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went afterwards into Norfolk to pay a visit, the father being a native of that county. On returning, I congratulated the son on his improved appearance, when the father said, "Well, I am all the better for my native air; I believe I am beginning to apple' here," and he placed his hands on the region below his waist. 'My friends," he added, "laugh at me, and say I am appling." If one compares the umbilicus with the depressed eye of a "Norfolk pippin," the origin of this use of the word apple" becomes pretty clear, unless one is deceiving oneself by such a resemblance.

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Only a few days since, I heard another word, used by a patient in describing his symptoms, which is evidently a corruption, but which is perhaps worth noting. He, referring also to the abdominal region, said, "I often feel a 'pobbling' here." This, I presume, is "bubbling," for that is what he felt, though he had never thought of the likeness between the two words, and seemed to hesitate to accept my suggestion to that effect. JOHN MARSHALL.

66 ANGLO-SAXON."

London: March 8, 1884. I cannot plead guilty to Mr. Freeman's implied charge of being acquainted with his opinion on this question only at second-hand. Nor do I find from his letter that I have either overlooked or misunderstood any of the statements on the subject which are contained in the Appendix Notes A and B in the first volume of his History of the Norman Conquest.

In

Mr. Freeman's inability to understand the meaning of the passage in the Dictionary seems hard to account for, supposing him to have read the entire article, and not merely the immediate context of the words which he quotes. To me, the writer of the article seems to maintain, with perfect clearness, that the compound Angul-Seaxe, when used by Alfred or Æthelstán, signified the Saxons of England (or of the Angul-cynn) as distinguished from certain other Saxons; and the arguments in favour of this view appear to be very strong. the first place, it will scarcely be doubted that when Paul Warnefrid talks of Angli Saxones, or Saxonum Anglorum genus, he means those Saxons who had become Angli, as opposed to the Old Saxons of the Continent. It is true that this is Continental usage; but the fact that these examples are a century older than the earliest English example supports Dr. Murray's opinion that the term was of Continental origin. In the second place, the existence of the name Eald-Seaxe either implies the existence of a corresponding name for the insular Saxons, or

66

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it would almost inevitably suggest the formation of one. Supposing the necessity of such a distinctive name to have been felt, the compound Angul-Seaxe, "English Saxons," would certainly be the most obvious and accurate designation which could be employed. As Mr. Freeman has himself frequently pointed out, the Saxons of this island habitually spoke of themselves and their language as English.' In the third place, there is no analogy in Old English for the joining two ethnic names together to denote a union of the peoples which they represent; whereas, if the first element in Angul-Seaxe be, as I maintain, a specific or defining prefix, the formation of the word is exactly parallel to that of Bretwalas, Rúmwalas, Hred-Gotan, and other national names. Several other arguments might be adduced in favour of the view advocated in the Dictionary, but I will not now attempt to discuss the question

further.

The passage in the Penny Cyclopaedia to which Mr. Freeman refers me is no doubt a perfetly lucid statement of opinion; but I do not see

that it is anything more. In fact, the only argument which it contains is that the use of

"Anglo-Saxons " for "Saxons of England" is
altogether modern a statement which Mr.
Freeman himself would not accept.
HENRY BRADLEY.

SAXON SUN-DIALS.

London: March 10, 1884.

The extreme rarity of Saxon sun-dials, or,
perhaps, the paucity of dials that have been
recognised as such, will render the discovery
of an example in Daglingworth church, near
Cirencester, of some interest to antiquaries.
In this case there can be no doubt that the
dial is coeval with the church, which has been
pronounced by several of our best authorities
to be Saxon. As in other equally early ex-
amples, the five principal hours are marked on
the stone, and the dial is placed over the south
doorway. At Daglingworth it has been well
protected by a porch of somewhat later date.
I hope that this notice may lead to a careful
examination of the walls of other early churches.
J. PARK HARRISON.

MACAULAY'S NEW ZEALANDER.

Edinburgh: March 11, 1884.

under the date of November 22, 1838, after describing a visit to the newly discovered tomb of the baker Eurysaces, he goes on to say:

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To indulge in a sort of reflection which I often fall into here, the day may come when London, then dwindled to the dimensions of the parish of St. Martin's, and supported in its decay by the expenditure of wealthy Patagonians and New Zealanders, may have no more important questions to decide than the arrangement of Afflictions ditch "(Life, vol. ii., p. 30). sore long time I bore' of some baker in Hounds

From this to the New Zealander with his sketch-book it will be seen there is but a short step; and, considering the conditions under which he made the entry in his journal, it is easy to believe that the reflection occurred to him at first-hand. The direction of it is fat in which his thoughts would naturally be travelling every day. A newly arrived strange from the far north, he found himself elbowed by other inquisitive strangers in the city with whose ancient glories his mind was busy, for he was then engaged in polishing his Lays.

JAS. R. SIBBALD.

London: March 1, 1881.

In the ACADEMY of March 1 I observe a
It is, I suppose, open to anyone to hold that short article on the origin of Macaulay's New
Macaulay may have invented his own New Zealander. The conceit itself is obvious enough,
Zealander; and, for anything I ever read to and no doubt might be traced to a variety of
the contrary, this is the most rational opinion authors; but that, as a matter of fact, Macaulay
to abide by. But, for the benefit of those who took it from any of the sources you mention I
insist that, whoever may have stumbled on the rather doubt. In all probability it was sug
idea first, Macaulay must needs have found it gested to him by his master in rhetoric, Gibbonň,
ready dressed for him in modern garb by some who, in one of those poetical passages scattered
previous writer, I would suggest that some so lavishly throughout his immortal History
attention be paid to the claims of Joseph (chap. xxv., "Account of Britain "), writes:-
Wilcocks, the author of Roman Conversations. If, in the neighbourhood of the commercial and
In the second volume of this work, first pub-literary town of Glasgow, a race of cannibals has
lished in 1793, there occurs the following really existed, we may contemplate, in the period
passage spoken on the occasion of a visit to of the Scottish history, the opposite extremes of
the Obelisk of Sesostris at Rome:-
savage and civilised life. Such reflections tend to
enlarge the circles of our ideas; and to encourage
in some future age, the Hume of the Southern
the pleasing hope that New Zealand may produce,
Hemisphere."

"O my dear pupil, though I am no prophet [the
speaker is fresh from a quotation from the Prophet
Nahum], let me contemplate in imagination the
probable history of future ages. Two thousand
going up the Thames in search of antiquities, in
years hence some foreigners will, perhaps, be
the same manner as Norden lately went up the
Nile. .. Rowing, then, along the widespread
desolation of London, they will pass through some
arches of its broken bridges standing in the middle
of the stream. On the grassy shore perhaps they
will view with admiration the still remaining
portico of St. Paul's, and, perhaps, one of the
towers of Westminster Abbey, and be shown the
pool of water where Westminster Hall and the
Houses of Parliament once stood," &c.

An extract from the Roman Conversations, in-
cluding the above passage, is made in the
Annual Register for the year 1792 (published
in 1793). Wilcocks' book, and, still more, the
Annual Register, Macaulay is likely enough to
have skimmed over as a boy. It may be worth
remarking that in the Conversations we are also
treated to "every school-boy knows," though
Wilcocks' school-boy is less heavily weighted
with learning than his successor in the Edin-
burgh Review.

But, to give the school-boy a holiday and
return to the New Zealander, as it will hardly
be maintained that Wilcocks found his illustra-
tion in a MS. letter of Horace Walpole's, we
need not assume that Macaulay found it in
Walpole, Wilcocks, or anybody else. The New
Zealander is quite in Macaulay's own style of
thought; and the occasion when, so far as can
be known, he first employed the illustration
was one when it may very well have occurred
to him apart from anything he ever heard or
read, always excepting what is as old as the
Hebrew prophets. Two years before the
review of Runke was published (October 1840)
Macaulay was in Rome for the first time, and

in

various authors in which the idea may be
I know nothing of the other passages
traced, and to one of which Gibbon himself
may be indebted (though, of course, not Kirke
White, Mrs. Barbauld, or Shelley). You show
that Macaulay could hardly have seen the
passage from Walpole's Letters. There is no par-
ticular probability that Macaulay, omnivorous
as he was, ever read the voyage of La Billardiere,
or that La Billardiere himself was not indebted
to Gibbon for the passage quoted by Mr. Colens,
French before the voyage was written.
since his History was even translated into

66

ALFRED H. HUTH.

THE SEA-BLUE BIRD OF MARCH." Brookwood, Woking: March 6, 1884. Permit me to suggest that the bird so styled by the Laureate is the wheatear (Saxicolor Oenanthe). It is one of the very few migratory birds that arrive here in March; I might say one of the two which always appear in that month, the other being the chiff-chaff, which frequents tree-tops; but the wheatear is a ground bird, frequenting the sea-coast and stony moorlands, where it may often be seen to " flit by underneath the barren bush." The colour of its back and upper plumage is, in spring (for it changes later in the season), grayblue-very much that of the sea as viewed from the coast of the eastern counties, and might fairly be called sea-blue.

The Laureate's bird cannot, I think, be the kingfisher, which is not, in England at least, in any special sense a bird of March, which does not flit, but darts like an arrow, and

whose deep blue lustrous colour does not re-
mind one of the sea.
JOHN M. GILLINGTON.

A. N. A. also writes to the same effect on behalf of the wheatear. Dr. E. Spender, of Bath, suggests the blue titmouse. The Rev. J. Hoskyns Abrahall sends a collection of passages from White's Selborne recording the appearance of the swallow in March. But surely it is more consistent with the poetical genius of the Laureate that he should recall a passage from Leman than that he should embody a fact in natural history. The Rev. W. Houghton wishes to state that his "doubts are dissipated" by Mr. Wharton's letter-" the kingfisher must be the bird intended."-ED. ACADEMY.]

TORKINGTON'S "PILGRIMAGE."

Upper Clapton: March 10, 1884.

Mr. Tuer should not be angry with me for eapturing a literary pirate, but rather thank Le, or at least enquire into my accusations. I am no Rhadamanthus, but have gone very car fully over the "Pilgrimage" of Sir R. Guylforde's chaplain and that of Torkington, and have marked in the margin of the latter what has been copied or imitated from the former, so that I can state the results. The present text of Torkington ends on p. 72 with a bit of chronology in Latin, and of the remaining seventy-one pages matter equal to at least thirty is stolen from the other almost word for word. Sundry more or less exact imitations require to be added to complete the census. This is the sum of my report, and it is in the power of anyone who has access to the two works to judge whether Mr. Tuer or myself deals with facts. In one instance, thirteen or fourteen pages of Torkington are wholly taken from the earlier work with the exception of perhaps half-a-score lines. In truth, nearly all that is said of the Holy Places is derived from Of the quotations elsewhere I now say nothing. Let it be remembered that Guylforde's pilgrimage was in 1506-7, and that it was printed by Pynson in 1511, while that of Torkington began in 1517. I hope I have made my meaning plain; and, if Mr. Tuer likes, I can let him have a marked copy of his volume with references to most of the pages in the Camden Society's edition of the other book. B. H. COWPER.

the same source.

APPOINTMENTS FOR NEXT WEEK.

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Prof. W. Chandler Harris.

Gas," by Dr. Gladstone and Mr. Tribe; "The Action
of Dibrom-a-Napthol upon the Amines," by Mr. R.

Meldola.
FRIDAY, March 21, 8 p.m. Philological: "The Keltic
Derivations in Skeat's Etymological Dictionary,"
by Mr. T. Powell.

Matthew Arnold.

9 p.m. Royal Institution: "Emerson," by Mr. SATURDAY, March 22, 3v.m. Royal Institution: "Photo

graphic Action," IV., by Capt. Abney.

3 p.m. Physical: "Hall's Phaenomena,' by Prof. S. P. Thompson and Mr. Colman C. Starling, and by Mr. H. Tomlinson; "Some Propositions in Electro-Magnetics," by Prof. S. P. Thompson and Mr. W. M. Moorsom.

SCIENCE.

THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN

CANADA.

DESPITE Some natural misgiving that followed
at first upon the announcement that the British
Association for the Advancement of Science had
resolved to meet outside the limits of the

United Kingdom, the arrangements now made
more than justify the novel experiment.

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choce (ardiçhók), and the Lower Engadine Romanese artischoc (artishók). I have said Venetian' and not "Italian" articioco, because this word or articiocco (arttichóko, arttichókko), like arciocco (artchokko), or Florio's chóffo), certainly does not belong to the Italian arciciocco and arcicioffo (artchichókko, artchilanguage, which only admits, contrary to the pretensions of some lexicographers, carciofo or the rural carciofano (kkartchófano).

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The Venetian articioco and all the words in which the first c (k) in articoccus is changed either into (sh) or (ch) must have come from France to Italy, and not vice versa, as the Latin (k) would not have been changed, but must have remained under the forms (artikóko, artikók) in genuine Venetian and Milanese words, as happens in ca (ka) "house," cossa (kósa) thing," from the Latin casa "cottage," causa cause. (Artichoko), on the contrary, follows the French changes of chez (she) "in" or "to the house of," and chose (shoz) "thing," also Wednesday, August 27, has been fixed for the from the Latin căsa and causa. The second opening day at Montreal, and Lord Rayleighc (k), however, in articioco, &c., is derived will be the president. The vice-presidents show directly from the Low-Latin ce in articoccus; a predominance of Canadian names. The general while the French and Mentonese second t in treasurer is Prof. A. W. Williamson; the artichaut and arcicotaro is derived from the ct Mr. A. G. Vernon Harcourt, and Prof. T. G. from a still older articactus, three forms to general secretaries are Capt. Douglas Galton, of the previous articoctus, and this, as I think, Bonney. The following will be the presi- be found in Du Cange as Low-Latin words, dents of sections:-Mathematical and physical together with articoccalus, their synonym. Now, science, Sir William Thomson; chemical science, if we take into consideration (1) that, although Prof. Roscoe; geology, Mr. W. T. Blanford; cinăra is the usual Latin word for "artichoke," biology, Prof. Moseley; geography, (probably) cactus or cactos is also used by Pliny either in Sir Leopold M'Clintock; economic science and the sense of " "artichoke or cardoon," just statistics, Sir Richard Temple; mechanical the same as the Greek Kákтos of Theocritus, &c.; science, Sir Frederick Bramwell; anthropology, (2) that pri prefixed means very often "newly, Dr. E. B. Tylor. It is expected that the popular just now, lately, new, recent," &c., as discourses will be delivered by Mr. Crookes, apriçuyía “recent union," from apri and Čeúyvvμi Dr. Dallinger, and Prof. Ball. The committee "to couple," aprí(wos "who has come into of section A have set the example of announcing life but recently," from apri and wh"life," &c., the two following subjects for special discussion &c.-we are induced to think that articactus Voltaic Cell" and "The Connexion of Sun"The Seat of the Electromotive Forces in the may be explained by apr and cactus, quasi 'new " or "recently evolved head of artichoke," spots with Terrestrial Phenomena." a meaning which the French artichaut possesses very often in its more limited acceptation, as a perfect synonym of tête d'artichaut.

It is needless to add that the picnic aspects
of the meeting have not been overlooked. The
Canadian Parliament has already voted a con-
siderable sum to provide free passages and free
living for all the officials of the association, as
well as 14,000 dollars (£2,800) towards the
The Government
passage money of members.
railways will likewise be thrown open free to all.
The steamship companies, the railway com-
panies, and the telegraph companies also offer
liberal terms. Not to be behindhand in gener-

MONDAY, March 17, 8 p.m. Society of Arts: Cantorosity, the council of the association has resolved
Lecture. The Alloys used for Coinage," II., by
Aristotelian : "Hume's Treatise of
Human Nature," IV., by Mr. W. R. Browne.
8 p.m. Victoria Institute: "Evolution."
TUESDAY, March 18,3 p.m. Royal Institution: "Animal
Heat," III., by Prof. Gamgee.

to extend the usual privileges of associates to
the near relatives of members, to the number of
three.

8 p.m.

7.45 p.m. Statistical: The Recent Decline in the English Death-rate, considered in Connexion with the Causes of Death," by Mr. G. B. Longstaff. 8 p.m. Civil Engineers: "Wire-Gun Construction," by Mr. J. A. Longridge.

8 p.m. Society of Arts: "Borneo," by Mr. B. Francis Cobb. 8.30 p.m. Zoological: "Description of the Sternum of Dinornis elephantopus," by Sir R. Owen; "The Diseases of Carnivorous Animals living in the Gardens," by Mr. J. B. Sutton; Exhibition and Description of a Skull of an Australian Sea-Lion," by Mr. J. W. Clark. WEDNESDAY, March 19, 8 p.m. Geological.

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ARTICHOKE." London: Feb. 26, 1884. The Italian carciofo, pronounced▪ (kkartchófo) and the French artichaut (artishó) may be considered, with very few exceptions, as the two representatives of all the Neo-Latin names of the present list. Carciofo, as is generally admitted, is derived from the Arabic harshaf; while the Spanish alcachofa (alkachófa) and other words analogous to it are derived from al-harshaf, or the same Arabic word preceded by the article. Artichaut, on the contrary, is derived from the Neo-Latin articoctus; while another Arabic synonym, ardishauki, is quite analogous to a second Low-Latin form, articoccus, to the Venetian articioco (artichóko), the Milanese articioch (artichók), the Frioulan ardi

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Derivatives from articoccus or articoctus will

be recognised generally by the change of the first c(k) into (sh, ch). Such words are followed by the figure 1. Derivatives from harshaf will present the change of (h) into (k), while (f) is generally permanent. The words of this group are followed by the figure 2. Derivatives from al-harshaf undergo the same changes as the preceding in their second element, while their first element, or the Arabic article al, is generally permanent or sometimes substituted by (es, as, is, s). The words of this third group are followed by the figure 3. Here it ought to be remembered (1) that in Majorcan, es (as) is one of the masculine definite articles, and so is es (es) in the Ariégeois Gascon dialect; (2) that final (no, na, na, en) seem to point to an adjectival termination, as in the Italian carciofano, quasi "cinara carciofina," while final (lo, la, la, le, el, ul, ru) seem to be diminutive suffixes, as in the Roman carciofolo, the Men tonese arcicotaro, formed by metathesis from (arkichútaru?), &c., and analogous to articoccalus.

List of Names.

I. ITALIAN, carciofo (kkartchófo) 2, *carciofano (kkartchofano) 2; Roman, carciofolo (kkartchófolo) 2; Sassarese, iscarzoffa (ixxarttsóffa) 3 ; Neapolitan, carcioffola (kkartchoffela) 2; Abruzzese Ulteriore Primo, carciofono (kkartchófənə) 2 ; Abruzzese Citeriore, scarciofona (skartchofana) 3; Tarantino, scarcioppola (skartchoppól) 3; Sicilian, cacocciula (kkakótchula) 2; Venetian, articioco (artichóko) 1; Veronese, arzicioco (artsichóko) 1; Bellunese, articioch (artichók) 1, arzicioch (artsichók) 1; Lingua Franca of Algiers, carchouf (karshúf) 2.- -II. SARDINIAN: Logudorese, iscarzoffa (iskarttsóffa) 3; Cagliaritan,

b

THE ORIGIN OF CHINESE CIVILISATION.
Louvain: March 10, 1884.

canciofa (kkantchófa) 2.-III. SPANISH, al-
cachofa (alkachófa) 3, *alcarchofa (alkarchófa) 3;
Murcian, alcaucil (alkauthil), alcaucí (al-
I have to thank M. de La Couperie for his
kauthí), *alcacil (alkathil), alcací (alkathi); answer to my letter. I have no desire to open
Andalusian, alcarcil (alkarthil).- -IV. POR-
a discussion on a footing of equality with so
TUGUESE, alcachofra (alkeshófrǝ) 3, "alcachofa eminent a Sinologue; but I wish to define
(o/keshófǝ) 3, alcachofre (ǝkǝshófra) 3. accurately the ground of debate. I had no
V. GENOESE, articiocca (artichókka) 1; Men- intention of speaking of Chinese literature, but
tonese, arcicotaro (archikótaru) 1.—VI. GALLO- of the internal culture of the people, and
ITALIC: Milanese, articioch (artichók) 1; Bres- especially of their beliefs. On this point I am
ciano, artigioch (artijók) 1; Bolognese, carciofel glad to see how much M. de La Couperie allows,
(karchófel) 2; Modenese, carciofen (karchófen) 2, and that we agree very nearly. It would be
scarciof (skarchóf) 3; Reggiano, carcioffen necessary to press the matter still farther, and
(karchóffen) 2, articiock (artichóh) 1; Romagnuolo discuss especially the origin and date of the
Faentino, carciof (karchóf) 2, carcioful (karchó- mythical books of China, the hypothesis of older
ful) 2; Romagnuolo Imolese, scarciofel (skarchó-books which no longer exist, &c.; but, as the
fel) 3; Parmesan, articiock (artichóh) 1.-
eminent Professor promises us important dis-
VII. FRIOULAN, ardiçhoce (ardiçhók) 1, artichoce coveries on the same ground, it is proper to
(artighók) 1.-VIII. ROMANESE: Oberland, await them before continuing any remarks
artitschoc (artichók) 1; Lower Engadine, arti- which might be more or less invalidated by
schoc (artishók) 1.-IX. OCCITANIAN, ?.
C. DE HARLEZ.
X. CATALONIAN, carxofa (kershófə) 2, *carchofa
(kǝrchófə) 2, escarxofa (əskərshófə) 3; Valencian,
carchofa (karchófa) 2; Majorcan, carxofa (kər-
shôfə) 2.XI. MODERN OCCITANIAN: Pro-
vençal, artichaou (articháu, artitsáu) 1, arqui-
chaou (arkicháu) 1, cachoflo (kachóflo) 2, cachofle
(kachófle) 2, carchocle (karchókle) 2; Langue-
docien, carchoflo (karchóflo) 2, carchofle (kar-
chófle) 2, archichaou (archicháu) 1, escarchofo
(eskarchófo) 3, escarjofo (eskarzhófo) 3, *escarjoso
(eskarzhóso) 3; Gascon, artichaou (artisháu) 1;
Rouergois, orchichaou (orchicháu) 1, ortichaou
(orticháu) 1, richichaou (richicháu) 1.- -XII.
FRANCO-OCCITANIAN, ? XIII. ANCIENT
FRENCH, ? -XIV. FRENCH, artichaut (arti-
shó) 1; Walloon, articho (Artishó) 1; Rouchi,
artissiau (artisió) 1. XV. WALLACHIAN,
anghinară (anginárǝ).

NOTES. Words between brackets are written phonetically according to the following conventional symbols, and only words so written are to be taken into consideration in all I have said about their changes, derivations, &c. SYMBOLS: 1, a = a in father; 2, a = a in fat; 3, A=a in all; 4, e=e in bed; 5, e= French é; 6, ə―u in but; 7, a= French e in cheval " horse; 8, 'ǝ= guttural Portuguese a in mal "evil; 9, i e in me; 10, o = French o in or "gold; " 11, 0= French o in mot "word; " 12, u 00 in fool; 13, ch= Italian ci in

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=

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25,

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=

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cacio "cheese;" 14, tch Italian cci in caccio "I
drive away;
15, ch Romanese tg in tgi "who;
16, d
French d; 17, f=fin foe; 18, ff: Italian
f; 19, g=g in go; 20, h -h in horse; 21, j
Italian gi in agio ease; 22, k
k in cook; 23,
kk Italian ce in bocca "" mouth;
24, x=
Ger-
man ch in nacht "night;
X the same, but
stronger; 26, 1: French ; 27, 1= Portuguese l
in alma "soul;" 28, n: French n in nez nose;
29, n ng in singer; 30, p=p in pea; 31, pp=
Italian pp; 32, r=r in marine; 33, ss in so;
34, sh=sh in she; 35, t = French t; 36, tt=
Italian it; 37, th=th in think; 38, thth in the;
39, ts= Italian z in la zappa "the mattock;" 40,

tts =

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Italian zz in pazzo "mad;" 41, zh= s in pleasure.- -(') = accent; (-)=long quantity; (^)id. with accent.(*) precedes archaic, obsolete, or uncommon words.

The Murcian and Andalusian names for "artichoke " are derived from the Arabic al-cabeil "chard good to eat" according to P. de Alcala (see Dozy's Glossaire, &c., p. 89 of the second edition); and the Wallachian name is nothing else than the Modern-Greek ȧyywvápa (anginára), derived from the Greek Kápa, Latin cinăra, Tosk Albanian xwapo (hinárth), but articioc (artichók) 1

n the Albanian of Scutari.

The words of this List which are in use in Italy on the north of Reggio of Modena, and in France on the north of the Cevennes, are all

such discoveries.

SCIENCE NOTES.

MESSRS. CASSELL & Co. have made arrange-
ments for the issue, in monthly parts, of a new
ture, to be published under the title of Cassell's
practical and comprehensive work on horticul-
Popular Gardening. It will be edited by Mr.
D. T. Fish; and the contributors will include
Mr. William Early, of Ilford; Mr. William
Ingram, of Belvoir; Mr. Richard Dean, of
Ealing; Mr. William Coleman, of Eastnor
Castle; Dr. Maxwell T. Masters; Mr. W. Wild-
smith, of Heckfield Place; Mr. James Britten, of
the British Museum; Mr. W. Watson, of Kew
Gardens; Mr. J. Hudson, of Gunnersbury Park;
Mr. W. Thomson; Mr. Willis, of Sir John
Lawe's Laboratory, Harpenden; Mr. W. Car-
michael, late gardener to the Prince of Wales;
Mr. W. H. Gower, of The Nurseries, Tooting;
Mr. Lynch, curator of the Cambridge Botanic
Gardens; Mr. Goldring; Dr. Gordon Stables;

&c.

THE discovery of an early human skull at Tilbury has been quickly followed by a similar find at Podhaba, near Prague. This latter was unearthed in a bed of chalk where the tusk of a mammoth had been dug out a few days previously, which gives an indication of its age. The characteristics of this skull are the extremely low forehead and the excessive development of the ridges, in both of which points it resembles the famous Neanderthal skull, though its facial angle is yet lower.

THE Seismological Society of Japan, which was established in 1880 for the purpose of stimulating the study of earthquake-phenomena, has just issued the sixth volume of its Transactions. Prof. Milne, who is one of the leading spirits of this society, opens the volume with a paper on "Earth Pulsations," in which he sketches the present state of our knowledge of microseismic disturbances. There are also descriptions of several new instruments for recording shocks, and a catalogue of the earthquakes recently felt in Tokio.

PHILOLOGY NOTES.

THE second volume of the Transactions of the
Cambridge Philological Society, which (like the
first) is edited by Prof. Postgate and published
by Messrs. Trübner, consists mainly of the
But there
papers read during the year 1881.
are also several original contributions of value.

H. T. Tozer's "Topographical Investigations in Greece and Western Asia;" and Mr. H. Sweet's "Spelling Reform in its relation to the History of English Literature," being a lecture delivered at Cambridge in May 1881. Mr. Walter Leaf reviews recent Homer literature;

the Rev. R. D. Hicks that of Plato; Prof. Nettle

ship that of Virgil; and Prof. Postgate that of Propertius. At the end come several carefully arranged Indexes to the two volumes.

and on

THE Transactions of the Oxford Philological Society for 1882-83 forms a pamphlet of thirtytwo pages. Setting aside some papers that have since been printed at length in the Journal of Philology, we may mention Prof. Nettleship's "Notes on Latin Lexicography "Horatian Chronology;" two papers by Mr. Robinson Ellis on the Metamorphoses of Orid; Mr. J. C. Wilson on "The Interpretation of Certain Passages of the De Anima in the editions of Trendelenburg and Torstrik;" and Mr. R. W. Macan on "The Terpandrian vóuos in the Epinikia of Pindar."

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. BROWNING SOCIETY.-(Friday, Feb. 22.)

DR. BERDOE in the Chair. The newly elected hon. secretary, Mr. Dykes Campbell, read a paper by Mr. A. C. Benson, of King's College, Cambridge, on "Waring." This poem, said the writer, has two very marked characteristics: one which it shares might by some be regarded as a defect-its life. with all the poet's works, the other one which likeness and its incompleteness. After giving a short sketch of the poem, the writer proceeded to say that, in his judgment, anyone who had studied this rare delineation of a most loveable man would agree with him that in the whole gallery of portraits by the master-poets few attract so much as this. We have most of us a spark of the Waring element, although such an episode as his successful dis appearance becomes in our modern life daily more

difficult to realise. But Waring had seen and marked the evils of civilisation, and felt that he must leave them. But he does not do so for ostentation or for ease. His search for truth is deep and inward. It is not in dull inglorious sloth that he works out the great problem, but in converse nature and God. Remember who it was who woke with happy, humble lives, and the great realities of fisher-folk, and despise Waring if you can.-The to life among the poor, and worked among hardy Chairman confirmed, among other points, from his experience of some students, the dictum of a

66

Waring streak" being not rare.-Mr. Furnival. regarded the poem as a bright picture of the poet'> young life and friendships. Others deprecated the "read in" meanings and undue tendency to of judgment as to whether the poem was, or not, a motives in the poems. There was some difference hopeful one.-A second paper, by Mr. Raleigh, also of King's College, was read, on "Some Prominent Points of Browning's Teaching." There were still obstacles, the writer thought, in the way of e who would appreciate this, from the general prefa• ence for "copy-book morality," dogma, proverb, rather than by fable or history unticketed with an ostentatious moral. But such works as Browning's have one advantage in common with discussions like ours, that they start from no premisses and arrive at no conclusion. Notwithstanding the time it has taken for his fame to grow, he is essentially a modern poet. He has profited in full from the philosophic development which has influenced English poetry ever since Wordsworth, and from the almost sudde Browning growth of science as it now exists. certainly uses his knowledge of the systems of the past, but never imitates them. The subjective and dramatic character of his works was also dwelt

derived from the Low-Latin articoccus or articoctus, Among these are Prince L.-L. Bonaparte's upon, although it might be said that his best poems

although derivatives from the Arabic harshaf or al-harshaf may also occur in the Reggiano, Provençal, and Languedocien dialects together with the Low-Latin derivatives. On the south of Reggio, on the contrary, as well as on the south of Bayonne and in the whole Spanish peninsula, all the names for "artichoke" show an Arabic origin. L.-L. BONAPARTE,

paper on "Words connected with the Vine in
Latin and the Neo-Latin Languages," which is
published in concert with the Philological
Society of London; Prof. Zupitza's "English
Etymology in 1881 and 1882," which is sub-
stantially a review of the Dictionaries of Skeat,
Wedgwood, and A. Smythe Palmer; the Rev.

are those which are not actually dramatic in form: his individualism; his use of nature, which with him is always idealised and brought into relation with man. By far the greater number of natural allusions are introduced by way of illustration or metaphor. The chief moral value of his poetry is that it supplements and transcends systems. Tennyson is constantly enforcing obedience to law; Brown

F

T

ing emphasises the fettering and deadening infence of mere codified morality. In the conflict of good and evil it is best for the individual to act out his highest impulses, bear, if need be, the penalty of present law, and trust in a life in which law is also truth.-In the discussion the Chairman thought b.owning thoroughly scientific in the vw that only in strife between good and evil ald there be progress and evolution, the ducy big, therefore, to seek that evolution of all things fr m lower to higher types.-Mr. Revell could see trace of the scientific. He doubted the poet's optimism about evil, which was surely no negation privation, but as substantive as good.-Mr. Radford thought the poet's teaching was the direct outcome of the modern deadlock philphy, the one certain thing being that life is a fat, and that only in fulfilled life can happiness be found.-Mr. Shaw thought Browning was Essentially unscientific. The tendency to make Lim evolve good always was exasperating. He is sometimes even pessimist. It was announced that a paper would be read at the next meeting by the Rev. J. S. Jones, and that Mr. Nettleship would

take the chair.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.-(Thursday, Feb. 28.) IC.S. PERCEVAL, Esq., Treasurer, in the Chair.

I

Athene wearing the usual chiton and aegis, but in the attitude of Elpis-all these are of Parian marble; and a small fragment in fine white limestone, about four inches high, carved with the most minute delicacy, the same in design as one of the Siris bronzes in the British Museum, which represents Ajax defeating an Amazon-school of Praxiteles.

exception of the Latin, was that of a compound
of two stems, joined together according to the
rules of composition. He illustrated this by in-
stances taken from Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Celtic,
Slavonic, Old High German, and Anglo-Saxon.
This compound name was shortened in familiar
use by dropping one of the stems. Thus, along-
side the Anglo-Saxon names Wulfred, Beornfrith,
Folcwine, we have Wulf, Beorn, and Folk. These
contracted names received usually a further de-
Some of the Greek terra-cotta figures are of
velopment by the applications of different suffixes. marvellous beauty, especially a quite unrivalled
The following Anglo-Saxon instances are to be collection, about thirty-five in all, of the small
regarded as such developed forms:-Ead-a [Eâd-coloured statuettes from the tombs of Tanagra.
gar], Bad-a, Bæd-a, Bed-a [Beado-wulf], Bot-a No words can describe the grace and spirited
[Botwine], Ecg-a [Ecg-laf], Drem-ka [Dream-wulf], execution of some of these. A standing figure
Bryn-ca [Brynhelm = Beorn-helm], Beodu-ca[Bea- of a girl on whose shoulder a dove is alighting
do-wulf], Cudd-i [Cuth-berht], Tyd-i [Tidwine], &c. is a perfect gem of beauty, her head turned and
Such contracted forms explain many of the Anglo- her hand stretched towards the bird with the
Saxon patronymics in -ing [ingas]-e.g., Ald-ingas
[cf. Aldred and Alda], Elf-ingas [ef. Elfweard], most lifelike and graceful movement. One of
Bead-ingas [cf. Beado-heard], Billingas [cf. Bill- the most highly finished is a nude figure of
noth], Beorht-ingas [cf. Beorht-red], &c., &c. The Aphrodite reclining on a couch; her beauty is
reader considered that a large number of the unveiled by two flying Cupids, who hold up the
place-names involving seeming patronymics in drapery which forms a background to the figure
-ing were to be otherwise explained. Thus, just of the goddess. Some standing figures of girls
as the Norse Hrafngil-ingr, Northlend-ingr, in chiton and chlamys, the latter wrapped hood-
Northmannd-ingr, Orkney-ingar, Vik-ingr, repre- like over the head, are perfect in pose and in
sented respectively the man [or men] from Hrafn- the delicate modelling of the drapery, through
Northland, Normandy, Orkneys, or the fiords, which the form of the limbs is slightly indi-
Buccingas, Fearningas, Thorningas, Steaningas,
so such forms as Eceringas, Escingas, Bircingas, cated. Other groups represent games, love-
Wealdingas, denoted the men from the cultivated scenes, or mythological subjects, such as Europa
on the bull, and a lovely Eros riding on a
lands [Ecyr], the Ashes, the Birches, the Beeches,
the Ferns, the Thorny districts, the Stony districts, Triton's back, half-emerging from a rippled
or the uncultivated wastes respectively. Such sea, in which dolphins are sporting. Eight
place-names as Dartington above the Dart, Tor- little Cupids, barely an inch high, are master-
rington on the Torridge, Leamington on the Leam, pieces of invention and graceful action.
Ermington in the valley of the Erme, Tavistock their varied movement, dancing, playing on
(anciently Tafingstock) on the Tavy, showed that flutes, and the like, they strongly recall the
the tribes settled in these regions took their names angel boys of Luca della Robbia and Donatello.
The reader illustrated the normal process of "con-
from the rivers, and not from certain ancestors.
These exquisite little figures are completely gilt,
sonantal decay" by the ancient and modern forms
as are also some of the larger groups. Most,
of such place-names as involve old personal appella-
however, are delicately tinted in flesh-colour,
tions. As instances of the disguises which ancient
with drapery of pink and blue, or green; the
Celtic personal names have assumed in certain hair of the females is always red.
surnames the reader adduced the following :-(1)
Instances of the survival in existing surnames of
the final consonant of Mac-the Manx names
Kneale, Collister, Clucas, Costain, Caskill, con-
Nial, Allister, Lucas, Eystein, Askill (= Osketel);
taining respectively the well-known personal names
the Scottish name Kinlay (representing MacFinn-
laogh); and the Irish Guinness (representing Mac-
Cf. Price, Bevan, Bethel, originally
Map-Rhys, Map Evan, Map Judgual. (2) Dis-
guises through the influence of Mac upon names
compounded of Giolla = Servant, MacLeish and
M'Aleese Mac Giolla Iosa (Iosa Jesus), Mac-
Clean Mac Giolla-Ean (Ean = John). "As in-
stances of names compounded of words similar
to Giolla the following were adduced:-Maol

Mr. A. G. Hill exhibited some water-colour draw-gil,
ings and ground-plans of churches at Hamburg,
Rostock, Lübeck, Schwerin, and other towns in
Mecklenburg and Pomerania. The architecture
of the oldest buildings is late Romanesque, with
transitional details, the material used being brick
of various colours—red, black, and green-fre-
quently glazed. The spires are usually of copper
of a green colour. That of the Petri Kirche, at
Rostock, is 430 feet high. The interiors were
originally whitewas hed, and relieved by a decora-
tion in colour of a bold, simple character. St.
Mary's, Lübeck, is full of monuments, with painted
portraits. Everywhere the old church fittings and
furniture are quite distinct in character, unlike
what found in other parts of Europe; but
restoration is commencing, and in some cases, as
at the cathedral of Schwerin, the interiors have
been completely cleared out and remodelled.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.—(Thursday, March 6.)
EARL PERCY, President, in the Chair.-Mr. W.
Thompson Watkin communicated a descriptive
list of the Roman inscriptions discovered in Britain
in 1883. This is Mr. Watkin's eighth annual list,
and his eleventh supplement to Dr. Hübner's
Carps-Mr. James Hilton read a paper on "The
Mahlgraben and Camp in Germany in relation to
the Roman Wall in Northumberland," with the
purpose of directing attention to the present state
of information in England on the barrier con-
structed by the Romans between the Danube and

the Rhine as a defence against the unconquered
tribes to the North-the Catti, and especially to
the fortified camp called the Saalburg. Mr. Hilton
pointed out the leading features of resemblance to
the Roman wall
across Northumberland, and
Doticed the points in which the two works differed.
He described from his own observation the care
which is taken to preserve the Saalburg camp-the
ost important fortress along the whole course of
the Pfahlgraben rampart. An authoritative de-
scription of this defence may be found in a recent
amber of Archaeologia Aeliana.-Mr. Somers Clarke
then read "Notes on Churches in Madeira," de-
*ribing the architectural features of the cathedral
hurch of Funchal and the less-known, but equally
resting, church of Porto Santo. Mr. Clarke
exhibited a photograph of a superb late fifteenth-
ntury silver processional cross preserved at
Funchal.-Mrs. Kerr exhibited a number of photo-
mphs of German church plate, and M. Seidler
t of French weights in use before the Revolu-
n, and one of the original bills posted in Paris
1814 concerning the observance of Sundays and

days.

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Aongusa).

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tonsured; servant) in Malone, Mulloy, Mulready, Gwas (cf. Vassal) in Gwas Meir (servant of Mary), and Gwas Patric Gospatric, cf. Scandinavian Sveinn Petr swain of St. Peter.

=

FINE ART.

THE CASTELLANI COLLECTION.
Rome: March 3, 1884.

THE sale of this wonderful collection is arranged
to begin on March 17, and will last about a
month. No sale of equal importance in objects
of antiquarian interest and artistic beauty has
probably ever yet taken place. In works of art
from ancient Greece, Etruria, Rome, and
mediaeval Italy, the collection is equally rich;
many of the objects are quite unique, and
almost all are remarkable for their beauty or
fine state of preservation. It will only be
possible here to mention shortly a few speci-

mens from each class.

Among the Greek sculpture there is a helmeted bust of Pericles, resembling that in the restoration; a most noble colossal female head, Vatican, but, unlike that, quite uninjured by apparently that of an Amazon, which in style appears to belong to the school of Polycletus; a remarkable archaic statuette, imperfect, of

In

An ivory statuette of a Greek tragic actor is quite unique, and a masterpiece of minute execution. He wears a long tunic, coloured blue, and covered with an incised diaper pattern; it is bound at the waist with an embroi

dered belt. Through the eyes and mouth of the stern tragic mask are seen the mobile human to which a realistic vividness is given by the eyes and lips of the actor-a wonderful effect, slight undercutting of the mask, so that it seems not quite in contact with the human face beneath. The figure is in a shrinking attitude, the right hand raised, the left fallen by the side, and expresses the strongest mental passion. The feet are shod with the tall, clog-like cothurni. No existing representation of a Greek actor shows so vividly as this little figure what was the actual appearance of an actor on the tragic stage.

Among the large number of Greek painted vases of all places and dates, from the most archaic pottery of Cyprus down to the latest Graeco-Roman vases of Magna Graecia, perhaps beautiful style of drawing which was peculiar the most striking is a large hydria of the softly to Magna Graecia about 300 B.C. The two principal figures, Demeter and Persephone, are painted with cream-white flesh-tint, and draperies in pink and green; the other figures

Apollo and Muses or Nymphs-are in the usual red of the clay ground. All are richly decorated with necklaces, earrings, bracelets, or sceptres in gold, thickly applied in leaf over a raised ground laid on in semi-fluid" slip." A garland of bulrushes in similar gold relief en

circles the neck of the vase.

Among the coins there are many hundred fine specimens of the archaic tetradrachms of surrounded by dolphins, two fine Syracusan Syracuse, with the small head of Persephone medallions, and a perfect specimen of that rare didrachm of Syracuse with full face of Arethusa │(APEOOZA), and on the broad fillet which binds

her flowing hair the artist's name, KIMON, in minute letters. In silver coins from other Sicilian cities, and from Magna Graecia, the collection is very rich. There is also a fine lot of consular denarii and choice specimens of aurei of the early Emperors.

The bronzes, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, are of the greatest beauty and importance. A bronze sword in perfect state, and completely covered with the most lovely turquoise patina, is perhaps the finest example known. Other bronze swords and helmets from Etruscan tombs are of great interest; one, thickly gilt, has, on the front, emblemata of Thanatos grasping a dead warrior, and on the crest small figures of Victory and another warrior. One of the Etruscan mirrors is especially remarkable for the brilliant polish of its silvered face, which gives a reflection as perfect as that of a modern looking-glass. Another bronze mirror has its handle formed by a most beautiful statuette of Spes holding a bud in her right hand, the left holding up the side-folds of her chiton; on each side are two flying Cupids arranged with a wonderful symmetrical grace. A large bronze Etruscan lamp, circular in form, with radiating nozzles for the wicks, is a masterpiece of later Etruscan art, showing strong Hellenic influence; in the centre is a most beautiful mask of Medusa. The whole resembles the celebrated lamp in the Etruscan Museum of Florence. Among the archaic statuettes is an interesting figure of Hermes Criophoros, such as the one that Pausanias saw at Tanagra-a standing figure bearing a ram on his shoulders: a type which was afterwards adapted by the Christians as a representation of the Good Shepherd. A fine Etruscan group, from the lid of a cista, represents winged figures of Death and Sleep carrying the body of Sarpedon, modelled with great spirit and refinement. A beautiful minute statuette of Ares is almost a copy of the fine figure from Lake Falterona now in the British Museum. Among the works in bronze of later Greek art is a lovely statuette, full of tender grace, representing Priapus holding in his lap a baby Cupid, who stretches out his hands like the boy Dionysos on the arm of Praxiteles's Hermes.

Among the large number of fine Etruscan figures in terra-cotta are several fully armed warriors, about eighteen inches high, in great variety of pose, carefully modelled in a hard dry style, much resembling the giant overthrown by Athene on the Selinus metope. All the details of the armour are most carefully rendered and heightened with colour.

The glass objects of Phoenician and Hellenic workmanship are very rich and beautiful. Some small oenochoai, of deep-blue glass with yellow handles, are of the most graceful Greek forms. Some cameo fragments carved, like the Portland vase, in layers of different coloured glass are of gem-like beauty. One remarkable fragment of a vase appears to be Egyptian of the Ptolemaic period; it has a figure of Isis, and the sacred vulture carved in white on a blue ground. A curious specimen of Roman glass is the bottom of a bowl, into which is melted a fine bronze medallion of Nero, completely embedded in the glass. Some minute mosaic work in glass of Graeco-Phoenician work is quite unique; a lotus flower of sectile work on a variegated green ground, above a band of minute patterns inlaid in glass enamels, is perhaps the richest specimen of glass mosaic ever discovered.

The objects in gold and silver are of the most wonderful beauty. A dagger of gilt bronze, with handle of silver enriched with a large gold knob, is remarkable for its perfect preservation and delicate workmanship. It was found by Mariette Bey attached by a papyrus cord to the wrist of the mummy of Aah-mes, probably Amosis, a king of the XVIIIth Dynasty. A

is a richly decorative panel of the procession the Magi by Benozzo Gozzoli, two large round pictures of the Madonna and Angels by Botticelli, and a fine Coronation of the Virgin of the school of Orcagna. Pinturicchio is represented by a large minutely painted picture with many figures, representing a wedding: classical deities are introduced among the spectators; it seems to be a panel from a marriage cassone.

silver platter, repoussé, and engraved with a figure of Rameses II. slaying captives held in a bunch by their hair, and surrounded by a border of lotus plants, is a most beautiful specimen of Egyptian, or possibly Punic, workmanship. It was found in a tomb at Salerno, and much resembles one in the Museo Kircheriano on which a minute Punic inscription is engraved, The Etruscan gold jewellery, earrings, bracelets, diadems, and long sceptre-like gold tubes or boxes are of the most delicate work- The collection of ecclesiastical plate, bishops' manship; as is also a gold bowl completely croziers, and the like contains a very large covered with minute patterns executed in an number of articles of great beauty and imalmost miraculous way with microscopic powder-portance-Limoges enamelled caskets, reliing in gold. The collection of gems and of rings quaries, and croziers; of the last a very fine is very large, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman-the specimen in gilt bronze, with blue and red rings of gold, silver, amber, glass, ivory, many enamel. The main volute is filled by figures set with their original gems. A small onyx of St. Michael and the Devil, and the knob is from a ring has the following inscription cut of open work with interlacing lizard-like in relief-AETOTCIN · AMEAOTCIN· AETETOCAN monsters. Three large episcopal combs are OTMEAHMI: "They say what they will. Let good specimens of fourteenth-century ivorythem talk. It matters not to me." An Etruscan carving; they have bands of small figures in cylindrical cup is remarkable for the enormous relief, and on one is fixed a silver medallion size of the elephant's tusk from which it is with a figure of Christ in delicate nidlo. carved-no less than seven inches and a-half in There are also many ivory plaques of the diameter; it is covered outside with bands in twelfth to the fifteenth centuries, carved with relief of ships, warriors, and beasts, with sacred subjects in low relief. Some of the sphinxes and chimaerae, most delicately silver reliquaries are of great importance. executed in a highly decorative way. Two One consists of a large silver statuette of an massive gold bracelets of sixth-century angel, with wide-spreading wings, holding in Byzantine work, found in Egypt, are quite his hands a silver casket-a fine specimen of late unique in design, and perfect in preserva- fourteenth-century work. Perhaps the most tion. They each consist of a wide gold band, important is a large reliquary of silver-gilt, filled with repoussé and chased birds and hexagonal in form, on a tall stem, and covered foliage, pierced through so as to form an open with a spire on which stands a statuette of St. pattern, and have a large medallion in gold, Catherine of Alexandria. The sides of the repoussé with a half-length of the Madonna, main hexagonal part are formed by silver with hands upraised in blessing-very splendid plates, four having minute niello pictures of pieces of goldsmith's work belonging to scenes from the life of the Saint, very graceperiod of which very few specimens are now fully composed and most delicate in execution. known. On one of the plates is a long inscription recording the fact that it was made to contain part of one of St. Catherine's arm-bones, and that it was made in 1496 by Raphaello Grimaldi. Three very large silver processional crosses are of much importance in the history of Italian work in the precious metals. One, dated 1430, has on one side the crucifix and the symbols of the four Evangelists, and on the other a seated figure of Christ between the Virgin and St. John, with an angel above and below. In style of workmanship this noble piece of silverwork much resembles the great silver altarfrontal in Pistoia Cathedral. Another, of about the same date, has figures of the Madonna and Child and saints. All are of repoussé work, and have had enrichments in translucent enamels, now mostly gone. The third has on the reverse a figure of Christ in majesty among the evangelistic symbols; it is of most delicate work and beautiful design, and is dated 1486. Chalices, crismatories, incense boxes, and almost every possible utensil for church use are represented by specimens of great beauty.

a

To the beginning of the fourteenth century belongs a very graceful statuette in white marble of the Virgin and Child, nearly two feet high, in the style of Giovanni Pisano, bearing much resemblance to the lovely ivory statuette of the Madonna by him now preserved in the sacristy of Pisa Cathedral. In terra-cotta there is a very delicate relief of the Madonna surrounded by angels, probably Florentine work of about the middle of the fifteenth century, but having something of Venetian richness in the canopy and other accessories. Its very slight relief suggests the school of Donatello, but the character of the Virgin's face is quite unlike his manner. Some bronze handbells of the beginning of the sixteenth century are remarkable examples of richly decorative design, and fine "cire perdue" casting. They are ornamented with shields of their owner's arms, festoons of flowers, and floreated bands. One of them has almost microscopic medallions, with heads of Roman Emperors modelled with gem-like minuteness.

The mediaeval part of this collection contains a few very important pictures-one, from the Barker Collection, by Ant. Pollaiuolo, perhaps for delicacy of execution and wonderful state of preservation the finest known specimen of this master. It is a half-length of the Madonna, holding in front of her the infant Christ standing on a table. The deep, rich colouring of the crimson-and-blue dress of the Madonna is of wonderful depth and brilliance. A festoon of roses hangs behind her head, and she wears rings and brooch of gold and pearls, all painted with miniaturelike delicacy. A noble portrait of Andrea Verrocchio in black velvet dress and cap, holding a crayon in his hand, is interesting as being a signed and dated work by one of his pupils. He wears a gold jewel round his neck, and round the setting of it, in minute gold letters, is inscribed LORENZO DI CREDI· 1505. There

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In no branch of artistic objects is the collec tion more rich than in its pottery. The Damascus and Rhodian ware rivals the Henderson Collection in the British Museum; and in maiolica of all dates, from the early lustred wares of Gubbio, Pesaro, and Deruta down to the later istoriati pieces of Urbino and Faenza, there is equal wealth of exceptionally fine specimens. One plate of fine Pesaro ware. dating about 1520, is specially interesting for its painted representation of all the objects required by the maiolica potter in "throwing" his pots on the wheel. The wheel, with a pot on it, the potter's seat and foot-rest, the basin of water in which to dip his hands, the balls of clay ready for use, and other objects are carefully painted in the centre of the plate-very much as they are shown in Piccolpasso's celebrated illustrated MS. on the secrets of maiolica manufacture now in the South Kensington

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