the Executive of the United States may, by proclamation, extend to the authors of that foreign Government the benefit of the American law, restricted, however, to a term of twenty-five (instead of forty-two) years. Nothing is said about the publishers' point of view-i..., domestic manufacture; but the Nation suggests that that may well be left to the operation of the ordinary tariff.

THE English Publishing Company has been incorporated at New York for the purpose of

We fancy that the experience of the trade in England is to the same effect.

EVANGELINUS APOSTOLIDES SOPHOCLES, Professor of Greek at Harvard, who died on

December 17, was in many respects a remarkable man. Born in Thessaly, at a village on the slope of Mount Pelion, in about the year 1807, he was educated in the monastery on Mount Sinai; he migrated to America in 1829, and was connected with Harvard as tutor and professor since 1842. His chief published works are a Greek Grammar (1838), a Grammar of Romaic (1842), and a Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine periods (1870). The simple nature of the man, and the eccentricity of his habits, are well described in an article in the Nation of January 3.

A BOSTON paper publishes an account of the first draft of Longfellow's "Excelsior," which is preserved in the library of Harvard College. Among the rejected lines we note "A youth who bore a pearl of price" and "A tear was in his pale blue eye.'

AT the end of December a meeting was held at Columbia College of professors of modern languages with the view of founding a national association of modern philology (including English) in American colleges and universities. A resolution was passed that the "primary aims of instruction in the modern languages should be literary culture, philological scholarship, and linguistic discipline, but that oral practice is desirable as an auxiliary."

A NEW YORK printer boasts to have turned out a translation of Sarah Barnum within fortyeight hours after a single copy of the French original was received in America. An American edition of the Letters of Mrs. Carlyle was produced last year by the same firm ready for sale within four days."

THE Boston Literary World for December 29 contains a 66 General Survey of the World's Literature in 1883," extending to eighteen closely printed pages.

ORIGINAL VERSE.

LIGHT AND LOVE.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

MAGAZINES AND REVIEWS. THE current number of Mind contains one or two articles of exceptional interest. Perhaps the most original one is that entitled "On Some Omissions of Introspective Psychology," by Prof. W. James. The writer charges psychologists generally with looking at mind as though it were made up of a series of rounded-off, discontinuous "states," ideas, &c., whereas in reality it is a continuous stream, in which, besides those "substantive parts which arrest special attention, are numerous "transitive parts." These last are important as determining the peculiar colourings of feeling attaching to the substantive parts. The same thought is a different mental state according to its fugitive psychical antecedents and accompaniis a different impression in different tunes. The ments, just as one and the same musical note writer seeks to give a philosophical turn to this psychological conception by extending Mr. Spencer's idea of "feelings of relation.""It is a peculiarity of the stream [of consciousness] that its several parts are susceptible of becoming objects for each other." This truth, according to the author, does away with the need of supposing, as the late Prof. Green supposed, that an active mental principle, outside the feelings themselves, somehow brings them together—a supposition which is beset with difficulties. The same truth is also ingeniously applied to the vexed question of Nominalism and Conceptualism. What a general name calls up in the mind, says Prof. James, is an image (individual or generic) which is felt to be representative of many others.

The article is written in a telling and even a brilliant style, and cannot fail to attract the notice of all concerned in psychology. Another able article is on "Green's Metaphysics of Knowledge," by Mr. A. J. Balfour. The essayist begins by observing that Prof. Green is the first of that band of English writers which he somewhat confusingly calls the Neo-Kantians who has left the exposition and criticism of other thinkers' ideas and undertaken a systematic presentment of his own. The argument of the article, which illustrates the author's wellknown ability in seizing central or fundamental ideas and dealing directly with them, aims at showing that the new attempt to eliminate Kant's Things-in-themselves," and to resolve the whole of experience into the work of the mind, is so far a failure, and is considerably sistencies. Perhaps the most successful part of discredited by a number of fundamental inconwhat is throughout a forcible argument is the refutation of Green's theory that knowledge (in the individual consciousness) is out of time. The critic seems perfectly right in finding in Green a deep vein of mysticism, and his closing remarks on the affinity of Green's thought to Berkeley's are particularly happy. What may be called the Kantian tendency in philosophy is severely dealt with in this number. In addition to the two articles just referred to, Mr. Shad

be placed for practical purposes. The latest efforts do not, indeed, assume the imposing proportions of some of their stately predecessors; but they are at least conducted with a little regard to preciseness and accuracy, and not on the plan of pouring in under each heading a deluge of words more or less synonymous, in the hope that the seeker, by some rare combination of good fortune and a miraculous faculty of discrimination yet unexplained, may, in the choice so liberally offered, wade through to something to suit his particular requirements. Persian scholars have begun to see the value and importance of original research, and the literature of lexicography has recently been enriched with certain works which do great credit to their compilers in the accurate and idiomatic renderings which they offer.

Bergé's little dictionary, which appeared in 1868, and other practical works by French scholars who had actually resided in Persia have, I think, done much to further this tendency and to draw attention more particularly to the Persian of Persia itself. In 1876 appeared Prof. Palmer's Concise Dictionary, Persian-English, which, as the Preface says, was chiefly intended for the use of travellers and others in Persia. The companion volume, English-Persian, now under review, is somewhat smaller, but contains about 10,000 headings derived in great part from the preceding portion. The work is admirably calculated for the use of travellers, the number of words being amply sufficient for their every-day requirements, and the choice most carefully and judiciously made. Of course it must happen that in some cases the word sought for will not be found, but a synonym may generally be thought of to aid in supplying the want.

A notable feature of the work, resulting in the economy of space and expense and the avoidance of much useless repetition, is the omission of the English verb where it can be supplied from a corresponding substantive or participle given, and the indication by initials of the Persian auxiliary required to make up the equivalent Persian compound verb.

Some examples will make this clear :Impulse, tahrik (d.)—i.e., the substantive impulse is to be translated by tahrik; the corresponding verb by tahrik dádan. Impoverished, mufkar (sh.); muhtáj (8.)—i.e., impoverished is to be rendered by mufkar or muhtáj; to become impoverished, by mufkar shudan; to make impoverished, to impoverish, by muhtáj sákhtan.

In one respect, perhaps, there is a slight want of consistency in the plan of the work, which, though entitled a dictionary, partakes in some degree of the character of a vocabulary, an ambiguous English word being sometimes rendered without an explanation of the sense in which it is taken. This remark applies also to those verbs which are not discriminated as transitive or intransitive. Such instances, however, are not numerous, and they detract

but little from the value of a work the want of which has been greatly felt by travellers in Persia and others desirous of gaining some practical knowledge of the language. The principal regret of Persian scholars will be that Prof. Palmer was not able to spare more time from his other avocations to cultivate a field which his pre-eminent acquirements would have rendered so fertile. No one, in fact, was better qualified for the work of

Persian lexicography than Prof. Palmer, both from his accurate and critical knowledge of Arabic and his deep study of, and constant practice in, Persian.

66

The work left incomplete has been supplemented by the editor from his own reading and other sources, including Wollaston's English-Persian Dictionary, to which, on this occasion, I have much pleasure in offering a high meed of praise. In testing the dictionary under notice one is agreeably surprised at meeting with some words which could scarcely have been expected in a work of its compass, notably "ironclad" (zireh push), parliament" (dúr ush-shúrá), “insulation" (of a wire) (khárij [k.]), "insulator" (gargari), &c., &c. These equivalents afford convincing proof of the exceptional faculty of Persian to meet the requirements of modern scientific terminology; and regret must be felt that modern Persian writers have in so many cases seen fit to transfer bodily to the language, with a slight modification of the pronunciation, such words as "telegraph" (talagráf), "man-o'-war (manvár), "protest" (partast-námah), "parliament "(parlamant), "congress" (kúngarah), &c., &c., instead of availing themselves of the power which Persian so pre-eminently gives them of forming native expressions for any new terms of science or civilisation.

combined in the same way as our own." In connexion with this article, however, it may suggest itself that in the fact of the Sanskrit character reading from left to right there is perhaps an explanation of the strange anomaly, which, in point of fact, does exist, in the use in Persian of the so-called Arabic numerals. C. E. WILSON.

SOME BOOKS ON ROMAN HISTORY. Etude sur le De Moribus Germanorum. Par Ferd. Brunot. (Paris: Picard.) Prof. Brunot's theory on the Germany of Tacitus is, at all events, not like other theories of its origin and nature, subtilius quam verius excogitatae, to answers the question, What is this work? by use Bitter's expression. It is very simple. It saying, This is not a work; it is a part of one: it is a fragment of the Histories, the introduction to Tacitus' account of the campaign of Domitianus on the Danube. In support of this view, already held by Riese and Ritter, there is not much positive evidence to be adduced. It is known that Tacitus did treat in detail the that he introduced digressions to vary the events of the period in question. It is observed monotony of an unbroken narrative, especially in the Histories, as about Paphos (H. 2.3), Serapis (H. 4.83), or Judaea: and the plan or arrangement is found to be identical in each of the three descriptions of Rome's enemies which, if the view be adopted, would admit of comparison-the account of Judaea, the Agricola, and the Germany. The name De Moribus Germanorum may be suspected to be drawn from chap. 27, and not to be of the author's own choice. But this view rests, perhaps, most on the failure of other views. The treatise cannot be an ideal sketch, a satire on Rome, because the author admits such drawbacks into his picture. Nor is it, as Passow thought, the Cassandra-warning of an alarmed patriot; for no one in Tacitus' time did, or could, foresee the fall of Rome: and even what he might have foreseen he overlooked-"la révolution religieuse. Nor, again, was it written to recommend a policy of conquest against Germany; for, though Tacitus would have approved such a policy, indications of his approval are in the Annals and Histories, not in the Germany. That composition is simply an instructive digression. Tacitus did not mean it to edify or advise, but only to instruct, readers. "Ce n'est pas un livre de morale, mais un livre moral." It will be seen that the theory suffers from a not uncommon want, a want of proof. Plausible it is, and ingenious. It enables us to coordinate various utterances of Tacitus, and to have the pleasure of reading some of them from a new point of view. But it must not be taken MS. of the Histories, or a new MS. of the for certain. Hardly anything but a complete Germany containing the statement that it was extracted (as Prof. Brunot believes) from the full work by a German monk, could prove it for us. Prof. Brunot has an acute and (so far as we know) novel reading for Germ. chap. 33. The word urguentibus has always been found hard to translate, and the MSS. differ a little about it. He urges from their forms that the archetype must have had vegentibus, standing just a line after duretve gentibus. It is, therefore, at least possible that it is a mere repetition, and the passage will read well without it: quando imperii fatis nihil praestare majus fortuna potest quam hostium discordiam.

J. E. Kuntze. (Williams & Norgate.) Not Prolegomena zur Geschichte Rom's. Von Dr. an introduction to a larger work, but an independent treatise, Dr. Kuntze's Prolegomena will be found an interesting and vigorous piece of writing. Whether its philology and its

method of treating the fundamental ideas of Oraculum, Auspicium, Templum, Regnum, be always sound is not so certain. It is impossible to avoid som uneasiness when one reads disquisitions on the part played by the number Two or Three, or by the figure of a Square, in Roman affairs. Madvig, in his recent work on Roman antiquities, has complained of Dr. Mommsen for starting, in his Staatsrecht, from abstract notions and theories of which the Romans themselves were not conscious. But at all events his principles, if abstract, had nothing mystic about them; while Dr. Kuntze seems to treat his numbers and figures in a distinctly mystical way. So, too, he finds a mysterious analogy between the last four kings of Rome and the four founders of the Empire-Sulla, Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius. It does indeed open the door to speculation if we once begin to notice that, if Tarquinius Superbus died in exile, Tiberius died in self-inflicted banishment from Rome; and that both lives came to an end not far from Lake Avernus. There is a very clear map of Latium in the volume, giving the old and the new names of places in type of two colours.

Moderne Quellenforscher und antike Geschichtschreiber. Von Dr. L. O. Bröcker. (Innsbruck.) Dr. Brocker's pamphlet, without being always convincing, cannot fail to be useful in his own country in recalling the speculative investigators of caution, and, in short, in preventing them from getting on too fast. He opens what he has to say with a smart little attack on Nissen, pointing out that, while Nissen laid down as the fundamental rule (Grundgesetz) of the classical compilers the practice of simply transcribing their authorities, he very seriously modified this statement afterwards in the direction of admitting on the one hand a working-up, and on the other hand a verifying, of these authorities to have been practised by those who used them. Dr. Brocker makes it his business to show the untenableness of Nissen's dogma, at least in the first form; and he has for a second object the task of proving modern criticism in such matters to be less sharp-sighted and more fallible than it Supposes itself. This he tries to do in certain definite cases; and he will find, in England at least, a friendly audience when he reminds us of the uncertainty of the conclusions of many a Contemporary" Quellenforschung."

of the "sources" of ancient historians to a sense

Veber die Heimat der Prätorianer. Von Dr. Oscar Bohn. This seems a careful little piece of work, though it leaves us in some doubt as to what the author wishes to prove. Dr. Bohn tries to trace out the national origin of as many members as possible of the praetorian guard of Rome. As he remarks, the enquiry has a bearing upon that "interessanteste Problem," the extent to which the several provinces were Romanised, although this particular kind of probable evidence is, so far as we remember, passed over by Budinszky in tis Ausbreitung der lateinischen Sprache. Dr. Bohn's pamphlet is one more example of the curious and unexpected information which may be dug out of the Corpus of Inscriptions. He thinks that his collection of nationalities, so far as it goes, does not bear out-or, at least, does not illustrate the growing depopulation of Italy, for the per-centage of provincials in the guard does not greatly increase with time. F. T. RICHARDS.

in good health, and at present engaged in reediting the sixth edition of his smaller Latin dictionary. Prof. Paucker's last works, published by us-the Supplementum lexicorum Latinorum and the Vorarbeiten zur lateinischen Sprachforschung-are not interrupted by his death; a new part of the Supplementum is just out, and the Vorarbeiten will be finished shortly with the aid of Dr. W. Rönsch. S. CALVARY & Co.

SCIENCE NOTES.

MR. FRANK E. BEDDARD has been selected out of thirteen candidates for the post of prosector to the Zoological Society of London, in succession to the late W. A. Forbes. Mr. Beddard was a pupil of the late Prof. Rolleston, and for the past year has been employed on editorial and other work connected with the issue of the official reports on the scientific results of the Challenger expedition. He has also been entrusted with the examination and description of the Isopoda collected by the expedition.

DR. ARCHIBALD GEIKIE will give the first of a course of five lectures at the Royal Institution on "The Origin of the Scenery of the British Isles" on Tuesday next, January 29.

with English." Prof. Postgate is also lecturing this term at Cambridge on "Latin Grammar and on "Greek Grammar."

AMONG the other lectures this term at Cam

bridge, we may mention those of Prof. Cowell on Delbrück's Selected Hymns from the Rigveda, on Sayana's Introduction to the Rigveda, the Lalitavistara, the Pali Jatakas, the Shah-namah, and the Tarikh-i Badauni; those of Prof. Wright on Arabic Grammar, Arabic Poetry, and Syriac; and those of Prof. Robertson Smith on the Kor'ân.

FOR the two vacant chairs in the Ecole spéciale des Inscriptions has nominated M. Houdas in des Langues orientales vivantes the Académie

Arabic and M. Carrière in Armenian.

NEW editions of Prof. Tiele's Outlines of the History of Religion and of Dr. Edkins's Religion in China will be issued immediately in Messrs. Trübner's "Oriental Series."

DR. NORREEN, of Upsala, has written a short Grammar of Old Norse for the German series of Germanic Grammars, one of which is Sievers' Anglo-Saxon Grammar.

PROF. ARTHUR LUDWICH, of Königsberg, purposes to publish with Teubner, of Leipzig, an elaborate work upon Aristarchus's recension of ments of Didymos. the text of Homer as preserved in the Frag

THE last number of Trübner's Oriental Record

of Plants: a Sketch of the Life and Conduct of UNDER the title of The Sagacity and Morality the Vegetable Kingdom, Dr. J. E. Taylor has written a work, to be published shortly by contains an interesting account of "The Oldest Messrs. Chatto & Windus, which approaches Bookselling Firm in Europe"-that of Brill, of the study of botany from quite a new side. Leyden, which has descended to the present Hitherto we have regarded plants as mere auto-partners (van Oordt and de Stopelaar) in unbroken succession from Louis Elzivier; and also mata, little removed from inorganic objects. The aim of Dr. Taylor is to show that all the a severe criticism of Dr. Wells Williams's The various qualities and attributes which distinguish animals are also to be found in the vegetable kingdom, and that in both instances they have been evolved in the struggle for existence, and the numerous physical and biological changes which have taken place since plants first appeared upon the globe in the earliest geological times.

THE annual volumes of "mineral statistics," which for so many years were published under the able superintendence of Mr. Robert Hunt, have just taken a new shape, and will henceforth be issued by the Home Office in folio form. The volume for 1882, which has recently been published, is the first of the new series. Its appearance has been delayed in consequence of the Mining Record Office from the Museum of the many changes attending the transference of Practical Geology to the Home Office. The work of collating the returns furnished by the inspectors and others has been most efficiently carried out by Mr. R. Meade and Mr. J. B. Jordan, who had long experience in similar work under Mr. Hunt. We learn from these statistics that in the year 1882 there were in the United Kingdom 3,759 collieries, producing 156,499,977 tons of coal, worth at the pit's mouth £44,118,409.

PHILOLOGY NOTES.

:

Ar the centenary meeting of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which was held last week, the following were elected honorary members:M. E. Senart, Prof. Monier Williams, Prof. A. H. Sayce, Prof. E. Haeckel, and Mr. Charles Meldrum. The Asiatic Society of Bengal, which was founded by Sir William Jones in 1784, within a year after his landing at Calcutta, is the parent of our own Royal Asiatic Society, as well as of the sister societies at Madras and Bombay.

ON February 6 Prof. Postgate will begin a course of lectures at University College, London, on "The Syntax of the Greek and Latin Languages as compared with one another and

Middle Kingdom, by Mr. Herbert A. Giles.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.—(Tuesday, Jan. 8.) PROF. FLOWER, President, in the Chair.—Mr. H. H. Johnston read a paper on "The Races of the Congo and the Portuguese Colonies in Western Africa." The author stated that Western Tropical Africa, between Senegambia to the north and the river Cunene to the south, offered a vast studying ground to the anthropologist, wherein types of nearly every well-marked African race might be observed.

After detailing many of the various races, he proceeded to describe the Bushmen north of Cunene, whom he characterised as about the lowest type of men; but of the five or six specinotice, he remarked that their mental ability was mens who came more particularly under his strangely at variance with their low physical characteristics. The Hottentots were much finer men than the Bushmen as regarded height and build, but they exceeded the latter in baboon-like licentiousness. The western slopes of the Shella mountains were peopled by a tribe called the Andonito, a sturdy race of carriers, who extended river to the Mobindir river were found the best as far north as Benguella. From the Mangula typical African races. Referring to the natives of the Lower Congo, Mr. Johnston observed that they depended almost entirely upon vegetable diet, while they were remarkable for their initiation ceremonies. Traces of Phallic worship were noticed, especially in the interior, and more particularly in the neighbourhood of Stanley Pool. A Congo market was exceedingly interesting, and was held for about four or eight days. The natives would often go 100 miles to attend one of these markets, the women generally being the keenest traders. Between Stanley Pool and the coast there is only one great leading tongue spoken, though this has several dialects. This is the Congo language-one known to, and studied by, Europeans probably before any other Bantu tongue. It bears many signs of Portuguese influence.

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.-(Tuesday, Jan. 8.)

DR. S. BIRCH, President, in the Chair.-This being the anniversary meeting, the Report of the secretary