nearly one pound, hence the old adage, “A pint's a pound, the world around." V. Ale, beer, and milk, were formerly sold by a gallon of 282 cu. in., the subdivisions being quarts and pints. The measure was greater than wine measure, as beer was less costly than wine. This measure is now seldom 11sed. APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASURE. 284. Apothecaries' Fluid Measure is used for meas uring liquids in preparing medical prescriptions. I. TERMS.-Minim is from the Latin minimus, the least, the minim being the smallest fluid measure used. Several of the other terms are formed by prefixing fluid to the terms of Apothecaries' Weight. II. SYMBOLS.-Cong. is the abbreviation of congius, the Latin for gallon. O. is the initial of octarius, the Latin for one-eighth, the pint being oneeighth of a gallon. Drops are indicated in a physician's prescription by gtt., for the Latin gutta. III. In estimating the quantity of fluids, 45 drops equal about a fluidrachm; a common teaspoon holds about one fluidrachm; a common tablespoon, about a fluidounce; a wineglass about 11⁄2 fluidounces; a common teacup about 4 fluidounces. The minim is equivalent to a drop of water, but the drops of different fluids vary in size according to the tenacity of the liquid. DRY MEASURE. 285. Dry Measure is used in measuring dry substances, such as grain, fruit, salt, coal, etc. I. TERMS.-Peck is supposed to be a corruption of pack, or to be derived from the French picotin, a peck. II. UNIT.-The unit of dry measure is the Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, and named from the place where the standard was pre served. Its form is a cylinder, 18 in. in diameter and 8 in. deep. Its voiume is 2150.42 cu. in., and it contains 77.627413 lb. Av. of distilled water. The New York bushel is nearly identical with the imperial bushel of Great Britain, containing 2218.192 cu. in. III. The Chaldron, consisting in some places of 36 bu. and in others of 32 bu., is used in some parts of the United States for measuring coal, but is being discontinued here, as it has been in England. One-half of a peck, or 4 quarts, is called a dry gallon. IV. The C'ental of 100 lb. is a standard recently recommended by the Boards of Trade in New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, and other large cities, for estimating grain, seeds, etc. 286. The Weight of a Bushel of the principal kinds of grain and seeds has been fixed by statute in many of the States, as shown by the following 10. At 10 cents a peck, how many bushels of apples can be bought for 12 dollars? WRITTEN EXERCISES. How many 1. Pints in 16 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. of wine? 2. Gallons in 7635 gills of vinegar? Ans. 135 pt. Ans. 238 gal. 2 qt. 3 gi. 3. Minims in 5 Cong. 30. 12 fz. 5 fz? Ans. 336300 m. 4. Cong. in 724475 m? Ans. 11 Cong. 6.0. 5 f3. 2 f3. 35 m. 5. Pints in 26 bu. 3 pk. 7 qt. 1 pt. of berries? Ans. 1727 pt. 6. Bushels in 37891 pints of clover seed? Ans. 592 bu. 7. What cost 5 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. of vinegar at 3 cents a pint ? Ans. $1.41. 8. What cost 217 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt. of canary seed at 182 cents Ans. $1307.434. a quart CIRCULAR MEASURE. 287. Circular Measure is used to measure angles and directions, latitude and longitude, difference of time, etc. 288. A Circle is a plane figure bounded by a curved line, every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the centre. 289. The Circumference of a circle B is the bounding line; any part of the circumference, as BC, is an arc. An arc of one-fourth of the circumference is called a quadrant.. 290. For the purpose of measuring angles, the circumference is divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees; each degree into 60 equal parts, called minutes; each minute into 60 equal parts, called seconds. 291. Any angle having its vertex at the centre, is measured by the arc included between its sides; thus, the angle COB is measured by the arc BC. A right angle is measured by 90 degrees, or a quadrant; half a right angle, by 45 I. TERMS.-The term minute is from the Latin minutum, which signifies a small part. The term second is an abbreviated expression for second minutes, or minutes of the second order. Signs are used in astronomy as a measure of the zodiac. II. UNIT.-The unit is the degree, which is of the circumference of a circle. A quadrant is one-fourth of a circumference, or 90°. A minute of the earth's circumference is called a geographic mile. III. DIVISIONS.-The divisions of the circumference are not of absolute length; they are merely equal parts, used to indicate the size of angles. Thus, a quadrant, whether the circle is large or small, measures a right angle. 6. If Venus, at a certain time, is 44° 27′ 30′′ east of Mercury, how many seconds are they apart? TIME. Ans. 160050". 292. Time is a portion of duration. The measures of time are fixed by the revolution of the earth on its axis and around the sun. I. TERMS.-Second and minute are parts of an hour, corresponding to the parts of a degree in Circular Measure. Hour is derived from the Latin hora, originally a definite space of time fixed by natural laws; a day, derived from the Saxon daeg, is the time of the revolution of the earth upon its axis; a week is a period of uncertain origin, but which has been ased from time immemorial in Eastern countries; a month, from Saxon monadh, from mona, the moon, is the time of one revolution of the moon around the earth; a year, from the Saxon gear, is the time of the earth's revolution around the sun; a century comes from the Latin centuria, a collection of a hundred things. II. UNIT.-The unit of time is the day; it is determined by the revoludion of the earth on its axis. The Sidereal Day is the exact time of the revolution of the earth on its axis. The Solar Day is the time of the apparent revolution of the sun around the earth. The Astronomical Day The Civil Day is the aver is the solar day, beginning and ending at noon. age length of all the solar days of the year; it begins at 12 o'clock midnight, and consists of two periods of 12 hours each. THE CALENDAR. 293. The Calendar is a division of time into periods adapted to the purposes of civil life. 294. The Year is divided into 12 calendar months, three of which constitute a period called a Season. 295. The seasons, months, and number of days in each, are given in the following table: 296. The time from any day of one month to any day of another month in the same year is readily found by the following table: TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY OF ONE MONTH TO THE SAME DAY OF ANY OTHER MONTH IN THE SAME YEAR. TO THE SAME DAY OF FROM ANY DAY OF Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May J'ne July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov Dec. April May June July January 365 31 59 90 120 151 181 212 243 273 304 334 February 334 365 28 59 89 120 150 181 212 242 273 303 March 306 337 365 31 61 92 122 153 184 214 245 275 275 306 334 365 30 61 91 122 153 183 214 244 245 276 304 335 365 31 61 214 215 273 304 334 365 30 184 215 243 274 304 335 365 31 62 92 123 153 184,214 61 92 122 153 183 92 123 153 August 153 181 212 243 273 304 334 365 31 61 92 122 30 |