The passages selected for correlation with the study of Vergil are along literary, artistic and mythological lines.

Several unrelated passages are added, some of which are among the choicest in the Latin language. Also the Latin for sight translation in the last examination for entrance to several of the foremost universities is reprinted.

MODEL FOR SIGHT OR UNPREPARED TRANSLATION

To name suitable passages for sight translation without some hints for an approved method would be fatuous. The following is given as one of many honest attempts to solve the problem:

Caesar's De Bello Gallico, VII. 62, 1-6. Have the Latin read aloud, first slowly by the pupil, then more rapidly and with greater emphasis by the teacher.

Prima luce et nostri omnes transportati erant et hostium acies cernebatur. Labienus, milites cohortatus ut suae pristinae virtutis et tot secundissimorum proeliorum retinerent memoriam atque Caesarem ipsum, cuius ductu saepe numero hostes superassent, praesentem adesse existimarent, dat signum proelii.

Close books. Have a pupil repeat all the Latin words he can remember (it is surprising how much can be repeated in a short time). Let another give the English as far as he can recall it. Open books. If prima luce, is not at once recalled, turn to I. 22, 1. Translate that, then this, expression. Notice et... et. Meaning? See I. 25, 12, omnes is familiar. Tense and voice of transportati erant? Meaning from the English derivative? What is an army, marching, called? (agmen) an abundance of troops? (copiae) a band of trained men? (exercitus). What word in Latin means battle-line? Some one will see acies. A synonym of cernebatur is perspiciebatur. If the verb form is unrecognized, turn to the Grammatical Review, page 5, and trace

out the significance. Who will now translate the whole sentence? Labienus is the first word in the next sentence. Let us think of it as the subject. What limits Labienus? Cohortatus is perfect participle of what kind of a verb? Hence its meaning is active. What is its object? If meaning is not recalled, have translated at once II. 20, 5, 21; I. 21, 3. Encourages whom? Encourages the soldiers to do what? Encourages the soldiers to retain the memory of what? Pristinae? See I. 13, 13. Suae pristinae virtutis? et? tot? If not recalled, see III. 3, 5. What case is secundissimorum proeliorum? What does it limit? If proelium adversum I. 18, 29, means disaster, what will this mean? atque? A synonym of existimarent is putarent. Meaning? Caesarem ipsum? Adesse, ad and sum. Praesentem, prae and sum, hence "present." Adesse praesentem, at hand present, is not good English, present in person. What is the antecedent of cuius? Ductu is ablative of an abstract noun from the verb duco. Meaning? Superassent is contracted from superavissent, see I. 40, 25. What case is hostes? In English a mb often occurs for a Latin m. Meaning for numero? Saepe numero, often in number; hence "often times." Dat signum proelii. He gives the signal for what? Who gives the signal? What is the subject of dat? Of what then is Labienus subject? Have a pupil translate the whole sentence; then the teacher repeat it in better English. The above does not include the necessary grammatical drill.

In leading the pupils to think in Latin, the aim should be to use as large units as possible, not individual words but a phrase, and as soon as possible, a clause.

Encourage the pupils to see and picture for themselves the scene. Many times the meaning of an expression can be inferred from the situation even if the individual words are new.

GROUPS OF RELATED WORDS

Rogāre, ōrāre, obsecrare, implōrare, precārī, petere, supplicare.

rogare (yearn to), to request.

ōrāre (ōs), to speak, to request in a formal way.

obsecrare, to adjure by all that is holy.

implōrāre, to beseech one (with tears) when in need.
supplicare (bending the knees), to meekly beseech.
precari, to call beseechingly upon one, to pray.
petere, to grasp at.

Incipere, inchoare, ordiri, exordiri, coepisse, initium facere. incipere (opposite to dēsinere), inceptum bellum deponere.

inchoare (opposite to absolvere), begin, opus inchoatum absolvere. ordiri, exordiri, e. g. sermonem.

coepisse, to begin a transaction.
initium facere, to get a start.

Initium, principium, exordium.

initium, the starting point.

principium, beginning thought of, as a foundation.

exordium, beginning of a speech.

Obsidēre, oppūgnāre, expūgnāre, dīmicāre.

obsidere (to sit before something), besiege.

oppugnare, to try to take by assault.

expugnare, to take by assault.

dīmicāre, to fight with that which reflects light.

pūgnāre, to fight (with a thrusting thing).

Iubēre, imperāre, ēdicere, mandare, praecipere.

lubēre (iūs) habere), to command in general, followed by infinitive.

imperāre, to command with the authority of a higher position, ut and

subjunctive.

ēdicere, to publish an ordinance.

mandăre, to commit to one's charge.

praecipere, to enjoin by right of authority, as a teacher.

Idōneus, aptus, opportūnus, commodus, ūtilis. idoneus, by nature useful for some purpose. aptus, adapted by art or practice.

opportūnus, seasonable.

commodus, convenient.

utilis, suitable.

Fierī, accidere, contingere, ēvenīre, ūsū venire.

fieri, to happen in general, to be done.

accidere, of causal relation, general unlucky.

contingere, obtingere, to happen, fortunate occurrences.
ēvenire, to turn out (as one had expected).

ūsu venire, to happen in the course of one's experiences.

Impedire, prohibēre, implicāre, irretire, illaqueāre. impedire, to hem in (to entangle the foot). prohibere, to keep one distant (pro habere).

implicāre, to fold into, to entangle.

irretire, to catch in a net.

illaqueare, to take in a snare.

Incolere, habitāre, commorārī.

incolere, to inhabit, as a body of people.

habitare, to dwell in, as individuals.

commorārī, to sojourn.

Interrogare, rogāre, quaerere, percontāri, scīscitāri.
interrogāre, to ask a question to which one must reply.
rogāre, to ask an important question, official.
quaerere, to seek to discover by questioning.

percontāri, to make a thorough investigation of.

sciscitārī, to inform oneself by repeated questions.

Carēre, vacāre, indigēre, egēre.

carēre, not to have, either good, or bad.

vacāre, to be free from a troublesome thing.

indigēre, to feel the sense of need and to long for.

egere, to suffer the lack of something.

Iūsiūrandum, sacramentum.

iūsiūrandum, civil oath.

sacramentum, oath of allegiance (as of soldiers).

Promittere, pollicēri, recipere.

prōmittere, to assure, to put in expectation.

pollicēri, to pledge one's self.

recipere, to pledge one's self to an assigned task.

Aliquis, quidam.

aliquis, some one or other.

quidam, a certain person, whose name is unknown or must not be

given.

Tribūtum, vectigal.

tribūtum, direct tax.

vectigal, indirect tax.

Fēmina, mulier, mātrōna, domina.

fēmina (fe), every female creature.

mulier (opposite to vir), the mature woman.

uxor, coniux, wife.

mātrōna, a matron of high position.

domina (pertaining to domus), mistress of a family.