appearance of the fleet as seen from land standing out to sea together and keeping line with each other, or perhaps to the sails being all filled equally by the favourable wind.

6-7. pectus decorum...flaventes comas] acc. of respect, L.P. § 100. pro! an interjection 'forbid it!' L. P. § 86.

8. illuserit advena] 'shall this man, foreigner as he is, have poured contempt upon our realm?'

9-10. These futures are equivalent to imperatives, 'Let some get ready their arms,' etc. sequentur 'pursue him.' 13. nunc] 'only now' when it is too late.

14. en] an exclamation of indignant horror, as in 1, 26. dextra 'the right hand' as used in pledging troth.

15. quem] 'the pious man whom they say,' etc.

19. patriisque epulandum, etc.] Referring to the horrid feasts of Atreus and of Procne.

20. verum] 'but, it will be said, he might have beaten you.' fuerat for fuisset, cp. 24, 34. L. P. Append. p. 164. 21-22. foros] 'decks.' implessem...extinxem for im 38 plevissom and extinxissem.

23. super...dedissem] 'I might have thrown myself on the top of the burning pile.'

24. Sol] She appeals to the sun as the universal witness of all that is done in the world. Cp. Hom. Il. 3, 277, 'Héλiós O' ὃς παντ ̓ ἐφορᾶς καὶ πάντ ̓ ἐπακούεις.

25. Juno] presides over marriages (harum curarum).

ulu

26. Hecate] the infernal Diana, as presiding over crossways (triviae) was called Trivia. She is the patroness of witches and of all those who like them invoke curses on others lata 'greeted with howls,' an intransitive verb with a passive participle; so we have used bacchatus, vigilatas noctes, regnatus, clamatus, etc. nocturnis triviis, at the crossways by night.'

27. Elissae] another name of Dido. Elissa is said to be a Latinised form of the feminine of the Hebrew 'El,' 'God,' and means 'goddess.'

28. numen] 'divine regard,' here with the meaning of anger and vengeance. meritum, 'richly deserved.' malis

(dat. after advertite) 'on these evil ones,' or 'on my misfortunes,'

K.

31.

terminus] 'fixed decree,' lit. 'boundary.'

33. finibus extorris] 'driven from the land.' extorris (ex-terra) 'exiled.' finibus abl. of separation, L.P. § 123. 35. iniquae] 'unfavourable to him.'

37. All these imprecations are in a sense fulfilled; one legend states that Aeneas after three years reign was killed in battle, and his body carried down by the river Numicius and so never buried.

39-41. Alluding prophetically to continual hostility between the descendants of the Trojans, the Romans, and Carthage. Tyrii 'Carthaginians,' as colonists from Tyre.

42-44. aliquis] is vocative, 'Arise, some one, from our bones, to avenge our wrongs, to pursue,' etc. The Roman reader would think of Hannibal. colonos i.e. the Trojan settlers in Italy. qui sequare 'to follow'; L.P. Append. p. 166, cp. 2, 27, &c. nunc olim, 'now or hereafter.' quocunque...vires, 'whenever they shall have the strength,' lit. whenever strength shall present itself to them.' Vergil is thinking of various outbreaks of war between Rome and Carthage which happened as soon as Carthage recovered her forces after a previous war.

45. undas] sc. contrarias.

46. ipsique nepotesque] i.e. both the present and future generations.

39

XXXI.

[The shame that Dido feels at her favours to Aeneas and his contemptuous desertion of her, can only she thinks be remedied by her death; she therefore orders a funeral pile to be prepared, mounts it and stabs herself. Suicide, according to Roman ideas, was at once the most obvious and the most honourable way of escaping from unmanageable troubles. Vergil has also the death of Cleopatra in his mind.]

1. coeptis immanibus effera] 'in wild excitement at her stern purpose, i.e. suicide.

2-3. maculis interfusa genas] 'with hectic spots in her cheeks,' i.e. she is pale with red spots in her cheeks telling of her excitement. genas, acc. of respect; L.P. § 100.

4. interiora domus limina] The funeral pile is made in the atrium of her palace. Dido has been on a watch-tower, and now descends and enters the palace.

5-6. rogos] plur. for sing. furibunda 'with the hurry of madness.' non hos...usus not asked for such a use as this.' The sword was that of Aeneas, here supposed to have been asked as a present by Dido, though in Aen. 5, 507, it is called ensis relictus as though left behind accidentally. The point of Dido's killing herself with the sword of Aeneas is the main one; Ovid caught it from Vergil, [Ep. 7, 195]

Praebuit Aeneas et causam mortis et ensem.
Ipsa sua Dido concidit usa manu.

7-8 notum cubile] sc. 'her bridal bed.' mente 'in thought.'

10. exuviae] ornaments,' properly 'spoils' stripped off [exuo]. dum refers to dulcis 'dear while the fates and God allowed.'

12. vixi] 'I have lived my life.' The perfect of vivo often stands for that of morior. Thus when the Catiline conspirators had been strangled Cicero proclaimed the fact by the word vixerunt, they are dead.'

13. mei imago] 'my shade' or 'ghost.'

15. ulta virum...recepi]' I have avenged my husband and punished my brother.' Dido's husband Sychaeus had been killed by her brother Pygmalion. The only punishment she can be said to have exacted from her brother is that of carrying off his gold and his subjects, portantur avari Pygmalionis opes pelago. [A. 1, 364]. This apparent inconsistency and the somewhat unusual use of recepi has caused some to suggest Poenos for paenas.

18.

os impressa] 'pressing her lips to.' Acc. of respect L.P. § 100.

20-21.

hunc ignem] i.e. of the funeral pile.' se cum

40

ferat omina let him carry with him on his voyage the evil omen caused by my death.' It would be an ill omen to see a funeral fire when starting on a journey.

24. ad alta atria] 'to the roof of the Atrium,' in which the funeral pyre was made.

26. femineo ululatu] 'with shrieks of women.' Observe the hiatus. Cp. 11, 9. Dr. Kennedy has collected about a dozen instances in Vergil of the non-elision of O in dat. or ablat. It is most common in proper names.

28. si ruat Carthago] ‘if Carthage should one day fall.' Vergil has in his mind what did actually happen to Carthage; as also to Tyre, which was taken and its inhabitants utterly destroyed by Alexander.

30. i.e. through private houses and temples.

41

XXXII.

[Aeneas and his companions are forced by stress of weather to land in Sicily, and are there received by Acestes. It is the anniversary of the funeral of his father Anchises, who was buried there. He therefore determines to hold funeral games in his honour. This is a Roman custom derived from remote antiquity, and Vergil founds the episode on that in the 23rd Iliad, where the games celebrated by Achilles in honour of Patroclus are described.]

1-3. spumantia contra litora]' opposite the foam-fringed beach.' olim 'at times.' cori N. W. winds; cp. 16, 8.

5-6. apricis] 'when they sun themselves.' metam the meta in a race-course marks the furthest points round which boats or chariots have to turn on their return course. frondenti 'leafy,' i.e. cut fresh with the foliage left upon it.

11. populea fronde] The poplar was suitable to those engaged in athletic contests as being sacred to Hercules. Cp. Öv. Her. 9, 64, aptior Herculeae populus alba comae.

12. umeros perfusa] 'with their shoulders streaming with oil.' Acc. of respect. The use of oil for rubbing the limbs of athletes was common. Cp. Hor. Od. 1, 8, 8, cur olivum sanguine viperino cautius vitat?

14-15. Cp. 14, 3-4.

18. adductis...lacertis]' as their arms are drawn back to their breasts,' i.e. in making their strokes.

21-22. bijugo certamine] of two-horsed chariots.' Cp. 14.

=

certamine bigarum, 'a race

23-24. The reins are undantia 'loose and flowing,' because the drivers are giving their horses their heads, and the reins rattle against the yoke as the drivers shake them to urge on the horses. pronique in verbera pendent and they lean over the front of the car to whip them.' Cp. 14, 4-5. in verbera 'for the purpose of giving blows,' like in titulos meos, to form my epitaph' [Ov.]. In necem to inflict death' [id.].

25-26. faventum] 'of their backers.' inclusa 'inclosed by the hills.' C. volutant vocem 'pass on the sound of their

voices.'

28. primis undis] 'the waves in front of the others,' seems merely a poetical way of saying that Gyas leads at starting.

30. consequitur] 'follows close.' tenet 'keeps him back.' 42 locum priorem] 'the lead.'

33. habet] sc. locum priorem 'leads.'

34-35. junctis...frontibus] 'with their bows level.'

36. metam tenebant] 'were close upon the turningpoint.' scopulo see verse 1.

39.

dexter abis] 'you go to the right.' mihi ethic dat. L.P. § 107 a.

40. litus ama] 'hug the shore.'
ut omitted; L.P. 161, 2.

oar graze.

41-42.

stringas sine 'let the Cp. 27, 16.

altum alii teneant] 'let the others stand out to

sea.' pelagi] 'the open.'

43-45. diversus] 'out of your course. propriora tenentem 'in possession of the waters nearer the rock.' C. inclines to the explanation nearer him,' i.e. Gyas.

6