a SCYROS, the feat of Lycomedes, with whom Achilles lived in d guife when he was discovered by Ulyffes, Strab. ix. 436.

At the foot of mount Othrys, the abode of the Centaurs, Virg. Æn. vii. 675. and LAPITHE, Plin. iv. 8. f. 15. stood ALOS o Halos, washed by the river Amphryfus, which ran through the Crocian plain into the weft fide of the Pagafan gulph, Strab. ix. 435. Along this river Apollo ufed to feed the flock of Admetus, whence he is called Paftor ab Amphryfe, the Amphryfan fhepherd, Virg. G. iii. 2. Near its mouth was THEBÆ, Phthie or Phthiotica, Liv. xxviii. 7. xxxix. 25. an hundred fadia from Alos, Strab. ix. 433. to which Lucan afcribes the fabulous events which are said to have happened at Thebes in Boeotia, vi. 356.-South of it was PHYLACE, the city of Protefilaus, who was the firft of the Greeks that Janded on the Trojan coaft, and was flain, Ib. 352.; Strab, ix. 433. At no great distance from Phylace were Pteleum

v. -ees, and Antron, Ib. alfo DORION †.

The chief towns on the Peneus were, GONNUS, Liv. xlii. 54. or GONNI, in the very entrance to the defile of Tempe, Liv. xxxvi. 10.; above it, Gyrton and Phalanna, Liv. xxxvi, 10.; xlii. 54. About twenty miles above Gonni stood LARISSA, the chief city in thofe parts, Ib. & 31. 46. Ten miles above it, ATRAX, Liu. xxxii. 15. Towards the fprings of the Peneus, and near the foot of mount Pindus, whence that river flows, flood GOMPHI, the frontier town of Theffaly, on the fide of Epirus, Caf. civ. b. iii. 8o. which Cæfar took and plundered, bell. civ. iii. 80. Eaft from it were theme, Tricca, Metropolis, and Perinna, Strab. ix. 437.

Adjoining to Lariffa was a plain of furprising fertility, (Lariffe campus opima,) Horat. od. i. 7. 11. except in the low grounds near the lake NESONIS, Strab. ix. 440. This plain was called CAMPUS PELASCIOTIS, from the Pelafgi who inhabited it, Ib. 443. extending one hundred and fixty ftadia to Phera, Pelion, and Offa, Ib. 436.

South from Lariffa was PHARSALUS, on the river Enipeus, which joined the Apidanus, Lucan. vi. 273.; Strab. ix. 432. where Cæfar defeated Pompey in a memorable battle in the

Flumine puro

Irrigat Amphylos famulantis pafcua Phabi. Lucan. v. 367.

Here THAMYR!S v. -us, (πpure d'Expers Epäv appesœr,) a famous mufician, is faid to have challenged the mufes, and being defeated by them, to have been deprived of hs fight and mufical powers, Apollodor. iii. 3. 3.; Homer. Il ii. 594. v. 599.; Diodor. iii. 66.; Ovid. Am. iii. 7. 62,; Ärt. Ám. iii. 399.; Lucan. v. 352.; but Paufanias fays this happened at Daurium in Meffenia,

iv. 33.

plains of Pharfalia. Pompey fled to Lariffa, Cef. bell. civ. iii. 96. Pharfalia is fometimes confounded by the poets with Philippi, a city on the confines of Thrace, where Anthony and Auguftus defeated Brutus and Caffius, Ovid. Met. xv. 823.; Virg. G. i. 489.; Lucan. i. 680. 694. vi. 582. vii. 591. 872. ix. 271. Juvenal. viii. 242.

North of Pharsalus was SCOTUSSA, Liv. xxxvi. 14. near which were rifing grounds called Cynofcephale, (xuvos xegarai, i. e. canis capita,) Liv. xxxiii. 6. & 7. where Philip, king of Macedonia, was defeated by Quinctius Flaminius, the Roman conful, Ib. 10.; Strab. ix. 441.

There were many other places in Theffaly which are mentioned by Livy, Strabo, Pliny, &c. Cranon, Oleoffon, Phaftum, Phaleria, Cyretie, Limnaa, Eginium, Ericinum, Silana, Pharycadon, Cypara, Phacium; Azorum, Pythium, and Doliche, which laft three towns were called TRIPOLIS, Liv. xlii. 53. Erineum, Coronea, Eretria, Pröerna, Alon, Nelia, Ormenium, Casthanea, Glaphyra, Sycurium, &c.

Towards the confines of Macedonia was mount Piĕrus, facred to the mufes, Plin. iv. 8. f. 15. whence they are called PIERIDES, Virg. Ecl. iii. 85. vi. 13. viii. 63. ix. 33. x. 73.. and Chorus PIERIUS, Lucan. ad Pif. 232.; Martial. i. 77. 3. or Grex Pierius, Id. ix. 88. 3.

The women of Theffaly were remarkable for their skill in magic or forcery. By their charms or fpells, that is by repeating a fet form of words, and by the ufe of certain herbs, they pretended to perform the most incredible things +, to excite or appeafe tempefts, to recall the dead to life, or precipitate the living to the tomb; even to arreft the fun in his courfe, and

Studiis

Cicero fays the mufes were called Pieriles, because they were the daughters of Pièrus v. -ius, and Antiopa, Nat. D. iii. 21.; fo Ovid, Met. v. 302.; fing. Pieris, VOC. PIERI, Horat. od. iv. 3. 18. Pieridum facris imponere manum, to apply to poetry, Ovid. Trift. iv. 1. 23. Fieridum ftudio teneri, Id. Pont. ii. 5. 63. Pieridum lumen, præfidiumque fori, a distinguished poet and advocate, Ib. iv. 16. 42. Pieris pellere, Claudian. conful. Prob. et Olyb. 150. Gratia regum Pieriis tentata medis, the favour of kings fought or courted by poetry or verses, Horat. art. p. 404. The mufes are faid to refresh Auguftus in a cave on mount Piĕrus, because than emperor, when he had leifure, used to amufe himself with reading poetry, and fometimes compofing verfes, Horat. od. iii. 4. 40.; Suet. Aug. 84, 85. & 89.; Suet. Calabra Pierides, the poems of Ennius, who was born at Rudiæ in Calabria, Horat. od. iv. 8. 20. Novi Pieridum flares, poems newly compofed, Stat. Silv. ii. 1. 67. Pieria pellex, a girl, either born in Pieria, a part of Macedonia on the confines of Theffaly, near mount Pierus, or killed in mufic and poetry, b.iii. 10. 15. DIES PIERIT, time spent in retirement and ftudy, Stat. Silv. i. 3. 23.; fo Pierii receffus, Martial. vii. 62. 3.

Tiber. 21.

+ Hæmonidum, (i. e. Theffalarum fagarum,) quicquid non creditur, ars eft, Lucan. vi. 436.

to draw the moon down to the earth, Laert. viii. 59.; Plin. xxx. 1.; Virg. Ecl. viii. 69.; Horat. ep. od. xvii. 78.; Ovid. ep. vi. 85, &c.; Lucan. vi. 435.—ad fin.

The plains of Theffaly were very favourable for breeding horfes; hence the Theffalian cavalry were always diftinguifhed, Liv. ix. 19. xlii. 59. During the wars of the Romans with Philip, and his fon Perfeus, kings of Macedonia, and also with Antiochus king of Syria, Theffaly was dreadfully ravaged, Liv. xxxi. &c. So afterwards in the civil war between Cæfar and Pompey, Caf. b. civ. iii.; Lucan. vii. 847.

MACEDONIA.

THE limits of Macedonia were different at different times. It was divided into four parts by Paulus Æmilius, who makes it to extend from the mouth of the Peneus to the river Neffus, or Neflus in Thrace; including on the eaft the countries bordering on the Egean fea, and furrounding the Thermaic, Toronæan, Singitic, and Strymonic gulphs. But the boundaries on the other fides are not ascertained, Lid. xlv. 29. & 30.

The chief rivers which run into the Thermaic gulph are, the Enipeus, Aliacmon, which Cæfar makes the boundary from Theffaly, de bell. civ. iii. 36. Ludias, Axius, and Chidorus or Echedōrus, which laft is faid not to have been fufficient to fupply the army of Xerxes with water, Herodot. vii. 127.

The country from the mouth of the Peneus to the Ludias was called PIERIA; according to Strabo, it extended from the Haliacmon to the Axius, vii. 330.-The towns along the fea-coaft were Heracleum v. -ea, Phila, near the river Enipeus or Apilas, which flows from a valley of Mount Olympus, and five miles north of it, DIUM, Liv. xliv. 2. & 8.; Plin. iv. 10. f. 17.

North of the river Haliacmon ftood PYDNA, near which Paulus Æmilius defeated Perfeus, Liv. xliv. 42.; Vell. i. 9. and

Hence Thefala wenena, magic herbs or drugs, Horat. ed. I. 27. 21. Vox Theffala, for veces, charms or incantations, Id. epod. v. 45. ; Ep. i. 1. 34. Portenta Theffala, magic wonders, Id. art. p. 209. Mulier Thejala, a forceress; and fimply Theffala or Thessalis, -idis, Lucan. vi. 451. 565. 605. 762. Carmen Theffalidum, the form of words they used, H. 452.; to Sabella carmina et Marfa nænia, the charms ufed by the Sabine Marlic women, who were the most remarkable for forcery in Italy, Ilorat. epod. xvii. 28.

In performing their magic rites they fometimes were guilty of horrid crimes, putting to death children with the greatest cruelty, &c. Lucan. vi. 307. 556. &c. Horat. epod. v.

#3

where

where CASSANDER confined OLYMPIAS, the mother of Alexander the Great, and afterwards put her to death, Diodor. xix. 49. Juftin. xiv. 6.-North of this was METHONE, at the fiege of which Philip loft his right eye, Diodor. xvi. 34. and ALORUS.

The country north of Pieria, and along the Axius was called PEONIA or EMATHIA, Liv. xl. 3. xlv. 29.; Justin. vii. 1.Its chief towns were PELLA, the birth-place of Philip, who greatly enlarged it, Strab. vii. 330. xvi. 752. and of Alexander, Mal. ii. 3. hence he is called Pellæus juvenės, Juvenal. x. 168. fituate on the river Ludias or Lydias, which is navigable in this place, one hundred and twenty ftadia. from the fea, Strab. fragm. vii. 330. a town of great frength, defcribed by Livy, xliv. 46. The country round it is called by Herodotus BOTTIEIS, -idis, vii. 123. Pella continued to be the capital of the kingdom, till it fell under the Romans, Liv. xxxvii. 7. xlii. 51. The refidence of the kings before Philip, and afterwards their burying place, Plin. iv. 10.5 Diodor. xix. 52. was EDESSA, called alfo Ege, Ege, or Egea, from a flock of goats, by following which Carǎnus, the first king of Macedonia, was led to take poffeffion of the place, Juftin. vii. 1. It lay weft of Pella.. South of Edeffa flood BEREA, at the foot of mount BERMIUS, Strab. ib. mentioned in the Acts of the Apofles, xvii.South of it CYRRHUS, the people called Cyrrhefte, and the country Cyr rheftis. Near this, Idomene and Gortynia, or Gordynia, Thucydid. ii. 100. t

That part of Pæonia which lies above the conflux of the rivers Axius and Erigon, or Erigōnus, was called Deuričpus, Liv. xxxix. 53. extending to mount Bora.

Near the mouth of the Axius and Chidōrus stood THER. MA, which gave name to the Thermaan or Thermaic gulph, (Sinus Thermaus, Thermaicus vel Macedonicus,) afterwards called THESSALONICA, by Caffander, in honour of his wife Theffalonica, the daughter of Philip, and greatly increased by Caffander, Strab. vii. 330. & 323. now SALONICHI, the chief town in that country; the place of Cicero's refidence

* During the fiege 6ne ASTER, a dexterous archer, came to offer Philip his service, and as a proof of his skill, told the king that he could hit a bird in its most rapid flight. Then fays Philip, I will employ you when I make war on the birds. After, provoked at this anfwer, joined the townfmen; and having one day fpied the king from the walls, fhot an arrow at him, with this infcription, To the right ye of Philip. The king ordered the arrow to be returned, with this infcription, Philip will bang After when be takes the town; and was as good as his word, Lucian. de conferib. hiftor. c. 38.; Juftin. vii. 6.

+ On the Axius ftood Amydon, which fent auxiliaries to the Trojans, Homer. Il. iy $49. mentioned by Juvenal, iii. 69.

Y 3

while

while in banishment, Cic. Planc. 41. To the Chriftians of this city the Apostle Paul wrote his two epiftles infcribed the Theffalonians.The country around the mouth of the Axius is called Amphaxitis, idis, Polyb. v. 97. That north of this river, MYGDONIA*, Plin. iv. 10. to which Thucydides joins Greflonia and Anthemus, ii. 99, & 100.; fo Herodotus, vii. 124.

The chief towns on the north-eaft fide of the Thermaic gulph were Ainea, faid to have been built by Eneas, Liv. xl. 4. fifteen miles from Theffalonica, Id. xliv. 10. Herodotus mentions Simila, Campfa, Gigānus, Life, Combrèa, Lipaxus, vii. 123. The chief towns in later times were ANTIGONIA, Liv. xliv. 10. and POTIDÆA, afterwards called CASSANDRIA, Ib. 11.; Plin. ii. 58. iv. 10. founded by a colony from Corinth, Thucyd. i. 56. This town having revolted from the Athenians on account of ill treatment, and being befieged by them, gave the first oftenfible reafon for the beginning of the Peloponnefian wart, Ib. 66. &c.

The country between the Thermaic or Macedonian and Toronaic gulphs was called PALLENE, (ager Pallenenfis, Liv. xliv. 11.) from a town of the fame name, Plin. ib. anciently PHLEGRA, Herodot. vii. 23. supposed to be the country of the giants, Strab. vii. 330. where they fought with the gods, Propert. iii.

9.47.

On the top of the Toronæan gulph ftood OLYNTHUS,' the largest city in that part of the country, Diodor. xvi. 53. oppofite to Potidea, only fixty ftadia diftant, and visible from it, Thucyd. i. 63. The isthmus between them used sometimes to be fortified with a wall, Ib. 64. Olynthus was long either fubject to Athens or in alliance with it. Being taken through treachery by Philip; whence he is called callidus emptor OLYN THI, Juvenal. xii. 47.; it was deftroyed, and the inhabitants reduced to fervitude, Diodor. xvi. 63.; Justin. viii. 3.; Strab, ii. 121. This gave occafion to the fatal war between the Athenians and that prince, Ib.

At some distance from Olynthus ftood TORONE, which gave name to the gulph. This town was called Torone CHALCIDICE,

The Mygdones are faid to have emigrated from Macedonia and Thrace to Phrygia, or a country adjoining to it in Afia Minor, Strab vii. 295. x. 575. xii. 564. whence Mygdonia opes, the wealth of Phrygia, or of Mygdonia, a part of Phrygia, Horat. ed. ii. 32. 22. So Mygdonii campi, the plains of Phrygia, Id. iii. 16. 41. Mygdonium marmor, Ovid. ep. xv. 142. From the fame people, that part of Mefopotamia where Nisibis flood was called Mydonia, Strab. xi. 527. xvi. 747

It held out above two years, and did not fubmit till reduced to the greatest ex emity; fome even fed on human flesh, Thucydid. ij. 70.

Thucyd