burning weeds. Jane knits well. She knits stockings for her father. Our mother read to us. She read Robinson Crusoe.' The clock is striking. The smith is striking the iron. James and his sister are playing in the field; Mary is playing the piano.

Additional sentences:-Exercise 93.

b. Put each Verb into two sentences, using it transitively in the first, and intransitively in the second.

Is preaching. Will return. Turns. Is milking. Are whistling. Are fighting. Grows. Are working. Can hear. Can see. Is cooking. Will forget. Has finished. Are beating.

MOODS.

242. Different forms of the Verb are used according to the way or mode or Mood in which a statement is to be made. Thus

(1) We may say in the simplest way

(a) What we know; as, 'Jack has a new hat.'

(b) What we think; as, 'I believe that Jack has a new hat.'

(c) What we assume to be true; as, If the moon is smaller than the planets she must be nearer to us.'

Or we may ask a question; as, ' Has Jack a new hat?'

(2) We may command; as, 'Have your books ready,' or we may beg; as Have pity on me.'

(3) We may speak of a thing not as a fact, but as

(a) A thing of which we are in doubt; as, 'If the soldier have leave he will visit his home.'

(b) A wish; as, 'Oh that it were with me as in the days that are past.'

(c) A reason; as, 'Give him some food, lest he perish.'

(4) We may have the Verb without any Subject; as, To write,' To have,'

INDICATIVE MOOD.

243. The form of the Verb which is used in making a simple statement or in asking a question is called the Indicative1 Mood.

Examples of the Indicative Mood.

(1) Simple statement.

Fred went to school.

The master is teaching Greek.

The girl is loved by all who know her.

My brother has been living in Florence.
The house was already sold.

(2) Statement of something which is assumed to be true.

If there is snow upon the ground you must wear thick boots. [We assume that there is snow upon the ground.]

Though he is naughty his parents love him.

[We assume that he is naughty.]

If you saw me, what was I doing?

(3) Question.

Are you pleased with your new book?

Has Henry found his ball ?

Had the children warm clothing?

Were Annie and Edith early this morning?

Have you been waiting for me long?

Exercise 128.

Pick out the Verbs in the Indicative Mood

(a) In Exercise 127, a.

(b) In Exercise 84, b.

(c) In the following:

Croker had a very good opinion of himself. Once, when he was in the company of the Duke of Wellington, the talk turned upon the battle of Waterloo, and Croker actually contradicted several of the statements made by the Duke. Afterwards some one spoke about the copper caps which were used

From the Latin indicare (p.p. indicatus), to point out, indicate. The Indicative Mood is supposed to be that which points out or indicates,

for firing muskets, and again Croker put the Duke right. This upset the patience of the great soldier, and he exclaimed, 'Perhaps I know little about Waterloo, but I certainly know something about copper caps.'

6

An ignorant countryman visited Paris. One day after he had returned he was talking to some of his friends about the wonders which he had seen. I was most surprised,' he said, with the cleverness of the children. Boys and girls of seven or eight spoke French quite as well as the children in this part of the world speak English.'

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

244. The form of the Verb which is used in commanding or entreating is called the Imperative1 Mood.

Examples of the Imperative Mood.

(1) Commanding.

Come to me, O ye children.

Stand at ease.

Unhand me, gentlemen.

(2) Entreating.

Have mercy upon us.

Grant us thy aid.

Help me over this difficulty, please.

Exercise 129.

Pick out the Verbs

(a) In the Indicative Mood.

(b) In the Imperative Mood.

Come live with me and be my love. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through. Judge, O ye gods, how dearly Cæsar loved him.

Good Cromwell,

Neglect him not; make use now and provide

For thine own future safety.

Love thyself last; cherish those hearts that hate thee . . . .

Still in thy right hand carry gentle peace

Be just and fear not.

From the Latin imperare (p.p. imperatus), to command.

Wake from thy nest, Robin Red-breast,
Sing, birds, in every furrow.

Break his bands of sleep asunder
And rouse him.

Grieve not, my child; chase all thy fears away.

But see! look up! on Flodden bent,

The Scottish foe has fired his tent.

The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,
And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold,
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,
Where the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.

Look up at the brooding clouds on high,

Look up at the awful sun!

And behold, the sea-flood

Is all red with blood:

Hush! - a battle is lost-and won.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

245. The form of the Verb which is used when we are speaking, not of a fact or of what is assumed to be a fact, but of something which is only thought of, is called the Subjunctive' Mood. 246. We may think of an event as

(1) A condition; as,

If Tom return in time he shall go to the party.

(2) A wish; as,

Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done.

(3) A purpose; as,

Judge not, that ye be not judged.

In each of these sentences the Verb in the Subjunctive Mood speaks of something which is neither a fact nor assumed to be a fact.

(1) We are doubtful whether Tom will return.

(2) We are doubtful whether the kingdom will come.

3) We are doubtful whether people who judge will be judged.

From the Latin sub, under, and jungere (p.p. junctus), to join. The name is a bad one, because it assumes that the Verb in a sub-joined sentence must be in the Subjunctive Mood.

The Subjunctive of purpose is generally expressed by means of the Auxiliaries may and might. (See pars. 253-4.)

247. The Subjunctive Mood, being the Lood of doubt,' naturrally comes after such words as if, though, unless, except, lest, whether, and that. It does not, however, follow that the Verb coming after these words is certain to be in the Subjunctive Mood; it may be in the Indicative Mood.

Subjunctive Mood.-If my brother were at the door I would not open it.

Indicative Mood.-If my brother is at the door I will open it.

In the first sentence my brother's being at the door is a matter of doubt; in the second it is assumed that he is there.

Subjunctive Mood.-Though the vase were made of steel, the care. less servant would break it.

Indicative Mood.-Though the vase was made of steel, the careless servant broke it.

In the first sentence we speak of a vase that might be, in the second we speak of one that was, made of steel.

Subjunctive Mood. Whether the prisoner be innocent is uncertain. Indicative Mood.-Whether the prisoner is innocent or guilty he deserves pity.

Exercise 130.

Pick out the Verbs in the Subjunctive Mood.

a. So [=if] thou be happy I am content. If it were so, it was a grievous fault. He is gracious if he be observed. Though he slay me, yet will I trust him. Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not go unpunished. Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. Unless he behave better he will be punished. You must obey the laws, however you dislike them.

The tear-drop who can blame,
Though it dim the veteran's aim?

Had she lived a twelvemonth more
She had not died to-day.

If she love me (this believe),

I will die ere she shall grieve.

1 The doubt must be expressed by the Verb, not by any other word in the sentence.

Compare

If he be coming. [Subjunctive] and

Perhaps he is coming [Indicative].