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THE

QUARTERLY REVIEW

No. 466.-JANUARY, 1921.

Art. 1.-THE REORGANISATION OF EUROPE.

1. Peace Treaties: With Germany, at Versailles, June 28, 1919; with Austria, at Saint Germain-en-Laye, Sept. 10, 1919; with Hungary, at Trianon, June 4, 1920; with Bulgaria, at Neuilly-sur-Seine, Nov. 27, 1919; with Turkey, at Sèvres, Aug. 10, 1920; and other treaties. H.M. Stationery Office.

2. A History of the Peace Conference of Paris. Edited by H. W. V. Temperley. Henry Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton, 1920.

3. Some Problems of the Peace Conference. By Charles Homer Haskins and Robert Howard Lord. Harvard University Press, 1920.

4. Peace Hand-books, Nos. 1-162. H.M. Stationery Office, 1920.

5. League of Nations Official Journal. No. 1. Harrison, February 1920. With Special Supplements: No. 1. The Aaland Islands Question (August). No. 2. Draft Scheme for . . . the Permanent Court of International Justice (September 1920).

DURING the negotiations at Paris for for peace with Germany the press and the public in England, and probably in other countries, constantly complained of the delays between the Armistice of Nov. 11 and the restoration of peace with the principal enemy belligerent. Although the treaty with Germany was signed on June 28, 1919, it did not come into effective operation until Jan. 10, 1920. This interval was necessary in order to procure the ratification of the Vol. 235.-No. 466.

treaty by at least three of the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Germany ratified it on July 10, 1919, Italy on Oct. 7, Great Britain on Oct. 10, France on Oct. 12. There were, however, certain unexecuted clauses of the Armistice agreement which Germany had to fulfil before the Peace Treaty could take effect; and, until that result was obtained, by means of urgent pressure on the German Government, the procès-verbal of deposit, which custom requires, could not be signed. Thus the total period consumed between the termination of active hostilities and the resumption of peaceful relations with Germany was one year two months and nine days.

Although the Armistice was concluded so early as Nov. 11, 1918, it was obvious that peace negotiations could not be commenced until the arrival in Europe of President Wilson. He landed in France Dec. 13, came to London a fortnight later, left for Paris and Rome on the last day of the month, and finally returned to Paris on Jan. 7. The members of the British delegation began to arrive there on Jan. 4; but the Prime Minister was a week later. Mr Wilson had taken a leading part in the negotiation of the preliminaries of the Armistice. It was to him that the German Government had addressed itself on Oct. 5, 1918. Correspondence between him and the German Government on the one hand and the Governments of the Allies on the other followed; and it was agreed by the latter that the Armistice Convention and the Treaty of Peace should be based on his addresses and speeches and on the recent diplomatic correspondence. To understand what this basis was, Part IV of Chapter IX of Volume I of the 'History' must be carefully studied. It shows clearly that with the exception of the reservation of the European allies with respect to No. 2 of the famous Fourteen Points, namely, the so-called 'Freedom of the Seas,' the President had been allowed to formulate the principles on which peace should be concluded. Europe expected him to arrive with a thoroughly worked-out scheme of negotiation. But it appears that he brought nothing of the sort with him. No doubt the separate Governments had each formed an idea of what they would demand, but nothing had been settled between

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