ble for him either to make a large front, or to give an equal depth to his battalions. He was obliged, therefore, to take his choice; and he imagined, that he could gain the victory no otherwise than by the efforts he should make with his two wings, in order to break and disperse those of the Persians; not doubting but, when his wings were once victorious, they would be able to attack the enemy's main flank, and complete the victory without much difficulty. This was the same plan as Hannibal followed afterwards at the battle of Cannæ, which succeeded so well with him, and which indeed can scarce ever fail of succeeding.

5. The Persians then attacked the main body of the Grecian army, and made their greatest efforts particularly upon their front. This was led by Aristides and Themistocles, who supported it a long time with an intrepid courage and bravery; but were at length obliged to give ground. At that very instant came up their two victorious wings, which had defeated those of the enemy, and put them to flight. Nothing could be more seasonable for the main body of the Grecian army, which began to be broken, being quite borne down by the numbers of the Persians. The scale was quickly turned, and the barbarians were entirely routed. They all betook themselves to their heels, and fled, not towards their camp, but to their ships, that they might make their escape. The Athenians pursued them thither, took seven of their ships, and set many of them on fire. The Athenians had not above 200 men killed in this engagement; whereas of the Persians above 6,000 were slain, without reckoning those who fell into the sea as they endeavored to escape, or those that were consumed with the ships set on fire.

6. Hippias was killed in the battle. That ungrateful and perfidious citizen, in order to recover the unjust dominion usurped by his father, Pisistratus, over the Athenians, had the baseness to become a servile courtier to a barbarian prince, and to implore his aid against his native country. Urged on by hatred and revenge, he suggested all the means he could invent to load his country with chains; and even put himself at the head of its enemies, with design to reduce that city to ashes, to which he owed his birth, and against which he had

How many of the Athenians were slain in this battle?-How many of the Persians?

no other ground of complaint than that she would not acknowledge him for her tyrant. An ignominious death, together with everlasting infamy entailed upon his name, was the just reward of so black a treachery.

7. It is almost without example, that such a handful of men as the Athenians were, should not only make head against so numerous an army as that of the Persians, but should entirely rout and defeat them. One is astonished to see so formidable a power attack so small a city, and miscarry; and we are almost tempted to disbelieve the truth of an event that appears so improbable, and which, nevertheless, is very certain and unquestionable. This battle alone shows what wonderful things may be performed by an able general, who knows how to take his advantages; by the intrepidity of soldiers, who are not afraid of death; by a zeal for one's country; the love of liberty; an hatred and detestation of slavery and tyranny; which were sentiments natural to the Athenians, but undoubtedly very much augmented and inflamed in them by the very presence of Hippias, whom they dreaded to have again for their master, after all that had passed between them.

SENECA.

1. SENECA was born in Corduba, in Spain, about the beginning of the Christian era. Though he was bred to the law, his genius led him rather to philosophy, and he applied his wit to morality and virtue. Notwithstanding his philosophic studies, he was first made quæstor, then prætor, and Some say that he was chosen consul; but whether he bore those honors before or after his banishment, is uncertain.

2. In the first year of the emperor Claudius, he was banished into Corsica, when Julia, the daughter of Germanicus, was accused by Messalina of adultery; Seneca being charged as one of the adulterers. But Messalina dying, and Agrippina being married to Claudius, she prevailed upon the emperor to recal Seneca, after he had lived in exile about

Where was Seneca born?-When? By whom was he banished into Corsica ?-For what was he banished?

essage without surprise or disorder; and chose to die by ving his veins opened in a warm bath.

6. "On the day of his death, seeing his friends very much ected, he said to them-Where is all your philosophy now? here is all your premeditated resolutions against weakness behavior? Is there any man so ignorant of Nero's cruy, as to expect, after the murder of his mother, and his other, that he should spare the life of his tutor?"

7. After some general expressions to this purpose, he took 3 wife in his arms, and having somewhat fortified her ainst the present calamity, he besought and conjured her moderate her sorrows and betake herself to the contemplan and comforts of a virtuous life, which would be ample mpensation to her for the loss of her husband. Paulina, the other hand, said, she was determined to bear him mpany; and ordered the executioner to do his duty. 3. Accordingly, the veins of both their arms were opened the same time. But after Paulina had bled for a consirable time, Nero gave orders to prevent her death, for fear cruelty should grow more insupportable and odious. hereupon the soldiers gave all freedom and encouragement her servants to bind up the wounds, and to stop the blood; t whether at the time they were doing it, she was sensible it, is a question. She survived her husband for some ars, with all respect to his memory; but so miserably pale d wan, that every body might read the loss of her blood d spirits in her very countenance.

9. Seneca was an excellent moralist, and a sound philosoher; but he does not make so considerable a figure as a bet, and a writer of tragedies. His sentiments, indeed, are blime, and his images lively and poetical; but both the fable ad the execution of his plays are irregular. He wants that oble simplicity, and pathetic manner, which recommended uripides; and he seems to have written more for the use f the closet, than of the stage.

In what manner was Seneca executed?

PATRIOTISM.

1. THEY praise and they admire they know not what,
And know not whom, but as one leads the other;
And what delight to be by such extoll'd,

To live upon their tongues and be their talk,
Of whom to be dispraised is no small praise ?
His lot who dares be singularly good,
'Th' intelligent among them and the wise
Are few, and glory scarce of few is raised.
This is true glory and renown, when God
Looking on the earth, with approbation marks
The just man, and divulges him through heaven
To all his angels, who with true applause
Recount his praises.

2. They err who count it glorious, to subdue By conquest far and wide, to overrun

Large countries, and in fields great battles win,
Great cities by assault; what do these worthies
But rob and spoil, burn, slaughter and enslave
Peaceable nations, neighboring or remote,
Made captive, yet deserving freedom more
Than those their conquerors, who leave behind
Nothing but ruin wheresoe'er they rove,
And all their flourishing works of peace destroy.
Then swell with pride, and must be titled gods,
Great Benefactors of mankind, Deliverers,
Worshipp'd with temple, priest and sacrifice!
One is the son of Jove, of Mars the other;
Till conqueror Death discovers them scarce men,
Rolling in brutish vices, and deformed,
Violent or shameful death their due reward.

THE CARTHAGINIANS.

1. It is supposed that Carthage had its origin about one hundred years before Romulus began the building of Rome, and eight hundred and fifty years before the Christian era. The founders of it were a company of Phoenicians. Dido,

By whom, and when, was Carthage founded?