a

in Sig. Salvini's engagement. The public is inclined to disregard in "Othello" everything that is not the Moor, and to ignore in "Lear" everything that is not the aged King of Britain. Of course, the whole company struggles, as Sig. Salvini has himself to struggle, with the disadvantage of inadequate translations; but to Sig. Salvini this is not of great moment-to the rest it is of much importance. Still, we cannot but think that a company better qualified to take shares in Shaksperian tragedy might have been organised to support the "star." As it is, the performance recalls those of the second-rate provincial theatres in old days, when there was "stock_company" able to play everything from Shakspere to Mr. Boucicault-and to play it very badly-and when it was considered only proper that attention should be concentrated on the one artist who was possessed of a speciality. But recent London performances— those of the last few years-have indisposed us for the enjoyment of such inequality. We have become accustomed to balance and proportion. We cannot revert to the "star system with any pretence of satisfaction. Sig. Salvini throws a vivid light on the character of Othello; and the other persons of the drama are obscured so much that of the design, as a whole, it must be said that it is monstrously out of drawing.

STAGE NOTES.

selection was the most attractive part of the extending over more than half-a-century, there
programme. In the first movement of the were traces of decline, we should have to ex-
B flat minor Sonata the pianist exhibited press regret, but scarcely astonishment; but
more than his usual power and passion; the Mdme. Schumann still holds a high place, and,
rest of the work was well played, but we in some respects, the first place, among the great
cannot accept his cold reading of the trio of pianists of the present day. How she was
the Funeral March. The programme gave the welcomed before and after her performance
title of the piece with French and English need not be described; the hall was of course
mixed; and, though various movements were crowded, and everyone was ready to applaud
indicated, they really belonged to the Sonata the pianist, and anxious to pay homage to the
in B minor. The other Chopin pieces-Ber- widow of the illustrious composer Robert
ceuse, Valse, Impromptu, and Mazourka-were Schumann. It is said that to every rule there
all familiar, and were given with the utmost is an exception. Our rule is that encores should
grace and delicacy. At the close of the perform- be refused; the exception, when Mdme.
ance M. de Pachmann was much applauded, and, Schumann is at the piano playing Schumann's
to satisfy his audience, played another piece. Novellette in F as she alone can play it. The
On Saturday afternoon, March 1, the Satur- programme included Dvorák's interesting
day Popular Concert was crowded to listen to Quartett in E flat (op. 51) and one by Hay
Herr Joachim's wonderful playing. He comes Herr Joachim played solos with his usual su-
again to us with full measure of strength and cess. Mdlle. Badia was the vocalist.
intellect. It was indeed a treat to hear him
lead Mozart's fine Quartett in C. Mdlle.
Janotha played Beethoven's "Sonate pathét-
ique; " but her reading of this familiar work
was not particularly careful or interesting.
The news of the victory in Egypt probably
induced her to play for an encore Beethoven's
variations on "Rule, Britannia."

Mdme. Schumann has paid many visits to
England, and has won many successes; but
never was applause heartier or better deserved
than on last Monday evening at the Popular
Concert, when she played Beethoven's Sonata
THE adaptation by Mr. Henry Herman and "Les Adieux, l'Absence et le Retour." The
Mr. H. Jones of Ibsen's domestic drama of words of praise used by Robert Schumann
"Norah" was produced on Monday evening with fifty years ago in speaking of Clara Wieck are
success. It is carefully and skilfully wrought, still true of Mdme. Schumann. Her playing
and employs with effect the stage talents of touches not only the ear, but also the heart.
Miss Lingard, Miss Helen Mathews, Mr. Kyrle We have never listened to a more finished or
Bellew, Mr. Beerbohm-Tree, and Mr. Maclean. poetical rendering of Beethoven's great work
The piece, as a whole, is well written in the irreproachable technique, perfect expression, and
English tongue, but it is very far from follow-wonderful vigour. If, after a public life
ing closely the Scandinavian original. Indeed,
those who are well acquainted with Ibsen's own
piece say that the point of the story is a little BLACKWOOD'S
turned by Messrs. Jones and Herman; for,
while in the original the satire is directed
against the commonplace husband of a woman
who errs in innocence, in the very free adapta-
tion the woman is perhaps less truly naïve,
while the husband is a hero to shield her from
the consequences of her mistake.

A GAIETY matinée has been organised for Thursday, April 10, when a play by Mr. Howell Poole, called "My Queen," will be produced for the first time. Mr. F. H. Macklin, Miss Nina Walpole, and Miss Grace Latham are to take important parts. As Miss Latham has not only achieved some success in the provinces, but is also known as a student in virtue of one or two remarkable papers read before the New Shakspere Society, considerable interest may attach to her appearance at a West End theatre.

MUSIC.

RECENT CONCERTS.

M. VLADIMIR DE PACHMANN gave a farewell recital at St. James's Hall on Thursday afternoon, February 28. The programme included "several of the most successful compositions he has lately played." If this sentence were taken literally, we should have to place Hen

Mr. E. Dannreuther gave an interesting programme of music at Orme Square last Tuesday evening. First came Bach's Sonata in B minor" für Clavier und Violine "—a work as beautiful as it is clever; it was well performed by Messrs. Dannreuther and Holmes. Was the pianist justified in taking many of the lefthand passages in octaves? We think not. After two songs by Robert Franz, sung by Miss Annie Butterworth, a Sonata of Grieg, for piano and violoncello, was performed by Messrs. Dannreuther and De Munck. The first two movements are exceedingly interesting; the subject-matter is original, the developments clever, and the form clear. The finale commences with a light and graceful theme, but it is too long, and neither satisfactory in itself nor effective as a contrast to the preceding sections of the work. The programme concluded with one of Schubert's heavenly lengths"- the Pianoforte (op. 100).

Trio in E flat J. S. SHEDLOCK.

MAGAZINE PETER WILKINS, THE LIFE and

For MARCH, 1884. No. DCCCXXI. Price 2s. 6d.

CONTENTS.

A LADY'S RIDE ACROSS SPANISH HONDURAS.-PART III.
THE LIFE OF LORD LYTTON.

THE BABY'S GRANDMOTHER-PART VI.
SALMO-HUCHO FISHING IN BAVARIA.

A VENDETTA.

PROPOSED MEDICAL LEGISLATION.
THE EARTHLY PARADISE.
BOURGONEF.-PART I

LORD WOLSELEY'S "MEN."

TO AN ANGLING FRIEND. BY J. P. M.

THE SLAUGHTER IN THE SOUDAN.

TO THE LORDS AND COMMONS IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED.

Edinburgh and London: WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS.

PHANTOM FORTUNE.

ADVENTURES of. Reprinted from the First Edition in full, with Facsimiles of the Plates. Edited by- BULLEN, Esq. 2 vols., 120, 10s. 6d

SHELLEY (PERCY BYSSHE).-COMPLETE

WORKS in VERSE and PROSE. With Notes, &c., by HAEET BUXTON FORMAN, Esq., and Facsimiles of Handwriting, Portraits, and other Plates. 8 vols., 8vo, £5. The only Complete Edition.

HELLEY (P. B.).-THE POETICAL

WORKS, including the Notes of Mrs. SHELLEY and those of H. B FORMAN. With Portraits, &c. 4 vols., 50s.

HELLEY (P. B.).—THE POETICAL

MISS BRADDON'S RECENT NOVEL.
Price 28., picture boards; cloth, 2s. 6d.; half-vellum, 3s. 6d. (Uniform with Cheap Edition of
Miss Braddon's other Novels.)

PHANTOM

FORTUNE.

selt's ciegant trifles above the " Moonlight THE RECENT NOVEL. By the AUTHOR of "LADY AUDLEY'S SECRET," &c; Sonata." M. de Pachmann gave pieces by Bach, Beethoven, Schumann, and Mendelssohn; but it was not until he came to Henselt, Liszt, and Chopin that the true character and charm of his playing were revealed. His reading of Brahms' interesting "Variations sur un Thème hongrois" was, however, very good. His playing of Henselt and Liszt won for him the good graces of the large audience. The Chopin PHANTOM FORTUNE.

"The general execution of 'Phantom Fortune,' which is a study of the manners of modern society, is equa and the dialogue is a good expression of character."-Academy. to this author's literary standard. The English is firm and clear; the descriptions are short, but to the purpose'

Phantom Fortune' is a novel of modern society, and in it Miss Braddon's old strain comes out again in the midst of a great deal, that is new. The very latest and worst development of society in the present day is vigorously presented."-Athenaeum. LONDON: J. & R. MAXWELL, MILTON HOUSE, SHOE LANE, FLEET Street.

THE RECENT NOVEL.

BY MISS BRADDON.

SATURDAY, MARCH 15, 1884.
No. 619, New Series.

THE EDITOR cannot undertake to return, or
to correspond with the writers of, rejected
manuscript.

It is particularly requested that all business letters regarding the supply of the paper, c., may be addressed to the PUBLISHER, and not to the EDITOR.

LITERATURE.

RECENT WICLIF LITERATURE.

John Wiclif's Polemical Works in Latin. For
the first time Edited from the Manuscripts,
with Critical and Historical Notes. By
Rudolf Buddensieg. In 2 vols. (Wyclif
Society.)
Zur Genesis der Hus-
itischen Lehre von Dr. Johann Loserth.
(Prag: Tempsky.)

Hus und Wiclif.

than has been the case with the recent com

the more necessary because we believe the
society has entered into arrangements with
the committee of the recent Luther celebration,
and we should be sorry to see a repetition
this year of the party glorification of last.
The object of the Wyclif Society ought to be
the promotion of Wiclif research; and, as purely
a body of scholars, it ought to stand apart from
all party propagandism.

It cannot be too often repeated that the
scholar, as scholar, must endeavour to hold
the balance impartially between both parties.
We sincerely congratulate Dr. Loserth on his
success in this direction, and wish we could
do the same with regard to Dr. Buddensieg.
The latter, notwithstanding his thorough
scholarship, is a strong evangelical, and does
not hesitate to let us know it. He has intro-
duced an irrelevant foot-note about Mr. Thomas
Arnold, and his statements with regard to
that gentleman's critical standpoint and biased
selection in the Oxford edition of the select
English works of Wiclif are, we think, incor-

We have again to thank German scholars for
two most excellent instalments of Wiclif re-rect, if not ungenerous. In a critical edition
search; and the quincentenary of our English of Wiclif's writings, we do not require any
Reformer seems likely to be heralded by more reference as to which party were possessed of
genuine work, and, we will trust, less talk, the "true religion," or any remarks as to an
unevangelical Church;" still less do we
want to be told that "it is profitable in the
present time to bring this thought [appar-
ently the worldliness of the Roman Church]
before our minds," and that the editor "con-
siders these polemical writings, if read aright,
as able to do this." Apart, however, from
these small indiscretions, which are at most
only matters of taste, Dr. Buddensieg has
provided us with a most excellent critical
text of upwards of twenty-five polemical
tracts of Wiclif. With one exception-that
of the De Christo et suo Adversario Antichristo,
edited by Dr. Buddensieg himself a few years
ago-all these tracts now appear for the first
time in print. We can hardly be too grate-
ful for the long years of labour which have
enabled the editor to lay before us this mass of
new material. It throws light on several obscure
points of Wiclif's life, and brings much valu-
able information for the social historian.

The six polemical tracts against the
Pope are undoubtedly, we think, the most
interesting part of the two volumes. The
first, the De Citationibus Frivolis, ought to set
entirely at rest the question whether Wiclif
was summoned to Rome or not in the last
year of his life.

scarcely an idea or argument used by Luther,
with the doubtful exception of the famous
doctrine of salvation, which is not to be
found in the works of Widlif; that Wiclif's
Trialogus and innumerable works of Hus,
or concerning him, were published in the
early days of the Reformation by the Reformers
or their friends; and that there is in existence
at Vienna a Wiclif MS. inscribed "Doctor
Martinus Luter"-remembering these things,
there are obviously facts sufficient to demand
a critical and impartial investigation.
can only draw attention here to one co-
incidence on which the tracts edited by Dr.
Buddensieg seem to throw light. Ulrich von
Hutten was in possession of a very consider-
able collection of Husite and Wiclifite MSS.
On Hutten's death these passed into the
hands of Otto Brunfels, who not only edited
Wiclif's Trialogus, but a collection of tracts
which he dedicated to Martin Luther and
attributed to Hus. Some of them are cer-
tainly due to Hus, but two at least we
strongly suspect to be Wiclif's-namely, the
De abolendis Sectis et Traditionibus hominum
and the De Pernicie Traditionum humanarum.
A third tract in this volume-namely, the
De Anatomia Antichristi of Hus-contains a
singular series of antitheses between Christ
and Antichrist.

There can be small doubt

How Luther

that Hus drew the idea from Wiclif's twelve
antitheses in the De Christo et suo Adver-
sario Antichristo (Buddensieg, ii. 680 sqq.).
Hus knew this tract well, and, as Dr.
Loserth has shown, inserted long paragraphs
from it in his De Ecclesia.
became acquainted with these Wiclif-Hus
antitheses it is at present difficult to determine.
Possibly through Ulrich von Hutten; but,
when we remember that Hus's De Ecclesia
was published at Wittenberg shortly after the
Leipzig disputation, it is at least plausible
that Luther was even at that date in posses-
sion of Hus or Wiclif writings. Certain it
is, however, that Luther, in his Passional
Christi und Antichristi of 1521 (with wood-cuts
by Cranach), makes use of nearly the same
antitheses as his English and Bohemian fore-
runners. Still more striking is the similarity
if we take into account another work at-
tributed to Hus by Brunfels, and published
by him about 1524.

memoration of his German counterpart. We must confess, however, to a slight feeling of national shame when we find, exactly as in the case of the Early-English texts, so many foreign scholars foremost in the field. We should be very sorry indeed that any attention should be paid to nationality in this matter, or that the labour of editing should be transferred from thorough mediaevalists to incompetent Englishmen, yet we writhe somewhat ader Dr. Buddensieg's taunt that "to edit mediaeval texts critically is work not very familiar to English scholars." The statement is only partially true, and not very kind when inserted in the Preface of a work published by an English society. Still, the amount of truth in it calls for the serious consideration of our educational bodies. The establishment cf a mediaeval school at one or other of our great universities is an imperative necessity; and we trust that, if any proposition of the kind is again brought forward, the party of obcurity may not once more be triumphant. The object of Wiclif research seems naturally threefold; first and foremost we have the editing of the unpublished MSS., then the iry as to the influence of predecessors, and lly the question as to the place we must Fant to Wiclif in the growth of European tought. The first object has been undern by the Wyclif Society, and it remains y for the general public to provide the It is striking to find the paralytic Wiclif tam pauperi, ut patet Matth. 21 super pannos ssary funds. The publication of the using almost the same arguments as Hus and apostolorum sine sella vel streparum splenLatin Polemical Tracts edited by Dr. Bud- Luther afterwards used against like papal dencia, noluit in statu pape vel cardinalium sieg is a very welcome addition to the works citations. Although the connexion between ipsum sequencium tantam pompam in equis hady printed. Although we only owe the Hus and Wiclif has, thanks to Dr. Loserth, been et sellis cum aliis apparatibus equestribus suis glish edition of these two volumes to the now thoroughly investigated, the relation of vicariis derelinqui."-Cruciata (Buddensieg, Wyclif Society, still the Report of the executive Luther to these Reformers still remains ex- ii. 615, and almost identical in the De Cristo mittee tells us of much good work in pre-tremely obscure. The Germans, it is true, etc., ii. 689). "Christus elegit sibi discipulos Aration and only halting for want of money. repudiate any possible influence; but, when simplices, ydiotas,... Papa autem clegit sibi Ne note that a sum of £1,000 is being raised it is remembered that Germany was at the plures quam duodecim cardinales, plus inthe celebration of the quincentenary, and beginning of the sixteenth century honey-clytos callidos et astutos etc."-De Cristo etc. hope that the society will be successful in combed by Husite societies; that there is ii. 686. Mining it. There is, however, a passage the society's Report which ought to be conantly before the commemoration committee; runs, "No party feeling whatever enters to the society's plan." This reminder is all

"Et sic dicit quidam debilis et claudus citatus
ad hanc curiam, quod prohibicio regia impedit
ipsum ire, quia rex regum necessitat et wlt
efficaciter, quod non vadat."

We have even found traces of a curious Husite influence among the early printers. Remembering this, it becomes important to determine where and by whom the early folio of Hus's Gesta Christi was printed.

The wood-cuts of this work profess to be copies of miniatures in the Bohemian MS. Two represent the antithesis of the Pope riding in state and Christ riding on the ass. The following will enable the reader to see the similarity :

Wiclif. "Similiter cum Cristus in ostendendo suum universale dominium asinavit in statu

Hus. "Papa coronatus in equo albo et coccino indutus" and "Christus humilis super asinam sedens" (to each of these a corresponding picture)-De Christi victoria et Antichristi casa. Christ chose "simplices

(p. 231), considers that Wiclif merely puts George Eliot appears upon the title-page, the comparison between Young and Cowper at

།

moral spirit of Young's poetry is low and
false. This judgment is entirely opposed to
our youthful predilections and enthusiasm."
This reactionary feeling has taken very much
from the value of the essay as criticism, but
at the same time it has given it a bio-
graphical interest.
The faults which the
writer blames in Young are faults which
we feel she characteristically hated "in-
sincerity" and the "want of human sym-
pathy." "The deficiency was moral rather
than intellectual; " Dr. Young is "the type of
that deficient human sympathy, that impiety
towards the present and the visible which
flies for its motives, its sanctities, and its
religion to the remote, the vague, and the
unknown." And the best passages in the
essay are those where, leaving Dr. Young,
she insists that the sense of human fellowship,
which is the root of all morality, has

"no more direct dependence on the belief in a
future state than the interchange of gases in
the lungs on the plurality of worlds. .. It is
conceivable that in some minds the deep pathos
lying in the thought of human mortality-that

we are here for a little while and then vanish

away, that this earthly life is all that is given to our loved ones and to our many suffering fellow-men-lies nearer the fountains of moral emotion than the conception of extended exist

ence."

The essay on Heine opens with an attempt to draw out the differences between wit and humour, which is not very successful. It does not seem as if one can go far beyond the evidence of the words themselves. Wit, by its derivation, claims connexion with intellect; it is the child of cultivated parents; occupied, therefore, with shades of thought and lanuage which do not exist for the children of the people; whereas every man, even Nym, If it be asked "why high eslture demands more complete harmony with its moral sympathies in humour than in wit," the answer does not seem to be "that humour is in its nature more prolix, that it has not the direct and irresistible force of wit; " the truth seems to be rather that the character to

Las his humour.

The essay on Dr. Cumming is as severe as that on Dr. Young, but it has far more justification. In the first place, Dr. Cumming was not exhumed in order to be gibbeted. In 1855 he was flourishing like a green bay-tree; some of his books were in their sixteenth thousand. And, secondly, to judge by the passages quoted, he entirely deserved his gibbeting. A great deal of the essay might still be read as a homily on preaching. "Unscrupulosity of statement" remains the besetting weakness of the pulpit. But this essay too, like the first, is mainly interesting now for the light it throws on the growth of George Eliot's opinions and her moral fervour. The main charges she brings against Dr. Cumming besides this unscrupulosity are "the absence of genuine charity" and "a perverted moral judgment;" and the essay closes with a few pages of eloquent scorn against the wish to tear out the "natural muscles and fibres" of action, and replace them by "a patent steelspring-anxiety for the 'glory of God.'"

men

civil and military servants of the Crown in India."

To these generous sentiments it may be not improper to add that India is a school as well as a university, and only examines men in what she has done her best to teach them. The series begun by Clive and Hastings has been worthily continued in our own days by Temple, Lyall, and Auckland Colvin. Midway between these extremities are the figures of the men who, consolidating the work of the founders, prepared the task for the present rulers-Munro, Malcolm, Metcalfe, and the subject of Sir T. E. Colebrooke's excellent and welcome book.

Such men have been produced by the formative environments of the situation. They have usually owed but little to that hard and high training of immature boyhood which has become the sad, but necessary, consequence of the abolition of the nomination system. But, none the less, perhaps, because they were not satiated and disgusted with reading in their extreme youth, a fair proportion of those men did, in the scant and enervated leisure snatched from labour in a fiery climate and a lonely life, attain another culture, and form their minds for gentler, but perhaps not less enduring, labours. This was the case with Sir William Jones, Sir H. Elliot, Meadows

Taylor, and others, of whom some remain unto this present.

Foremost among the instances of this com

bination of the toils of the statesman and the Elphinstone. As his biographer justly says, culture of the scholar was Mountstuart

"there was in him the union of two natures

Of the remaining essays, that on Lecky's History of Rationalism is a review of the merely descriptive sort; "Three Months in Weimar" contains nothing to distinguish it from any other account of the "Athens of the North." "Felix Holt's Address to Workinging of right remedies and methods," and, in seems to advocate in general "the findparticular, "the turning of class interests involved that it is difficult to say more than into class functions," but the style is so this. Certainly no working-man would have listened to it, or have understood it if he the one manly, energetic, and full of enterlistened. The essay on Riehl contains a pas-prise; the other having all the tenderness and sage about the unreality of the peasants in the shrinking from display that belong to the art and literature of the time which proves other sex." In his literary culture there that its author was already a close observer of was similarly remarkable the union of a sober them. A disparaging reference to Dickens' judgment with keen poetic sensibility. Hence artisans" reminds us that her experience had paign, the excitement of a cavalry charge, the "preternaturally virtuous poor children and he keenly relished the hardships of a camlain with the country poor and not with the perils of a forlorn hope; and he extorted from the Duke of Wellington (by whose side, as Gen. Wellesley, his feats of arms were performed) the remark that he had mistaken his profession, and should have been a soldier. In politics, even, he could take trenchant, almost truculent, views, holding that in times of revolution ordinary virtues must give way, and only a sort of ruthless resoluteness would serve the turn of him who would conYet the bio

poor

of towns.

If it be asked why these essays are not
better than they are, it would not be easy
to give an answer. It is difficult to point
to any necessary quality of a good critic
which George Eliot did not possess. Her
power of understanding and appreciating
ciently illustrated in her novels.
the most varied types of character are suffi-
One reason
may be that her powers at the time when
most of these essays were written were only
beginning to unfold themselves.

H. C. BEECHING.

which humour appeals is in such men moral-
id, while wit appeals mainly to the intellect,
which has no immediate concern with morality
It is not true, however, to say that "hence,
Wie wit is perennial, humour is liable to
bome superannuated," for humour, if it is
to be anything more than mere fun, must
ch the springs of humanity which lie deep
wn beyond any chance of surface modifica
cn, and surely wit varies very much with
a intellectual modes of each age. Certainly
humour of Shakspere has outlived his wit.
ter the ground has been cleared, the German,
reared on Wurst and Sauerkraut," is brought
rward as the type of "humour as bare as
sible of wit" ("Good worts,_good_cab-
-" as Falstaff said), and the Frenchman
the type of wit "as thoroughly exhausted
amour as possible; " and Heine is then
laced as their reconciliation. For the
the essay is biography with illustrations.
the end is a passage on Heine's lyrics
his worth quoting.
Hene's greatest power as a poot lies in his
le pathos, in the ever-varied, but always has now lasted about 120 years.
al, expression he has given to the tender principal subjects are the four cardinal virtues
ons. We may perhaps indicate this phase-justice, benevolence, fortitude, temperance.
his genius by referring to Wordsworth's
And I, for one, am not ashamed of the
utiful little poem, She dwelt among the place taken in this great examination by the

The Life of Mountstuart Elphinstone. By
Sir T. E. Colebrooke, Bart. In 2 vols.
(John Murray.)

Ir was well observed by the Earl of Lytton,
two years ago, that the great competitive
system of which India is the scene was not
established by any recent Act of Parliament,
nor were the subjects of examination mainly
literary or scientific. "This great examina-
tion," said Lord Lytton,

The

duct matters to a good end.
grapher, who knew him well, and admits a
sort of mediaeval love of adventure and
something of the feeling which belonged to
the old Scottish nobility," seems hardly able
to account for the love of retirement and the

absence of ambition which put away the most tempting prizes of public life, even when they were earnestly pressed on his acceptance.

should be, appreciative (for surely sympathy The book is a model of what a biography should be, appreciative (for surely sympathy is of the essence of the task), faithful, giving a foremost place to the hero and retiring into the background whenever the hero can be left to speak for himself. The volumes-for there are two are illustrated with portraits and maps, and furnished with a sufficient, if not quite exhaustive, Index.

The extracts from the journals and letters healthof a life which-in spite of poor lasted eighty years, show great consistency,

Capo d' Istria, Ypsilante, Colcotroni, Haugwitz,
and Talleyrand, recording, with shrewdness,
the impressions produced upon him by those
remarkable men. Arrived in London he was
offered facilities for entering Parliament,
which he declined. He paid a visit to the
scenes of his childhood, and met Jeffrey and
Scott-the latter in his time of trouble, and
showing a seriousness which the returned
Indian, at the time, failed to understand. He
declined to be nominated Governor-General,
either of India or of Canada; and he gave
himself up, more than ever, to literature. His
Indian History, never completed, is yet, so to
say, complete in itself, and forms, as now
edited by the learning and skill of Prof.
Cowell, a work as entertaining to the reader as
it is useful to the student.

tomed to quote with rather needless deference. It may really be said that Mr. Streatfeild's derivations are oftener right than wrong. This may appear to be only faint praise, but, if the ordinary quality of books on place-names be considered, it is relatively very high praise indeed.

The fact is that English scholarship in this department is in so low a condition that it may be said with equal justice that Mr. Streatfeild ranks among our best writers on local etymology, and that his linguistic knowledge falls short of the moderate standard which is needed for his special branch of the study. It may be worth while to mention one or two cases in which he has erred through ignorance of quite elementary points of Norse grammar and idiom. When two Norse substantives are combined to form a place name, the former of them appears either in the genitive or in the "crude-form;" never in the nominative. The name of Enderby (in Domesday Book Endrebi) cannot, therefore, be explained as end-farm," the Old-Norse equivalent of which would be endi-bær or enda-bær, and not, as Mr. Streatfeild gives it,

integrity, and sound judgment. In many
respects Elphinstone was ahead of his times
by the space of at least two generations.
When Governor of Bombay (1819-27) he
codified the criminal law of his Presidency,
and attempted the more difficult task of
making a civil code. A Liberal in politics as
in religion, he warmly espoused the cause of
native education, and even singled out the
bright spot in the "cant, affectation, and
imposture" of the nascent Bengali press.
"Even to use this sort of language without
understanding it," he wrote with gentle
cynicism, "is a wonderful advance, and from
admiring the sound people must come to relish
the sense. ""
On the higher education generally
he remarks that it will be difficult to make
adequate provision until you can hold out
high employment as an incentive to the His letters to Erskine, who was meditating
students. "Nor can this obstacle be re- a monograph on the Mughal period of the
moved until, by the very improvements which same history, contain sound and sympathetic
we are now planning, they [the natives] advice. Nor was his counsel neglected by
shall be rendered more capable of under- greater personages or on more emergent occa-
taking public duties." With regard to pri- sions. In his rural retreat at Hookwood he
mary education, he insisted it was the duty came to be regarded as a sort of oracle on
of Government to provide it; and he quoted Eastern politics, consulted by British states-endir-bær.
Adam Smith in support of the thesis that it men with a confidence only exceeded by that
was one of the necessary charges of the State, of those venerating visitors who sought his
along with the defence of the country and the advice before proceeding to the scene of his
administration of justice." Of the employ- old exploits. On the Afghan war his remarks
ment of the natives, he further observes (after are most weighty. The biographer asserts that,
showing what ought to be done for their pre- in some respects at least, the foreign policy of
paration) that a time would come when they the Indian Empire has been affected by a
could be profitably employed as collectors and knowledge of his views. It is, however,
judges; it might not he further thought-greatly to be feared that in certain parts of the
"be too visionary to suppose a period when,
the Europeans retaining the government and
military power, the natives filled most of the
civil stations and many of the subordinate
employments in the army."

Bishop Heber, who visited Bombay while Elphinstone was nourishing these wise and wide ideals, speaks of him at that time when a little over forty years of age-as "possessing great activity of body and mind, remarkable talent for, and application to, public business; a love of literature, and a degree of almost universal information, such as I have never met with in a person so situated." And, altogether, "in every respect an extraordinary man." The biographer adds the testimony of his own experience to what Heber says about the devoutness apparent in Elphinstone's words and ways. He was seemingly, throughout life, a follower rather of Marcus Aurelius than of any particular religious sect or school; and this, in spite of the occasional fluctuations, to one side or the other, to which most serious minds must be liable in the course of an unusually protracted life.

recent treatment of Afghanistan those views
"The Afghans,'
were for a while forgotten.
he said, "were neutral, and would have
received your aid against intruders with grati-
tude; they will now be disaffected, and glad
to join an invader to drive you out." He was
evidently convinced, by his knowledge of the
country and its people, that the only form of
alliance they would welcome would be one
that took the form of money. May these
sentiments not be considered appropriate still?
H. G. KEENE.

Lincolnshire and the Danes.

By the Rev. G.
S. Streatfeild. (Kegan Paul, Trench, &
Co.)

THIS brightly written volume is an expansion
of three lectures delivered by the author some
years ago to his then parishioners, and treats
of the vestiges of the Danish occupation
which remain in the place-names and in the
dialect of Lincolnshire. Mr. Streatfeild may
be congratulated on having produced the most
readable and interesting of the many books
which have been written on the local nomen-
clature of particular English districts. With
regard to its scientific merit, also, the work
is far above the usual level of similar per-
formances. The author has made diligent
use of the records in which the ancient forms
Lincolnshire place-names are preserved,
and for their explanation he has gone to the
right sources of information-to the Icelandic
Dictionary and to the analogies of the local
nomenclature of Iceland and the Scandinavian
mainland. He has carefully studied the
writings of previous etymologists, and his
sound philological instinct often enables him
to correct the errors of writers like Mr.
Edmunds and Dr. Charnock, whom he is accus-

It is hardly wonderful that such a man should have been trusted and respected in no ordinary manner. The Elphinstone Institution at Bombay forms the appropriate local monument of his public career, which terminated in 1827, when he was only in his forty-of ninth year. He did not then allow himself to be hurried by any sentimental impulse, such as might tempt a common man to hasten to British shores after an absence of over thirty years. There is something impressive in his slow and observant progress through Greece and Italy, the lands of that literature which had cheered so many an hour of exile. On the Continent he made the acquaintance of

66

The inflectional r of the Norse nominative never occurs in an English place name, the reason being that the nominative is the case in which local names were least frequently used. Mr. Streatfeild is consequently in error when he finds the Scandinavian word bar in the Wessex names Rockbear, Houndbear, &c., which are probably to be compared with the well-known Den-bæra of the Anglo-Saxon charters. Manorbeer, in Pembrokeshire, is not "the Old-Norse Mannabær." The true derivation (from the Welsh personal name Pir) was given by Giraldus seven centuries ago. As a general rule, the Modern-English forms of Scandinavian place-names are derived from the dative case. The termination -um in these names is not "the Danish form of ham," but the ending of the dative plural, as in the well-known á Hólum ("at the knolls") in Iceland. Old-Norse personal names in i make their genitive in a, not in s, so that Rauceby (Domesday Rosbi) cannot be correctly derivel from Hrói, nor Walesby from Vali, nor Barnsdale from Bjarni. The combination « Útarrbi" for "outer farm," which Mr. Streatfeild invents to explain the name of Utterby, is grammatically impossible.

Mr. Streatfeild's interest in the Danes does not seem often to have led him into the mistake of treating Anglian names as Danish. Walkerith, however, which he explains as Valgarðsvior (Valgard's wood), is pretty clearly the Anglo-Saxon for "fullers' brook: and Denton certainly does not mean that the place was occupied by Danes. Mr. Streatfeild also fails to see that the personal name Calnod (in Calnodesbi, now Candlesby) is merely a Danicised form of the common Anglo-Saxon Ceolnos, and oddly supposes that the last syllable is a corruption of Knútr. A point of some philological interest, which Mr. Streatfeild has not mentioned, is the occurrence in English place-names of the Scandinavian suffixed article. There are several instances in Lancashire and Yorkshire; a Lincolnshire example is the name of Rasen (in Domesday, Rase and Resne), the etym ology of which is clearly á hreysinu, "at the cairn."

The chapter on the Lincolnshire dialect,