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48. aequora tuta] 'the safe waters,' i.e. where there were no rocks nor need of steering round.

49. ossibus] 'in the marrow of his bones,' we should say 'heart,' but the marrow was regarded as the seat of heat and therefore of strong feeling. juveni possessive dat.

52. gubernaclo subit] 'succeeds him at the helm.' rector and magister do not differ, both meaning 'steerer.' But Vergil is describing two functions of a steerer, i.e. steering and cheering on the rowers, cp. verse 65.

56. fluens] 'dripping.'

58. labentem] 'as he was falling in.'

63. And yet he is not leading by the whole galley's length.' L.L.

64. parte prior] 'he no qualifying numeral =

is half a length a-head.' Pars with 'moiety,' 'a half.' Other fractions must be expressed by a numeral, e.g. tertia, quarta, pars. partem premit, &c. The other half the emulous Pristis

overlaps with its beak.'

65. media nave incedens] does not mean 'pacing the deck,' as L. L. translate, but 'walking up the middle of the ship' in the space between the two rows of oarsmen; the seats not going right across the ship, but having an open space between those on the bow and stroke sides.

67. Projae sorte suprema] 'in Troy's last hour.'

69. Gaetulis Syrtibus] vid. 21, 10.

70. Malea] Cape Matapan, round which the sea was especially dangerous. sequacibus undis in the swift running waves. I think this is the meaning of sequacibus, derived from the idea of wave following wave, rather than that preferred by C. and K., ' pursuing,' i.e. the ship.

71. prima] sc. praemia the first prize,' và πрWтełα.

72-73. quamquam o!] And yet oh (if I might);-but let them conquer whom Neptune chooses.' He half utters a wish for the first prize, and stops short as seeing that it is impossible. hoc vincite gain this point at least.' hoc 'thus much.' nefas 'disgrace.'

75-76. ictibus] 'strokes of the oars.' solum the 'surface' of the water. subtrahitur the boat glides so swiftly that the water seems to be slipping from under her. creber anhelitus 'rapid panting breath.'

78. ipse casus] 'a mere accident.'

79-80. furens animi] Cp. 20, 28. L.P. § 136. spatio... iniquo 'the dangerous water,' i.e. too near the rock (interior).

82-83. acuto in murice] on the sharp jagged rock, murex 'a shell-fish' is here used for a rock resembling one in its roughness, or perhaps really of a shell-formation. obnixi cp. 15, 15. pependit 'has run high and dry.'

84. morantur] 'cease rowing;' not 'back water,' for they had risen from their seats, and the blades of the oars were aground.

88. agmine remorum celeri] 'with swift sweep of oars,' agmen = 'the oars in motion' just as when applied to troops it is the troop in motion,' i.e. on the march. The invocation of the winds does not imply that he was using sails also. 'that bear him the way he wishes to go.' The water is prona as regards the ship as taking it on its way, it cannot be said to 'slope' or 'shelve,' absolutely.

91. stone.'

prona

latebroso in pumice] 'in the cavernous porous

92-93. exterrita tecto] 'frightened from her covert.' aere quieto in the air far from the noise that startled her.

95. Describing the flight of the pigeon when it seems to float with outstretched wings unmoving. radit 'skims.'

96.

sic impetus...volantem] 'thus does the mere way of the boat sweep it along as though flying.'

99. discentem] 'doing his best.'

101-102. consequitur] 'follows close.' Supr. 30. adit, sc. the Chimaera. jamque ipso in fine 'and now too just at the winning post.'

103. urget] 'presses hard.'

104-105. sequentem instigant studiis] 'they cheer on he pursuer by their eager encouragement.' Supr. 25.

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45

106-108. hi...hos] i.e. the losing crew'...the 'winning crew. videntur sc. sibi, 'they think.'

110-111. ponto 'towards the sea.' palmas utrasque poet. for palmam utramque. in vota 'to listen to his vows. Cp. 23.

112. quorum aequora curro] 'whose seas I am coursing over.' The accus. after the intransitive verb curro must be considered partly as an accus. of extension, partly as one of cognate signification, as aequora here means much the same as cursum in aequore. Cp. Aen. 3, 191, vastumque cava trade currimus aequor.

113. voti reus] 'if I become responsible for my vow,' i.c. if my prayer be answered. reus more often means 'guilty,' or 'accused of,' but may take the gen. of anything for which the person is responsible; L. P. § 133.

118. Portunus] a Roman sea-god identified with the Greek Palaemon, C. The title pater is applied to all gods in solemn prayers.

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XXXIII.

[Aeneas descends to Hades (as did Ulysses in the Odyssey), to consult the shade of his father as to the place in which the Fates destine him to found his new colony. Having evaded by a drugged cake the watchfulness of Cerberus he enters the gloomy portal. The first place is occupied by the spirits of children, the next by those of the unjustly condemned, the next by those of suicides, the next by those who have died of love.]

2. The infants are said to be placed by Vergil at the entrance [in limine primo] in allusion to the Roman custom of burying infants under the eaves of houses.

3. vitae exsortes] 'that had had no share of the sweetness of life.'

4. mortis] genitive after damnati; L.P. § 133, 3.

6-7. nec vero hae] 'not that even these places are assigned without due allotment, or without a judge.' The lines

mean generally that all the forms of a judicial trial are gone through, although the details cannot be pressed. The sine sorte seems to refer to the drawing of lots for the jury, and the urnam movet to the same. quaesitor is the president of a quaestio in Roman law, originally a commission appointed for the investigation of a particular crime, and afterwards a regular court (quaestio perpetua), presided over by the Praetor or some especially appointed quæsitor.

7-8. concilium silentum] 'the conclave of the dead.' [It is not certain whether concilium ought not to be consilium i.e. the jury.]

9-10. Suicide in a Roman's eyes was no crime in itself. These are the spirits of those who have thrown away their lives without any crime of their own to induce the act, and therefore are worthy neither of reward or punishment, as not having shown what their life would have been if completed, quam vellent how ready had they been!' i.e. if it were now any use wishing.

13. fas] the law of heaven,' cp. 7, 11.

14. Styx interfusa] cp. 20, 17.

16. crudeli tabe peredit] has consumed with its blighting canker,' [' pining pain,' L. L.].

6

18-19. As in life so in death the solitude. Myrtle' is sacred to Venus. pains.'

pining lovers court curae 'their lovers'

XXXIV.

[Anchises tells his son Aeneas of the heroes who are to be famous in Alba and Latium, and then in the Rome which his descendant Romulus is to found. To appreciate this prophecy it would be well to read Lord Macaulay's imitation of it in the Prophecy of Capys. The names are not confined to the descendants of Aeneas, but belong to the whole Latin and Roman name.]

3. nostrum...ituras] are destined to share in our nation.' nomen is used as equivalent to a nation, as in the phrases nomen Latinum, nomen Romanum and the like.

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5-8. pura qui nititur hasta] 'who is leaning on his pointless spear. The hasta pura was a technical term for the headless spear (sine ferro) given, as some say, to a young soldier after his first success, or, as others, to a general celebrating a triumph. It seems here used as a symbol of peace. postuma proles 'your latest born;' not, as the context shows, posthumous.' Silvius succeeded Ascanius as king of Alba. Italo commixtus sanguine 'with a mixture of Italian blood,' because he was the son of Aeneas' Italian wife Lavinia.

9-10 educet] 'shall bring forth.' According to other legends Silvius is son of Ascanius.

11., unde] from whom, i.e. as descendants of Silvius.

12-15. The kings of Alba in chronological order, but only five out of a list of thirteen as given by Ovid who omits Aeneas Silvius. Si unquam if he ever do obtain the royalty of Alba,' referring to the legend of his having been long kept out of his kingdom by his guardian.

16.

qui juvenes] 'what goodly princes these!'

17. civili quercu] 'the oaken garland' presented for the preservation of the life of a citizen.

18-20. Some of the names of the Latin towns (Vetus Latium) which made up the Nomen Latinum, and whose connection with Alba was long maintained by their joining in common worship in the temple of Jupiter Latiaris on the mountain above Alba [Monte Cavo]. imeonent montibus refers to all the towns, which as noted of the Etruscan towns [11, 21] were usually built on various hills in Latium.

Collatia] gave its name to one of the Tarquins. Gabii was captured by Tarquinius Superbus. [From it came the term cinctus Gabinus, cp. 35, 12; see Con. on Aen. 7, 106]. Castrum Inui near Ardea in the country of the Rutuli. Inuus a Latin deity answering to Pan, cp. Liv. 1, 5, Lycaeum Pana venerantes • quem Romani deinde vocaverunt Inuum. Fidena Castel Giubile five miles from Rome, destroyed B. C. 438. Pometii called also Suessa Pometia captured by Tarquinius Superbus.

21. nomina 'well-known names,' i.e. names of wellknown places.