(SPECIMEN PAGE.) The Old Testament. 29 67 Eahakkore (Spring of the crier), where God provided Samson with water from the jawbone of an ass. Gilgal (Rolling), where Joshua circumcised the second time the children of Israel. And the Lord said unto Joshua, This day have I rolled away the re- Helkath-Nazzarim (The field of the strong men), where twelve men of Judah encountered twelve men of Benjamin, and none of either party survived. This event was the prelude to a battle in which Joab and the men of Judah defeated Abner. Jehovah-jireh (God will provide), the scene of Abraham's meditated sacrifice of Isaac. 'My son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt-offering.' Jehovah-nissi (Jehovah my banner), an altar built by Moses to commemorate the defeat of the Amalekites by Joshua at Rephidim. Jehovah-shalom (Jehovah is peace), an altar built by Gideon when he received the divine call in Ophrah. 'And the Lord said unto him, Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou shalt not die.' Mahanaim (Two hosts), where Jacob met a host of angels on his return from Padan-aram. 'And when Jacob saw them, he said, This is God's host; and he called the name of that place Mahanaim.' Peniel or Penuel (The face of God), where Jacob wrestled with an angel. 'And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel; for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved.' Perez-Uzzah (The disaster of Uzzah), where Uzzah was struck dead on touching the ark of God which David was removing to Jerusalem. Many halting-places of the Israelites had names conferred on them by Moses to commemorate particular events such were Marah bitter, Massah temptation, Meribah strife, Taberah burning, Kibroth Hattaavah graves of lust, Hormah utter destruction. 30 16 (SPECIMEN PAGE.) Questions and Exercises 2. How comes it that a country can support in comfort a population many times larger than it could formerly support in comparative discomfort? and how does the fact affect the alleged 'tendency' of population to outrun the means of subsistence? Explain carefully the ambiguity attaching to the word 'tendency' as here employed. The word 'tendency' in the phrase 'tendency towards a certain result' may signify I. 'The existence of a cause which, if operating unimpeded, would produce that result' (e.g. in this sense a man has a greater ' tendency' to fall prostrate than to stand erect). 2. 'The existence of such a state of things that that result may be expected to take place.' (In this sense man has a greater tendency to stand erect than to fall prostrate.) In sense 1, Population has a 'tendency' to increase beyond subsistence; i.e. There are in man propensities which, if unrestrained, lead to this result. In sense 2, Subsistence has (in the progress of society) a 'tendency' to increase at a greater rate than population, or, at least, with a continually diminishing inferiority.-See Whately, Lectures on Political Economy, ix. 248-250. 3. Cheap labour makes cheap food; cheap food stimulates population; the increase of population makes labour still cheaper-where are we to stop? F. 174. M. ii. 15. 7. 4. What would be the general results in the following cases : (1) Capital and population remain stationary, and a sudden improvement takes place in the arts of production? (2) Population rapidly increases while capital and the arts of production remain stationary? (1) M. iv. 3. 4. (2) M. iv. 3. I. (SPECIMEN PAGE. 31 B.C. 220] OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR. 3 endeared himself both to the soldiers and the general, and, on Hasdrubal's death, was unanimously elected to the chief command.1 4. Hannibal's character. Fearless, yet prudent in danger; powerful in body and active in mind; careful of his soldiers, and strict in discipline, Hannibal possessed all the qualities of a great commander. He was moderate, nay abstemious in his bodily habits, modest in dress, and only conspicuous for his arms and horses. By sharing every danger with the meanest soldier, he endeared himself to his men: and he was always the first to enter the fight, and the last to leave it. Livy is rather liberal to him on the score of vices here they are inhumana crudelitas, perfidia plus quam Punica,2 nihil veri, nihil sancti, nullus deûm metus, nullum jusjurandum, nulla religio-no conscience at all. 5. WAR BEGINS IN SPAIN, B.C. 220.— Hannibal, with a view of causing the Romans to take up arms, determines to attack the Saguntines- people by treaty3 independent both of 1 Prærogativam militarem.] The tribe which voted first in a Roman election was called prærogativa (præ and rogo) and it generally carried the votes of the tribes which fol lowed it; for it was chosen by lot, and the lot was supposed to be under the especial care of the gods. On the whole subject of Comitia, vide Dictionary of Antiquities, s. V. 2 Punica fides.] A proverbial expression among the Romans for bad faith.' They were not much better than the Carthaginians themselves. With regard also to the charge of cruelty, Livy does not bring forward throughout his book a sufficient number of instances to justify it: and though Hannibal is charged in the same way by other historians, it is very doubtful if their accounts are authentic. Livy does not call the treacherous massacre of 2,000 Capuans by Marcellus cruel! 3 For an account of this treaty, see p. 9, note. B 2 32 29. Honours of 44 (SPECIMEN PAGE.) SYNOPSIS OF THE ANNALS OF [BOOK III. 'e cetero senatu '-to remedy the existing anomalies in the law; and this commission was 'modicum in præsens levamentum.'] Nero, one of the sons of Germanicus, now Nero, son of entering on manhood, was commended to the Germanicus. Senate by Tiberius; who obtained for him relief from the vigintiviratus,' and that he should be a candidate for the prætorship five years before the legal period: 'non sine irrisu audientium.' 'Additur Pontificatus.' He was soon after married to Julia, daughter of Drusus, an event which gave as much joy as the engagement of Sejanus' daughter to the son of Claudius did displeasure. Sallustius 30. L. Volusius and C. Sallustius Crispus died at the end of the year. The first, of an old family, but never hitherto præturam egressa,' had lent honour to it by having been Consul and one of the Triumvirate legendis equitum decuriis.'2 The second, a grand-nephew of the historian, by whom he had been adopted, was of an equestrian family; and though well able to have attained the highest honours, had preferred to imitate Mæcenas, and 'sine dignitate Senatoriâ multos triumphalium consulariumque potentia anteire.' He was a man of great ability, and after the death A.D. 21. of Mæcenas was 'præcipuus cui secreta impera31. torum inniterentur,'-e.g. he was 'interficiendi Corbulo and Postumi Agrippa conscius.' Sulla. 6 Tiberius IV. Drusus II. Consuls, patrisque atque filii collegio annus insignis.' Tiberius retreated to Campania.3 Drusus found an opportunity of gaining popularity by composing the quarrel between Domitius Corbulo, præturâ 1 The Vigintiviratus was a kind of Police-board, which had charge of the mint, of the mending of streets, of crimes ending in mortal violence, &c. 2 This power, recognoscendi turmas equitum, was transferred by Augustus to a Triumviratus. Tacitus says 'Longam et_continuam absentiam paulatim meditans, sive ut amoto patre Drusus munia consulatûs solus impleret.' CHAP. IX. ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS. 53 and the other less, erroneous: and, therefore, since to hit exactly on the mean is difficult, one must take the least of the evils as the safest plan; and this a man will be doing if he follows this method. us. 1 We ought also to take into consideration our own natural bias; which varies in each man's case and will be ascertained from the pleasure and pain arising in Furthermore, we should force ourselves off in the contrary direction, because we shall find ourselves in the mean after we have removed ourselves far from the wrong side, exactly as men do in straightening bent timber.2 But in all cases we must guard most carefully against what is pleasant, and pleasure itself because we are not impartial judges of it. We ought to feel in fact towards pleasure as did the old counsellors towards Helen, and in all cases pronounce a similar sentence: for so by sending it away from us we shall err the less.3 Well, to speak very briefly, these are the precautions by adopting which we shall be best able to attain the mean. I'▲eútepos πλoûs is a proverb,' says the Scholiast on the Phædo, 'used of those who do any thing safely and cautiously, inasmuch as they who have miscarried in their first voyage, set about their preparations for the second cautiously;' and he then alludes to this passage. 2 That is, you must allow for the recoil. "Naturam expellas furca tamen usque recurret.' This illustration sets in so clear a light the doctrines entertained respectively by Aristotle, Eudoxus, and the Stoics, regarding pleasure, that it is worth while to go into it fully. The reference is to Iliad iii. 154-160. The old counsellors, as Helen comes upon the city wall, acknowledge her surpassing beauty, and have no difficulty in understanding how both nations should have incurred such suffering for her sake: still, fair as she is, home she must go that she bring not ruin on themselves and their posterity. This exactly represents Aristotle's relation to Pleasure: he does not, with Eudoxus and his followers, exalt it into the Summum Bonum (as Paris would risk all for Helen), nor does he with the Stoics call it wholly evil (as Hector might have said that the woes Helen had caused had banished all the beauty from her cheek '), but, with the aged counsellors, admits its charms, but aware of their dangerousness resolves to deny himself; he 'Feels her sweetness, yet defies her thrall.' Natural bias to be account. taken into And especially the universal bias towards pleasure. |