partly in solid lines and partly in dotted outlines. Those in solid lines comprise transported and specialized objects and were collected in the tide-water country. Those in dotted lines a, b, c, d, e and ƒ are the rejects of manufacture and are not found in the tide-water country, being obtained only on the quarry-shop sites in Adams county, Pennsylvania. The successful blades, illustrated in g, h and i, were carried away from the quarry to be used as they are or for specialization when the succeeding forms, j to q, were needed. The whole tide-water province is abundantly supplied with all the forms from g to q.

The fourth series, composed of articles of jasper, repeats very closely the conditions of the third or rhyolite series. The sizes average smaller on account of the minuter cleavage and inferior massiveness of the rock. The rejects of manufacture, indicated in dotted lines, are obtained mainly from the recently discovered quarries in eastern Pennsylvania. Other quarries may yet be found, and some of our rivers furnish occasional bits and pebbles of this material. The cache and finished objects, g to 4, are widely scattered over the tide-water region.

Stone implements have been studied as to form, material, and use, but there has been no systematic study of manufacture, and origin and distribution have been greatly overlooked. It is of the utmost importance that in taking up the stone implements of a region each leading material be traced back to its source, so that from this point of view a study can be made of the work of quarrying, shaping, transporting, and finishing. Each form or class of implement will thus be found to have left in its wake a trail of "wasters" or rejects peculiar to itself. Until these are understood, selected, and set apart there is necessarily much confusion.

It is seen by a study of Pl. II that a half or more of the native flaked forms of this region are actually not implements. The separation is approximately indicated by the upper braces marked "not implements" and "implements." It will be observed that this division separates the cache forms or blanks of the middle column into two parts. Portions of this class of objects were mere quarry shapes distributed to be elaborated when needed, but some of them were probably utilized in their blank shape as knives, etc., and some show a slight degree of specialization, as in No. 9 of the first series, and thus properly take their place with implements. Nearly all of the specimens shown in this vertical column are actual cache finds.

This study brings out other features of flaked-stone art which have not been understood and have thus given rise to much embarrassment and to much useless discussion on the part of those who have been talking of rejects as implements. Each material gives different forms of rejects. Each form of material gives its own styles of rejects. Each implement leaves its own peculiar rejects. If in the tide-water country six varieties of stone were used in the manufacture of flaked implements, if two of these materials occur in distinct forms and if one of them was employed in making two distinct types of implements, then there would be found here ten lines of refuse or "wasters," each furnishing its own peculiar types of rude forms. Several of these genetic lines have already been, as illustrated in Pl. II, more or less fully traced. and the rejects separated from the implements. In other sections of America and in certain provinces of Europe there may be many more than ten distinct evolutionary series, and in Europe so many centuries and successive culture periods have passed and so much has been obliterated by thousands of years of metal-age occupation that the phenomena there must be both complex and obscure. It is plain, therefore, that if the European students of rude flaked stones have not been more discriminating than most of their pupils in this country, there is still work to be done there.

The distribution of cut, pecked, ground, and polished stone implements, and the refuse of their manufacture, is governed by laws similar to those governing the distribution of flaked stone.

Each province, district, and site, here and elsewhere, is supplied with art remains brought together by the various agencies of environment-topographic, geologic, biologic, and ethnic-and the action of these agencies is to a large extent susceptible of analysis, and this analysis, properly conducted, constitutes a very large part of the science of prehistoric archeology.

It would be instructive to examine in this place, so far as is possible, the effect of the distribution of the various kinds and forms of stone upon the habits, customs, arts, industries, etc., of the inhabitants of the region, for it is plain that so important an element of environment must have a most decided influence upon all departments of culture, but such a study would carry me far beyond the limits set for this sketch; besides, such a work can be conducted to better advantage where all the phenomena of human existence are observable as with living tribes, and the laws of culture evolution thus derived are applicable to all cases and fully answer the needs of anthropology.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

This synoptical grouping of the ordinary varieties of flaked stones found in the tide-water country will, in a great measure, serve as a key to the whole subject of flaked stone art in eastern North America, and will suggest a practical method of treatment for all sections. Varieties of flaked implements not included in this series are of rare or exceptional occurrence or belong to what I have designated extemporized tools

Specimens drawn in solid lines are obtained from the tide-water region. Those in dotted lines are not found, save in rare cases, within that re. gion, having been left as refuse in the quarries in Pennsylvania from fifty to two hundred and fifty miles away.

The two upper lines have their genesis mainly in bowlders and pebbles; the lower lines are derived from materials quarried from the mass. The left-hand vertical column contains usual forms of failures, rejected in most cases on account of defective fracture which resulted in too great thickness, thinness being essential. Our so-called "paleolithic implements" belong in this column.

The middle column contains blades derived as indicated in the lefthand column. They were carried away from the quarries and shops to be used as they are or to be further elaborated. They are often found in caches or hoards where they were left by owners or traders. Some are slightly specialized, as 9 in the first line and i in the third line.

Quarry products at the transportation stage are necessarily not uniform in character. The blades, etc., accepted and carried away at one time may be ruder or less finished than those accepted and carried away at another time. In the third line, f, a reject from the quarry refuse may be more refined in shape than the transported and cached form g. Transporting and caching of raw material on the one hand and of finished implements on the other are not unknown, but caching was mainly the result of transporting and storing of roughed out implements in quantities not at once needed, and this was usually due no doubt to the intermittent nature of quarry production.

The right-hand column contains series of specialized forms, arrowpoints, spear-points, knives, drills, etc., derived in the main as indicated in the genetic series. The smaller points were often made, no doubt, from small fragments or chips, but the process was essentially the same. The process employed in roughing out and in the earlier stages of specialization was that of free-hand percussion with hammer-stones. The finishing was probably mainly by pressure with tools of bone.

The grouping as indicated by the braces should be carefully studied.