8p.m. Anthropological: "A Collection of Ethnological Objects from Canada," by the Marquis of Lorne; "A Portrait of an Aboriginal Tasmanian," by Sir Richard Owen; "The Ethnology of the Sudan," by Prof. A. H. Keane. 8 p.m. Civil Engineers: Vertical and Horizontal Steam Engines and Rotative Beam Engines 66 for Pumping," by Mr. W. E. Rich. WEDNESDAY, April 23, 8pm. Society of Arts: "Thames Communications," by Mr. J. B. Redman. 66 8 p.m. Geological: Observations on the Geology of the Line of the Canadian Pacific Railway," by Principal Dawson; "The Dyas (Permian) and Trias of Central Europe, and the True Divisional Line of these Two Formations," by the Rev. A. Irving THURSDAY, April 24. 3 p.m. Royal Institution: "Flame and Oxidation," I., by Prof. Dewar. 8 p.m. Telegraph Engineers. FRIDAY, April 25, 8 pm. Society of Arts: "The Existing Law of Landlord and Tenant in India," by Mr. W. G. Pedder. 8 p.m. Browning: "Caliban on Setebos," by 8 p.m. Quekett. Mr. J. Cotter Morison. 9p.m. Royal Institution: "The Art of Fiction," by Mr. W. Besant. SATURDAY, April 26, 3 p.m. Royal Institution: "Recent Discoveries in Roman Archaeology," I.-The Colosseum, by Mr. H. M. Westropp. 3 p.m. Physical: "The Indicator Diagram of a Gas Engine," by Profs. W. E. Ayrton and J. Perry; "A New Speed Indicator," by Messrs. W. T. Goolden and Walter Baily; "A Metrical Barometer and an Immersion Galvanometer," by Dr. W. H. Stone. 7 p.m. Essex Field Club. SCIENCE. The World as Will and Idea. By Arthur WE have here a translation in excellent English with his The pessimism of Schopenhauer is darker than Byron's, with his "bitter boon, our birth," though not so dark, I think, as Leopardi's, "Gentilezza di morir; yet this philosophy may be regarded as an expansion of that terrible sentence from the Italian poet, "Nostra vita, a che val? Solo a spregiarla! It is the exaggerated view of an atrabilious man, exceptionally unfortunate, to which we shall respond according to our own moods, sympathies, and circumstances, but above all according to the state of our digestions. Yet in this long and bitter arraignment of human life there is much which appeals-alas! with the power of naked truth-to nearly all feeling hearts who have left youth behind them. Still, Pessimism blasphemes against the sacramental character of experience, against innocent joy and strong personal love, against the satisfaction to be found in kind deeds, as in the zest of all active endeavour, mischievously denying the possibility of incarnating the Ideal in social organisation and civil polity, though, when he magnifies pure selfless absorption in art, or nature, as also sympathy, benevolence, "Pues el delito mayor Del hombre es haber nacido." 66 and resignation, Schopenhauer seems for a while real thing-in-itself is altogether beyond know- How have Cordelia, Desdemona, Ophelia, sinned "" demand a cause, a sufficient reason. And here we have innumerable changes, while the author professes his agreement with Malebranche, that the invariable antecedents of a phenomenon are but occasional, not real causes-that is, conditions of its occurrence, not adequate ground, base, and The thing in itself is that which is essentially not idea, not obiect of knowledge, but has only become knowable by entering that form. The form is originally foreign to it the higher, only perfectly in the highest? The stultification, this we can only grant by adding that, though they are not absolute, they ar true relatively-they are proper to the actual state of advancement at which our faculti have arrived. They give us a glimpse of truth but no more. Time, space, and the principle of sufficient reason must alike be complement d and perfected by the development of a high r and fuller organon of knowledge. In that alote can these inherent antinomies of thought be resolved by a more comprehensive intuitio But in that must be contained the ground and inner significance of space, time, and causality; our faculties in it will not be stultified, abolishel and contradicted, but transfigured, as was the physical body of Christ on Tabor. So will al experience be justified, rationalised, and transformed; but, to know more, we must be more. Thus, was not James Hinton right that such an organon must include more than sense and understanding, must embrace also our affections, our aspirations, our moral sense? may we not add our aesthetic imagination? What revolts the conscience, what lays in the dust our dep and holy affections, what mocks the lofties aspirations of humanity, cannot be absolutely true, can only appear true, because we know, as yet, but in part, because our faculties have suffered unnatural divorce, because we are ignorant, and our spiritual eyes are dim. source of it. Where, then, is that to be sought? Schopenhauer tells us in the Idea first, which is out of space and time, but ultimately in blind Force. Surely that is to make the thing-in-itself, the real noumenon behind the phenomenon, into a cause, into a principle of sufficient (or, as it happens, of insufficient) reason. But when we ask, How can these things be? we may hesitate to accept from Schopenhauer the answer once given to a similar question of Nicodemus. I do not profess, he says, to explain how; I merely show you that so it is. Philosophers, therefore, The Ideas (or universals) express themselves only differ from theologians in so far as the latter through an inner teleology, as in the mutual tell us that it is irreverent, and the former that adaptation of the parts and functions of organit is absurd, to question their pet dogmas. Our isms to one another, and through an outer teleauthor confesses that the efficiency of causes ology, by which diverse families and individuals lies in the particular force behind the phe- depend upon each other, and upon their inaninomenon; and this is to grant all we contend mate environments. But this appearance of for. He urges, indeed, that the forces (or design, or final causes, says our author, is only Ideas) are themselves groundless, eternal, not in for our understanding. It is the result of the time and space. But that, if it be true, is not subjection of the one blind Force to the moulds to the point. What he virtually admits is that of our thinking faculty. Yet remember that they are themselves efficient causes, or grounds, the one blind Force is also said to manifest its of the phenomenon. An efficient cause, or a own inmost nature through these subjective sufficient reason, is precisely that which mani- faculties of ours, and their permanent moulds, fests its own inmost nature in the effect. But which alone can give form to experience and of the cause of the successive process of self-laws to nature. If the process that results in manifestation in phenomena, what is the inmost a harmonious co-operation of the diverse organs nature? Is it not zero, according to Schopen- and functions of the cosmos be regarded as hauer? For he says (p. 157), unconscious, unintelligent, I do not hesitate to say that such a conception is absurd and un- The world is only partially intelligible, becaus realisable by thought. The intelligible must we have no perfect organon for its apprehenalso be intelligent, though we may not in every sion. But Pessimism too readily assumes that case be in the secret of its peculiar subjectivity. sin, error, injustice, suffering, are precisely as If invariable antecedents, moreover, do not they appear, are absolute realities. Why, even exhaust causation, they yet are efficient, not within the narrow limits of our present experonly "occasional " concauses, since they them-ence, they are not the ultimate forms of the selves are in turn manifestations of the one phenomenon, not blind alleys leading nowhere, self-existent Energy, which proceeds to pass on but dark and narrow ways issuing upon infinite into the phenomena we term "effects." But, horizons. It is quite true that the conscious take away the subjective element of time, and process in us as also the process taking place what remains? Why, the eternal self-existent outside our present experience in other men, or Ideas, or types, with the individuals and idio- in nature-seems to issue from an irrational, syncrasies that constitute them. Instead of unconscious Abyss; but to make that appear a process of adaptation of means to ends, you ance absolute is to revolt alike reason, love, would have an unchanging conscious intuition aspiration, and moral sense. The Abyss is but (or many such) in which they are already all dark with excess of light; and it is doubly unmutually adapted or in harmony. But, if you reasonable in a follower of Kant thus to make take away causality, you must substitute a self-time absolute. Yet to regard the individual as existence, wherein the parts of the cosmos perishable is certainly to do this; for it is to shall no longer be isolated, but of mutual regard the mere phenomena of birth and death as implication and necessary interdependence. superior to, victorious over, the individual foci If, however, you take away the general forms, of self-identifying, conscious experience in which or 'moulds," as I have called them, of our alone such concepts can have any existence. actual thought-life, you get, of course, your But if, on the other hand, the individual, as particular phenomena transformed along with free active idiosyncrasy or character, be an the categories which shape them. Since man integral eternal factor in that Divine universal is man, he must anthropomorphise God; but conscious Subject (involving many subjects, perwhy elect to deify the bare skeleton of his fectly reflecting, and sympathising with one anown experience, and call it Force or Power, other) who creates and supports the world, then rather than the noblest possibilities of living this life of mingled sorrow and joy is but a Humanity? All intelligible process implies the passing phase of his infinite being, and all that eternal reality of the concrete thing or person happens to him is a necessary factor in his selfappearing to be developed. We feel or know evolution, the final goal, grander and better the conscious process of our experience to be than we can conceive, being still out of sight. real, not only in one element of it, but in all; But certainly "happiness," if by that be meant nor is it possible to disentangle them; they are pleasure without pain, cannot be regarded as Siamese twins, perishing if divorced, mere reverse faces of the same substance, and no more separable than one side from another; they are correlatives, mutually implying and involving one another. The concrete Fact is the real, and that is nothing out of the persons with a common nature who experience it. But if either of these elements had ever been actually non-existent, as no doubt may appear to be the case, it could never have sprung into existence at all. Whatever is has always been. If it scem otherwise, what is the inference? Surely this-that our manners of conceiving or apprehending are themselves not absolute;, and that, indeed, is exactly what Kant and Schopenhauer aver concerning the notions of time, space, and causality. But, then, unless reason is to be foresworn as a mere elaborate process of self So that behind the Ideas, or particular forces of nature, we have the one blind Force, which thus manifests its own inner self (!). Now to this we must object ex nihilo nihil. You must not put less into your cause than you find in your effect. From a blauk Being equal to Nothing can never emerge all this rich universe of knowledge, and the innumerable subjects or persons who know it. Man and Nature could never issue from this exhausted receiver of a philosophical fancy, from this emptiest of all verbal abstractions, itself necessarily destitute of existence, away from the ingenious metaphysical brain that spun the airy cobweb. Here, again, at the other extreme end of the scale, we come upon Browning's child who feigns that the hobby-horse he carries is indeed carrying him. The Unconscious revealing itself in consciousness! That is the theme also of Schopenhauer's celebrated living disciple, Von Hartmann. Moreover, the ideas, or common natures of the particular individuals, and phenomena are declared to be out of time and space, eternal. But that is inconsistent with what I have quoted from p. 157. Indeed, "From scarped cliff, and quarried stone, She cries, a thousand types are gone." The type is only relatively more permanent than the individual. The latter, at any rate, has a relative permanence, or we could not disciminate it from the rest. Nor is the type out of time and space, though it is in many different times and spaces. But it is absolutely nothing, so far as we can tell, apart from the individuals that reveal it, except a verbal abstraction in the mind. It is just the common nature of individuals, whose esse is concipi. Nor is there one abstract individual, except in our minds. Schopenhauer agrees singularly with Schelling and Hegel on p. 189! Man is the microcosm. Animal and plant are the descending fifth and third of man, the inorganic the lower octave. The later species imply, are founded upon, gather up into their constitution, all the earlier, though these are raised, as it were, to a higher power. The plant implies the inorganic, the animal implies the plant, man is the rich fullness of all these. May it not be said, therefore, that the whole nature and meaning of the lower ideas, or stages of existence, is only realised in 66 our being's end and aim; rather is that a condition into which pain enters as essential constituent, though it may be pain transfigured, sorrow turned into the joy of triumphaut acquiescence, and tranquil thanksgiving. as Individuals and their experience, we are told, are illusion, Māyā. But what is "an illusion for instance, The mirage? Is it not a misinterpreted, imperfectly apprehended reality? Let us but comprehend the cosmic significance of suffering, and we shall embrace it gladly, the martyr does consuming flame. We love to endure pain for one we love. The breast of the humming-bird looks dim when viewed from certain angles; yet shift your position, and, lo! a very mine of radiant light, crimson, and purple, and gold, deep and splendid as the sunrise! Not once or twice have men been cast bound into the furnace, and come forth free, having found there for companion one whose form was like the Son of God. RODEN NOEL. OBITUARY. J.-B.-A. DUMAS. A GREAT chemist, and more than a chemist, has passed away. Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas died at Cannes on April 11, in his eighty-fourth year. He was born on July 14, 1800, at Alais, a little town, built on a plain near the foot of the Cevennes, some twenty miles from the famous city of Nîmes. It is the seat of several mining, chemical, and manufacturing industries, but the troublous times of Dumas' early years drove the young student from his native place. At Geneva he found fuller opportunities for study and research, and was soon engaged in chemico-physiological enquiries. In 1821 he went to Paris; in 1823 he was appointed chemical assistant in the Ecole polytechnique. Soon afterwards he published a paper on the atomic theory, in which he adopted the distinction made by Avogadro between atoms and molecules, but failed to push that distinction to its legitimate conclusions. Incidentally, however, he discovered and described a beautiful method of determin-ing the densities of vapours-a method still in constant use. One of the most important researches in which Dumas now engaged resulted in the discovery of several ethers, and, what was more important, of the relationships between these compounds and their corresponding alcohols and acids, and of the existence of what are now known as homologous series. The dualistic theory of Berzelius received a severe blow when Dumas ascertained that three out of the four atoms of hydrogen of acetic acid could be replaced by an equal number of atoms of chlorine without the structure of the compound being altered. One of the best known of the subsequent researches of Dumas is his determination of the atomic weights of carbon and (in conjunction with Boussingault) of oxygen. An extensive series of enquiries of the same order came later (1857-59). In these he endeavoured to show that Prout's law as to the atomic weights of all elements being multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen required one modification only-that of substituting half for the whole weight of the hydrogen-atom; the question is by no means yet settled. Merely to name the chief researches of Dumas would largely exceed the limits of an obituary notice. But we may recall to the memory of chemists his work upon nitriles, on the production of sugar in the animal body, on fermentation, and on countless subjects belonging to applied or technological chemistry. Although the political attitude of Dumas does not strike one as altogether satisfactory, there can be no question of the excellent work which he did, in his several official positions, in educational and commercial directions and towards the sanitation and better lighting of Paris. It is not known to everyone that he founded the Crédit Foncier. He has been since 6 permanent secretary of the Académie des Sciences. He succeeded Pelouze as Master of the Mint in 1868, but did not hold the position after the breaking out of the Franco-German War. In 1875 he was elected into the Académie française, filling the chair of Guizot. It is needess to say that foreign lands also accorded Dumas numerous marks of distinction. He was elected foreign member of our own Royal Society in 10. The Chemical Society of London accorded im the same honour in 1847. He received the Faraday medal from the latter body in 1869, then gave the first Faraday lecture. The Royal Society awarded him its Copley medal in 1813. The exact position of Dumas among the founders or builders of modern chemistry it would perhaps be premature to attempt to define now, but that it was important there is no room to doubt. CORRESPONDENCE. ALTERING THE SPELLING OF OLD MSS. London: April 16, 1884. upwards of four hundred Illustrations (William Collins); Facts Around Us: Simple Readings in Inorganic Science, with Experiments, by C. Lloyd Morgan (Stanford); Principles of Hygiene, expressly adapted to the Requirements of the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington (Murby); Sir Lyon Playfair taken to Pieces and disposed of; Likewise Sir Charles Dilke, by W. White (E. W. Allen); Manual of the Transit Instrument, as used for As Mr. Hessels has appealed to me on this obtaining Correct Time, by Latimer Clark point, I can only say that I have always (Spon); Where did Life begin by G. Hilton preached his doctrine, and urged my fellow- Scribner (New York: Scribner's); World-Life workers to act on it. I look on the alteration of Comparative Geology, by Alexander Winchell of MS. spelling as a kind of dishonesty spring-(Chicago: Griggs; London: Trübner); Uniing from ignorance. But if a Latin-editing versal Attraction: its Relation to the Chemical friend says he will not edit unless he may Elements, by W. H. Sharp (Edinburgh: Livingspell the Latin in the way that he is accustomed stone); One Thousand Medical Hints and Surgical to, I am obliged to give way, because Latin Maxims, and Nursery Hints: a Mother's Guide volunteers are few. Early-English and Shak-in Health and Disease, by N. E. Davies (Chatto spere editors are more plentiful, and in their & Windus); &c., &c. case editors' idiosyncrasies can be checked, and MS. spellings preserved. WE have also received the following New Editions:-Farm Insects: being the Natural The excuse for altering MS. spellings is that History and Economy of the Insects injurious editors and readers may more easily get at the to the Field Crops of Great Britain and Ireland, meaning of the texts. This is why all editors by John Curtis, illustrated with numerous modernise the Elizabethan spelling of Shak-engravings (Van Voorst); An Elementary spere's works. But Latin texts are meant for a special and small set of readers, and these can be trusted to get over the slight difficulty of varying spellings. F. J. FURNIVALL. SCIENCE NOTES. THE anthropological section of the British Association, following the example of the physical section, has put forth a list of special subjects to be discussed at the Montreal meeting. These are five in number-(1) The Native Races of America: their physical characters and origin; (2) Civilisation of America before the time of Columbus, with particular reference to earlier intercourse with the Old World; (3) Archaeology of North America: ancient mounds and earth-works, cliff-dwellings and villagehouses; stone architecture of Mexico and Central America, &c.; (4) Native Languages of America; (5) European Colonisation and its effects on the Native Tribes of America. The president of the anthropological section is Dr. E. B. Tylor. THE last number of the Zeitschrift of the German Geological Society contains, among other papers of interest, one by Herr G. Schweinfurt, of Cairo, on the geological structure of the well-known heights of Mokattam. The paper is illustrated with an excellent coloured map of this part of Egypt, and also a tinted panoramic view of the Mokattam Hills. The strata were systematically explored by the author, with the view of procuring a typical collection of fossils for the Berlin Museum. WE have received a copy of Science of March 28, which contains an elaborate article on the whereabouts and prospects of the Greely expedition, with some criticism of the search programme, and also a large map of the channels north of Baffin's Bay. WITH reference to a note in the ACADEMY of April 5, the hon. secretary of the London Mathematical Society writes that Mr. Asutosh Mukhopadyay was elected "on the grounds of being a fair mathematician, and of being desirous to assist in the promotion of mathematical research." Treatise on the Planetary Theory, by the late C. H. H. Cheyne, Third Edition, edited by the Rev. A. Freeman (Macmillan); The Elementary Geometry of Conics, by Dr. C. Taylor, Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged (Bell); Workshop Appliances, by C. P. B. Shelley, Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged (Longmans); &c., &c. PHILOLOGY NOTES. DR. WILHELM VIETOR, the well-known editor of the Zeitschrift für Orthographie, and now Lecturer on Teutonic Philology at University College, Liverpool, has been appointed to the Chair of English Philology at Marburg. WE hear that the late Dr. S. Wells Williams has left the sum of £1,000 for the endowment of the Chair of Chinese at Yale College, which he had himself occupied since 1876. THE two latest additions to the series of "Sacred Books of the East," edited by Prof. Max Müller (Oxford: Clarendon Press) are-vol. XV., The Upanishads, part ii., translated by the editor, with an Introduction in which he replies to certain criticisms; and vol. xxi., The Saddharma-Pundarika, "The Lotus of the True Law," translated by Prof. H. Kern, of Leiden. The latter has a full Index. WE quote from the Times the following letter about the fragments of a Hebrew text of the Old Testament now at St. Petersburg, referred to in the ACADEMY of last week:"The fragments consist of the greater part of the Minor Prophets, Ruth, the Lamentations, the Book of Esther, and Daniel, so far as Dr. Harkavy can make them out at present. They are written on rolls, a form used only for the Pentateuch, the roth (Lessons of the Prophets). The owners write Book of Esther, and sometimes also for the Hafta that they bought them from a sailor, who stated that he had acquired them at Rhodes. The Hebrew characters, however, bear a resemblance to the Himyaritic and the Aramco-Pehlvi alphabet; the letter shin can even be traced to the earliest form of the Indian alphabet. Hence one might conclude that they come from a country situated near the Indo-Arabian coast-perhaps from Malabar. As to the variations, if there are any, we shall have to wait some time for Dr. Harkavy's communication, WE have on our table:-Vignettes from Invisible Life, by John Badcock, reprinted, with owing to the fact that the parchment is damaged Additions, from the St. James's Gazette (Cassells); and the letters are in most parts obliterated. I Guide to Methods of Insect Life, and Prevention may mention another peculiarity-viz., that the and Remedy of Insect Ravage: being Ten Lecfinal forms of the letters caf, mem, nun, pe, and tures, by Eleanor A. Ormerod, delivered for the Talmud, however, gives them. From the palaeotzaddi are not to be found in these fragments; the Institute of Agriculture (Simpkin, Marshall, & graphical peculiarities mentioned the date of the Co.); Mineralogy, by J. H. Collins, Vol. II.-MS. will have to be determined, since no date is Systematic and Discriptive Mineralogy, with to be found in the MS. itself." surface, but of produce. The ratio of produce their annual value, in sterling silver marks-each FINE ART. of which was unknown till revealed by Harck, is recognised in its place. With other supposed revelations, however, the Professor is by no the Preface, they are passed over in silence means satisfied; and, save for a word or two in more or less complete. Ir has recently been remarked by a leading German critic, that the best test to be applied to a writer upon Italian art is the relation in which he stands to Sig. Morelli. The now famous work of "Ivan Lermolieff" has revolutionised dowed us with a keener critical method than we our opinions upon many matters, and has enhad before possessed, so that for the present a great part of the work of art students is the accommodation of themselves to their new con ditions. Nowhere is the fresh influence more felt than in reading the recent numbers of the leading German periodicals which concern themselves with art. The issues of the Repertorium for the past year are now before us, and in them the name of most frequent occurrence and weight is that of the Italian Wastler upon the Graz painter, Giov. Pietro de Pomis, by Bertolotti upon the little known Roman artist Antonazzo (with valuable documents in illustration), and by Dr. Frimmel on the "Triumphs," ascribed to Titian, but which painted by Bonifazio. Dr. Winterberg conthat incarnation of the Renaissance, Leon tributes a valuable essay upon the works of Battista Alberti, while L. Scheibler deals with the characteristics of Cornelis de Wael, and slaughters the slain in his exhaustive criticism of Wurzbach's monograph on Martin Schon GREAT SALE of PICTURES, at reduced prices (Engravings, Chromos, Senator. The principal original articles are by and Oleographs), handsomely framed. Everyone about to purchase pictures ART BOOKS. part of the Norwegian kingdom till 1468; and ANTON SPRINGER'S Raffael und Michelangelo he gives reason to believe were in reality altar." The last-mentioned article contains DR. ARTHUR MITCHELL, V.-P., in the Chair.-The first paper was "An Investigation of the System of Land Valuation in the Orkney and Shetland Isles," by Capt. F. W. L. Thomas. The whole subject of early land valuation is involved in almost impenetrable obscurity. The special task which Capt. Thomas had before him was to deduce from existing materials the answer to the question, What is a pennyland? This term is of frequent occurrence in connexion with the ancient land valuation of the Hebrides; and, as the Hebrides were under Norse dominion till 1266, it appeared probable that a solution of the question would be best found by an examination of the land system of the Northern isles. The Orkneys continued to be even then, being merely pledged to James III., they (Leipzig: Seemann), which originally appeared were still ruled by their own laws, which, as regards as the fourth volume of Dohme's Kunst und land tenure, were almost the opposite of those Künstler, has been re-issued in two volumes of of Scotland. The materials for the investigation handy size, with several new illustrations. are chiefly contained in the rental of the earldom of On the whole, this is the best existing Life of Orkney, 1497-1503, or within twenty-nine years of Raphael, but we must confess to a feeling of the separation from Norway, which is still pre-regret that the author has not availed himself served. In the fifteenth century the land of the of the opportunity of a second edition to introOrkneys was, in respect of property, either Earl's duce a few more changes in certain parts of the gauer, and the "master of the Bartholomaeus (subsequently King's) land, Kirk land, or Odal land. The first two terms required no explana- work. For instance, in dealing with Raphael's tion. The Odal men, who owned land simply by life between the years 1495 and 1500 we are descent, became in course of time so numerous indeed referred to the possible influence of that the constant subdivision of the odal-lands Timoteo Viti, but the reference is so slight that necessarily led to poverty and degradation; and a hurried reader might well pass it over. So the want of a middle class left them still less far as we can see, it appears probable that, of able to resist the rapacity of the Scottish Earls and all painters under whose influence Raphael feuars, and the donatories of the Crown. In re- passed at different times, Timoteo was the one spect of taxation (or skat) for support of the Earl's who produced the most powerful effect upon Government, the lands of Orkney were either Bord- him. It would, at all events, have been well to land, Skatland, Quoyland, or Towmale. Bordland, discuss the matter with more thoroughness being the property of the Earl, paid no skat. Skatland, otherwise called odal-land, included all than our author has attempted in his brief the arable land of the townships which existed sentences. As to the "Venice Sketch-Book," his when the ancient or original valuation roll was opinion is the same as that of the majority of made. Quoyland, from being subsequently en- those who have paid attention to the subject; closed, as a rule paid no skat. Though the Raphael had nothing to do with it. He goes arable land was frequently repartitioned among farther, however, and finds in it the handiwork the tenants, the house remained in constant posses- of neither Pinturicchio nor G. della Genga. sion of the household, and a small piece of pastureNach meiner Ansicht waren mehrere Hände in land around it was the towmale or tumaill. As the demand for arable land increased, the towmale was dug up or ploughed up. No skat was paid for moorland or "fell." It was considered of so little importance that it is not once named in the rental. Wherever lands are taxed, there must be a valuation of some kind-in old records called "extent; and for this purpose the Orkneys had at an early period been divided into parts which came to be 66 denominated "urislands" or ouncelands," but which there is reason to believe originally were the davach of the former Celtic inhabitants. The meaning of "ouncelands' was that each paid to the Earl money or produce to the value of one ounce of silver. The "ounceland" was divided into eighteen parts, each of which had to pay one penny, or the value of one penny, and hence was called a "pennyland." The demonstration of this by a detailed analysis of the rental, along with separate demonstrations of the same nature for the different denominations of land and land values in Shetland, formed the substance of the paper. The general conclusions arrived at were that the davach of the old Celtic inhabitants, being assessed by the Norwegian Earls at an ounce of silver, became an "ounceland," and was divided into eighteen parts, each paying an eighteenth of a Norse ounce of silver, which was equal in weight to an English penny, from which each subdivision was termed a "pennyland.' Neither ounce- nor pennyland was a measure of dem Skizzenbuche thätig und ist dasselbe der umbrischen Werkstätte." much matter of interest to the student of the Cologne school of painting. The reviews and other notices contained in these numbers are of the most thorough character. Der malerische Styl Giotto's. By J. J. Tikanen. (Helsingfors.) This monograph of some fifty pages is, if we mistake not, the result of some of the most lovingly careful work that has yet been bestowed upon the fading remnants of Giotto's pictures. The writer does not enter into the discussion of any vexed questions of authorship or sequence, but devotes his attention wholly to the general changes which the artist introduced. He points out what was novel in Giotto's treatment of the legendary and other subjects, what improvements he made in drawing and gesture, in modelling, in the handling of colour, and lastly in style of ornamentation. These matters are all discussed with great detail and accuracy, and with abundance of intelligible illustrations. Incidentally we gather the writer's opinion (which from the extent of his work is one worthy of respect) as to the authorship of the frescoes of the Life of Francis in the upper church at Assisi. All are from the design of Giotto, and the last half are certainly his handiwork; but as to the first half no definite opinion is given. The frescoes in the right transept of the lower church are from Giotto's design, if not done by his own hand. The monograph is one worthy of careful perusal by every student of the works of the great Florentine. It deals, moreover, typical treatments of certain sacred subjects. a thorough fashion, with the developments of and thus contains matter of interest to students of iconography. in WITH unqualified satisfaction we receive a new and more convenient edition of Thausing's already classical Dürer-Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Kunst. It is divided into two volumes, and is more profusely illustrated than the first edition. Printing, paper, and binding leave nothing to be desired. No more convincing proof of the popularity of the book can be obtained than the fact that it has been translated into Italian, Portuguese, French, and English, and has everywhere been received with the same respect. The learned author did not rush into print with any half-formed opinions; his mind was already made up upon all leading points under discussion when he first wrote, and he has not seen reason to change. The alterations, therefore, in the new edition Recueil de Modèles artistiques du Moyen-âge. do not affect matters of principle, and are Menuiserie et Serrurerie de Meubles, XV et chiefly confined to certain verbal improvements, XVI Siècles: 42 planches sous la direction and to the addition of a more complete and use-d'A. van Assche, avec texte explicatif par J. ful Index. Whatever discoveries, indeed, have Helbig. (Ghent.) This publication, issued in the meantime been made are duly noticed. by the Belgian Guild of St. Thomas and St. Thus the original "Postreiter engraved by Luke, contains detailed drawings of twenty. Wolgemut and copied by Durer, the existence eight genuine specimens of ecclesiastical and domestic furniture of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the originals of most of which belong to hospitals, almshouses, and convents in Belgium. They comprise fifteen aumbryes, three sideboards, two tables, four chairs, two chests, a prayer-desk, and a curious combination article of furniture of the fifteenth century which served as a table, cupboard, and prayerdesk for the bedesmen of the old hospice of St. Jodoc at Bruges. The aumbryes figured here vary considerably in size; the largest, which still retains its original painting and gilding, in the sacristy of the church of St. James at Liége, standing eleven feet and a-half high and fourteen feet broad, while the smallest, in the hospice of our Lady of the Pottery at Bruges, measures only five feet by three and ahalf. The ornamental iron-work-hinges, scutcheons, &c.-is excellent of its kind. the Monographie de l'Eglise de Notre-Dame de Pamele à Audenarde. With Forty-seven Plates. (Bruges.) Audenaarde, a small town on the Scheldt, formerly celebrated for its tapestry, is known to but few English travellers. It can boast, however, of three important monuments: its town-house, perhaps -best-planned edifice of its class in Belgium, and two churches forming part of a splendid series of stone buildings, at the head of which stands the cathedral of Tournay. Our Lady of Pamele, the subject of the present monograph, is the finest of the smaller parish churches. Commenced in 1234, under the direction of master Adolphus of Binche, it was completed before the middle of the century. It is a three-aisled cruciform church, with pentagonal apse and ambulatory, a triforium, clerestory, and central tower. On the south of the south aisle are four chapels-an addition made to the building in the early part of the sixteenth century. NOTES ON ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY. presented to the Natural History Society of THE Nation of March 20 characterises Sig. Morelli's Italian Musters in German Galleries as SIG. DE ROSSI has just published a monograph of the Palatine. Ar a recent meeting of the Académie des Inscriptions M. Bertrand exhibited a bronze plaque worked in repoussé, forming part of a girdle, which was found in a Celtic cemetery at Watsch, in Carniola, and now belongs to Prince Ernst of Windisch-Gratz. The ornamentation consists of a battle-scene with both horse and foot, in which the weapons can be clearly distinguished, and in especial the javelin with amentum or thong, and the cateia or hatchet of Roman writers. M. Bertrand has had a model javelin constructed from the indications given, and hopes to do the same for the hatchet. The range of the javelin when hurled with thong is about 65 mètres; without the thong, only 25 mètres. M. Bertrand would identify it with the gaesum of the Gauls, described as "longe feriens." The handle of the hatchet was short, MISS M. E. HARKNESS will give six "lessons" and made of an elastic wood. According to on Assyria at the British Museum, with the Isidore of Seville, it was thrown only at close sanction of Mr. Bond and Dr. Birch, on Wed-quarters, and with such force as to break whatnesdays, at 3 p.m., beginning on April 23. The ever it struck; a skilled warrior could throw it syllabus includes such subjects as the library of in such a way that, like a boomerang, it came Nineveh; literature; religion; historical monuback to the thrower after hitting its mark. At ments; architecture and art; occupations, the same meeting M. Clermont Ganneau exsports, and daily life; and the Assyrian galleries hibited some nineteen photographs of two silver at the British Museum. Miss Jenner, 63 candlesticks ornamented with gold plates, and Brook Street, W., will give information as to of two copper basins gilt inside, which were found several years ago in a garden at Bethlehem. Both candlesticks bore the same inscription-Maledictus qui me aufert de loco sce[] nativitatis bethleem." The basins were filled with wax, which had preserved perfectly the ornamentation and inscriptions. The former consisted of a series of scenes from the life of St. Thomas, as recorded in the familiar legends. The inscriptions describe each scene in leonine hexameters. All the objects may be assigned approximately to the twelfth century. tickets. THE exhibitions of the old Society of Painters in Water-Colours and of the Institute both open to the public on Monday next. The private view of each is to-day. THE annual autumn exhibition at Liverpool this year, which opens on September 1, will inaugurate the new buildings of the Walker Art Gallery. The extension affords not only more space, but also better hanging for the pictures sent. THE collection of engravings of the Bartolozzi school lent by Mr. Tuer to the recent Bartolozzi exhibition is to be sold at Christie's on April 22. Among the rarer works are a choice set of "The Months," after Hamilton; "A Nest of Cupids," by Schiavonetti, before the forgery of Bartolozzi's name; a proof of "Mrs. FitzHerbert," after Cosway; a presentation proof of "Miss Farren," after Sir Thomas Lawrence, by Bartolozzi (in colours), with a finish equal to that of an ivory miniature; and a complete set of the beautiful series of "Ten Portraits of Ladies of Rank and Fashion," after Hoppner, with letterpress and wrappers as published 1797 to 1803. Ix fulfilment of a clause in the will of Isabella, the last surviving daughter of Thomas Bewick, who died last June, her executors have THE STAGE. HENRY J. BYRON. By the death of Mr. Byron, which occurred of his attack, and scrupulously confined as it "Our Boys," besides affording an entertaining vision of a shopkeeper who has got on, gave us a complete portrayal of a lodging-house "slavey." The maid-of-all-work has been done once for all in Mr. Byron, as Mrs. Lirriper-her possible mistress-has been done once for all in Dickens. Mr. Byron really observed these people. He knew the good in them, and the vulgar. Now when he betook himself to depict "Sir Geoffry," or other person of family and a was somebody of breeding, his observation else's-his observation was not new. Here again he recalls the greater master-this time by a failure, as in the other case by a success. More than one of his comedies-and Our Boys" first in the list, we should suppose-are likely to last. They are not the work of an exquisite writer, but of a smart and pungent. They are the production, too, of a man who knew 66 much as Robertson knew-how much, and precisely at what point, the stage could help the study, the actor support the dramatist. Funny, therefore, as his dialogue is to read, it is better to hear; for a long reading reveals the defects of the work-betrays in glaring light its improbabilities. Mr. Byron's colours were candle-light colours. They would not look the same by day, nor as well. But that appears to me no reason why there should be withheld from him the full acknowledgment due to a writer who has amused innocently, and even usefully. His work was not perfect, but it had its native qualities, and they were valuenquiring too curiously-found much in them able; and a great public-not analysing or that was delightful and refreshing. FREDERICK WEDMORE. MUSIC. My Musical Life. By the Rev. H. R. Haweis. (W. H. Allen.) THE title of this volume gives an inadequate idea of its contents. In the first 128 pages the author talks about himself, but in the remaining and greater part of the book he has much |